江西财经大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析.pdf

中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 江西财经大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析江西财经大学考博英语翻译真题及其解析 1 1997年英译汉试题及参考译文 Do animals have rights This is how the question is usually put It sounds like a useful ground clearing way to start 71 Actually it isnt because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights which is something the world does not have On one view of rights to be sure it necessarily follows that animals have none 72 Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements Therefore animals cannot have rights The idea of Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba huo jia zi xun qq qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd for exactly the same reason so is the idea that tigers have ringhts However this is only one account and by no means an uncontested one It denies rights not only to animals but also to some people for instance to infants the mentally incapable and future generations In addition it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it how do you reply to somebody who saysI dont like this contract The point is this without agreement on the rights of people arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless 73 It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans or with no consideration at all This is a false 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 choice Better to start with another more fundamental question is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all Many deny it 74 Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice Any regard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake a sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood may seem bravelylogical In fact it is simply shallow the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl is to weigh others interests against one s own This in turn requires sympathy and imagination without which there is no capacity for moral thought To see an animal in pain is enough for most to engage sympathy 75 When that happens it is not a mistake it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at 1997年英译汉试题参考译文 动物有权力吗 问题通常就是这样提出的 这种提法听起来似乎有助于 把问题讲清楚 71 事实并非如此 因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有 一种共识为基础的 而这种共识并不存在 诚然 根据对权利的一种看法 必然认为 这只是一种认识 而且是一 种有争议的认识 这种认识不仅剥夺了动物的权利 而且也剥夺了某些人的 权利 例如婴儿 他们是不会用脑力来思考问题的未来一代人 此外 谁也 不清楚 对于从来就不同意契约的人来说 这项契约又有多少约束力 因为 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 有人要是说我不喜欢这项契约 那你又如何作答呢 问题的症结是 如果人们对人的权利没有一致的看法 那么争论动物的 权利是徒劳无益的 73 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端 它使 人们认为应这样对待动物 要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅 要么完全冷漠 无情 这是一处错误的选择 最好换一种更为根本性的提法 我们对待动物 的同情感用到关心动物的身上 许多人否认这种提法 74 这类人持极端看法 认为人与动物在各相 关方面都不相同 对待动物无须考虑道德问题 任何关心动物疾苦的想法都 是错误的 因为它把应该用来关心其他人的同情感用到关心动物的身上 这种观点认为 折磨猴子从道义上讲无异于劈柴 这种看法似乎是大胆的逻 辑推理 实际上 这种看法是非常肤浅的 因为它逻辑混乱 所以应该摒弃 道德推理的最初级形式 和学习爬行的论理一样 是针对自身利益去权衡他 人利益 这就需要同情心和将心比心的想像力 没有这两点就无法用道德观 念来进行思考 看到动物受苦足以使大多数人产生同情感 75 这种反应 并不错 这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用 这种本能应该得到 鼓励 而不应遭到嘲笑 2 1998年英译汉试题及参考译文 They were by far the largest and most distant objects that scientists had ever detected a strip of enormous cosmic clouds some 15 billion lightyears from earth 71 But even more important it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion yeays ago That was just about the moment that the universe was born What the 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 researchers found was at once both amazing and expected the US National Aeronautics and Space Administrations Cosmic Background Explorer satellite Cobe had discovered landmark evidence that the universe did in fact begin with the primeval explosion that has become known as the Big Bang the theory that the universe originated in an explosion from a single mass of energy 72 The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang first put forward in the 1920s to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos According to the theory the universe burst into being as a submicroscopic unimaginably dense knot of pure energy that flew outward in all directions emitting radiation as it went condensing into particles and then into atoms of gas Over billions of years the gas was compressed by gravity into galaxies stars plants and eventually even humans Cobe is designed to see just the biