江苏省红蚂蚁教育咨询中心八年级英语上册 阅读理解解题技巧 牛津版.doc

阅读理解解题技巧首先通读全文，不要被某个或某些自己不熟悉的单词所困扰，了解大概意思。然后看问题，带着问题精读全文，同时选择答案，必要时用排除法，注意，文章中一般都会有答案，有的可以直接找到，英美人并不愿意把问题弄得太深奥，不必想得太复杂，很多都是直接了当的，千万别自己发挥想象。但不得不说，平时多积累词汇量的话，答题可能就会主动一些，有把握一些。一、初中阅读理解考查的主要内容。 首先，初中英语试题中的阅读文章题材多样(涉及政治经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史地理、科学技术等各个方面)，体裁形式丰富(包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文以及新闻报道、广告、通知、操作说明、表格等)，这就需要考生在平时对各方面的知识都有所积累。 其次，阅读理解主要是考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力，包括阅读、理解、归纳概括、逻辑推理以及对材料的评估能力等。在阅读技巧上，考生要注意文章的个别词或句子、文章的某细节或情节、文章的主题或背景知识、文章的结论或结局、文章内涵的寓意等。 最后，从问题设置上可以将问题总结为四种类型： (一)直接题目：这种题目比较简单，只要通读全文，了解文中所叙述的重要事实或细节，就可以解答出来，有的甚至可以从文章的原句中直接找到答案。此类考查事实和细节的题目大多数是针对文章的细节设计的。 (二)理解性问题：要求对文中个别难词、关键词、词组或句子做出解释。解答这类题目时需要对有关的上下文，甚至整篇文章的内容建立准确、立体的理解才能做出正确答案。此类猜测词义的题目，要求考生根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。 (三)推理性题目：这种题目考生往往不能直接从文中找到答案，而需要根据上下文及其相互间的关系或对整篇文章进行深层理解后，才能找到答案。有时甚至还得考虑作者的主旨、倾向等因素加以推理，才能获得正确答案。此类题目主要考查的是句与句之间，段与段之间的逻辑关系。 (四)概括性题目：要求考生在阅读和理解全文的基础上对文章做出归纳、概括或评价。此类考查主旨和大意的题大多数针对段落（或短文）的主题思想，标题或目的。解这种题目时，不能只凭文中的只言片语而断章取义，比如涉及文章的标题、主题、结论、结局等有关问题，都需要在细读全文的基础上，结合所学语言知识、背景知识、生活常识、专业知识进行逻辑思维推理判断，从而获取文章中内含的信息。二、阅读理解题的解题技巧。明确了阅读理解题的考查要点以后，我们现在来研究破解阅读理解题的方法和技巧。 1获取段落的主旨和大意。最有效的办法是找出主题句。一篇文章（或一段文章）通常都是围绕一个中心意思展开的。而这个中心意思往往由一个句子来概括。这个能概括文章或段落中心意思的句子叫做主题句。因此，理解一个段落或一篇文章的中心意思首先要学会寻找主题句。主题句一般具有三个特点：1）表述的意思比较概括，相对其主句来看，这种概括性更为明显。2）句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。3）段落中其它的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想的。 在一个段落中，大部分主题句的位置有两种：1）主题句在段首。这种情况相当普遍。一般新闻报道、说明文, 议论文大都采用先总述，后分述的叙事方法。2）主题句在段末。用归纳法写文章时，往往表述细节的句子在前，概述性的句子在后，并以此结尾。这种位于句末的主题句往往是对前面细节的总结，归纳或结论。 2根据上下文猜测词义。猜测词义也是一种英语阅读能力。英语阅读理解试题中有不少这样的题目。任何一个实词，只有在一定的上下文中才能表示一个确定的词义。上下文的作用就是帮助确定上下文中的词、短语或句子的意义。据此，我们可以尽可能地利用上下文来猜测词义，即从已知推求未知，也就是用我们所熟悉的词或短语来猜测我们不熟悉的词的词义。 猜测词义时，我们可以从三个方面来考虑： 1）根据上下文已知部分进行逻辑上的推理。根据上下文猜测词义的方法有下列几种：根据定义或解释猜测词义；根据并列、同位关系猜测词义；根据同义、反义、因果关系猜测词义。 2）运用语法知识进行语法分析。 3）依靠常识和经验做出判断。 3、确定细节和事实。在阅读理解题目中，有相当一部分是考查细节和事实的题目。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点： （1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。 （2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。 4进行合理推断。所谓推断，就是根据阅读材料中所提供的信息，推断出未知的信息。即把有关的文字作为已知部分，从中推断出未知部分。需要推断的有关文字可能是词或句子，也可能是若干句子，甚至是全文。初中英语阅读试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。其类型主要有以下几种：1）事实推断。这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。2）指代推断。确定指代词的含义和指代对象是阅读理解题常见的题目。要确定指代词所指代的对象，关键在于对所在上下文的正确理解。指代名词的指代词，其单复数形式英语被指代的词一致，因此数的形式可作为识别指代对象第一个辅助标志。3）逻辑推断。这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。4）对作者的意图和态度的推断。这一类考题大都要求学生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。总之，只要平时善于积累，并熟练运用上述解题技巧，初中阅读理解题就将不再是难题。（a） mr smith made many tests (作试验) with different animals and the monkey was the cleverest of all the animals. one day mr smith put a monkey in a room. he also put some small boxes in it. in one of the boxes there was some food. how long will it take the monkey to find the food? mr smith said to himself. let me wait and see. he left the room and waited outside. three minutes later, he put his eye to the keyhole (钥匙眼). what did he see? he saw the eye of the monkey. the monkey was on the other side of the door and looked at mr smith through the keyhole. 1. mr smith made tests with _. a. different animals b. the monkey only c. all the monkeys d. all of the cleverest animals 2. there was some food in _ of the small boxes. a. some b. none c. one d. each 3. mr smith put a monkey and some boxes in a room because he wanted to know_. a. how much food monkey could find b. how many boxes the monkey could carry c. how long it would take the monkey to put its eye to the keyhole d. how long it would take the monkey to find the food 4. what was the monkey doing when mr smith was putting his eye to the keyhole? a. the monkey was eating food. b. the monkey was looking for food. c. the monkey was eating on the other side of the door. d. the monkey was looking at mr smith through the keyhole. 5. mr smith is a _. a. teacher b. scientist (科学家) c. doctor d. farm worker(b) do you need friends? im sure your answer is yes,of course. everybody does! you need friends when you play and when you work. if you have friends, you will feel happy. if you have no friends. you will feel lonely (寂寞的). do you know how to make friends? there is only one good wayyou make friends by being friendly. a friendly person is interested in other people. he is always helpful if you want to make friends with a new classmate, you can talk with him, tell him about the other classmates in your class and try your best to be helpful to him. 6. we need friends _. a. because we must play with them b. because we must work with them c. when we play and when we work d. when we talk with them 7. if we want to make friends, we should _. a. be politely to them b. be friendly to them. c. be afraid of them d. when we talk with them. 8. a friendly person is _ other people. a. interested in b. worried about c. surprised at d. like them 9. if we want to make friends with a new classmate, _. a. we can talk with them b. we must try to help him c. we can tell him about the other classmates in our class d. a、b and c 10. which of the following is true? a. no one needs friends. b. everyone needs friends. c. only classmates need friends. d. someone needs friends.(c) most people have flown a kite or have seen one ride and dip(下降) in strong spring wind. not so many people know that kites were first made in china thousands of years ago. the ancient (古代的) chinese were making and flying kites even before they were writing. a long time ago, the chinese made kites to use in wars. they would fly these war kites in the dark. the kites were fixed (固定) so that they made strange sounds. men who were at war with them would hear these sounds and run away. they thought those strange sounds were made by gods(神) in the sky. the ancient chinese also flew kites to bring good luck and to make their crops（农作物） grow rich and tall. sometimes they tied long strings (细绳) and hooks (钩) to their kites. then they would fly the kites over water, letting the hooks hang down to catch fish. the chinese use sticks（树枝）, strings（线） and paper for their kites. some of these kites look like animals or trees. others look like birds or houses. 1. the main idea of the first paragraph is that a. kites were first made in china b. most of us have flown or seen a kite c. the ancient chinese were making kites before they were writing d. the ancient chinese were good at making kites 2. in ancient china kites could be used for _. a. catching fish b. helping people fly c. watering the crops d. helping people walk in the dark 3. the ancient chinese used kites in wars because the kites _. a. could bring good luck b. looked like animals c. could help them win a war d. could fly high 4. the chinese usually use _ for their kites. a. sticks, strings and grass b. strings, hair and wood c. paper, strings and sticks d. paper, ropes and hooks 5. what is the best title (题目) of this passage? a. lucky kites. b. strange kites. c. beautiful kites. d. chinese kites.(d) in 1620, about half the usa was covered by forests today the forests have almost gone a lot of good land has gone with them, leaving only sand china doesnt want to copy the usas example were planting more and more trees weve built the great green wall of trees across northern part of our countrythe great green wall is 7,000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1,700 kilometres wide it will stop the wind from blowing the earth away it will stop the sand from moving towards the rich farmland in the south more great green walls are needed trees must be grown all over the world great green walls will make the world better1in 1620, about _ the usa was covered by forests aa third bhalf ctwo thirds da fourth 2a lot of good land has gone with _ asand bwater cwind dforests 3the great green wall in china is _ long a7,000 kilometers b1,700 kilometers c7,000 meters d400 kilometers 4trees must be grown in _. achina bthe usa csome countries devery part of the world 5_ will make the world better athe great wall btall buildings cgreat green walls dflowers and grass(e)“coolis a word with many meaningsits old meaning is used to express a temperature that is a little bit coldas the world has changed，the word has had many different meaning “coolcan be used to express feelings of interest in almost anything when you see a famous car in the street，maybe you will say，its coolyou may think，hes so cool，when you see your favourite footballer we all maximize the meaning ofcoolyou can use it instead of many words such as new or “surprisingheres an interesting story we can use to show the way the word is useda teacher asked her students to write about the waterfall（瀑布）they had visitedon one students paper was just the one sentence，its so coolmaybe he thought it was the best way to show what he saw and felt but the story also shows a scarcity（缺乏）of wordswithout cool，some people have no words to show the same meaningso it is quite important to keep some credibility（可信性）can you think of many other words that make your life as colourful as the word cool？ i canand i think they are also very cool 1we know that the wordcool has had _. aonly one meaning bno meanings cmany different meanings dthe same meaning 2in the passage，the wordexpressmeans_. asee bshow cknow dfeel 3if you are _ something，you may say，its cool ainterested in bangry about cafraid of dunhappy with 4the writer takes an example to show he is _ the way the word is used apleased with bstrange to cworried about dcareful with 5in the passage，the writer suggests that the word cool_ acan be used instead of many words busually means something interesting ccan make your life colourful dmay not be as cool as it seems （f） a faithful dogmore than seven hundred years ago, the prince of wales had a very big and brave dog called gelert. one day the prince wanted to go hunting with his men. he told his dog to stay at home and look after his baby son. the baby was in a wooden cradle（摇篮）, which was like a small bed. when the prince came back from hunting, gelert ran out to meet his master. he wagged his tail and jumped up to put his paws（ 手爪 ）on the princes chest. then the prince saw the blood on gelerts jaws（颚） and head. what have you done? the prince said. he rushed into his house and looked for his baby son. the cradle was lying on its side on the floor. the clothes were torn and there was blood on them. so you have killed my son? the prince said angrily. you unfaithful dog! he took out his sword（剑） and killed the dog. just as gelert was dying, he managed to bark. then the prince heard a baby call to the dog. the prince ran out of the house and saw his son lying on the ground unhurt. near him was a dead wolf. then the prince knew that gelert had defended the baby and killed the wolf. the prince ran back into the house but he was too late. gelert was dead. the prince was very sad indeed. tears ran down his face when he realized he had killed his faithful friend. the prince carried the body of his brave dog to the top of a mountain and buried him there. after this, the prince never smiled again. every morning at dawn, he walked up the mountain and stood by the dogs grave for a few minutes. if you go to mount snowdon in wales, people will show you where gelert is buried. there is a sign by his grave. it reminds people of a brave and faithful dog. 1. gelert was the dog of the prince of _. a. scotland b. england c. ireland d. wales 2. the prince told the dog to _ when he was leaving. a. watch the door b. take care of his baby at home c. welcome his friends d. stop the strangers 3. the dog was very _ when his master came back from hunting. a. glad b. fearful c. afraid d. tired 4. the prince was surprised to see blood on gelerts _. a. jaws b. paws c. head d. both a and c. 5. the prince never smiled again because _ a. the wolf was killed by gelert b. he had buried the dog on the top of mountain c. he had killed his faithful friend gelert d. gelert had killed his baby son(g) pollution（污染）the world itself is becoming much smaller by using modem traffic and modern communication means (通讯设备). life today is much easier than it was hundreds of years ago, but it has brought new problems. one of the biggest is pollution (污染). to pollute means to make things dirty. pollution comes in many ways. we see it, smell it, drink it and even hear it. man has been polluting the earth. the more people, the more pollution. many years ago, the problem was not so serious because there were not so many people. when the land was used up or the river was dirty in one place, man moved to another place. but this is no longer true. man is now slowly polluting the whole world. air pollution is still the most serious. its bad for all living things in the world, but it is not the only one kind of pollution. water pollution kills our fish and pollutes our drinking water. noise pollution makes us angry more easily. many countries are making rules (法规) to fight pollution. they stop people from burning coal (煤) in houses and factories in the city, and from putting dirty smoke into the air. pollu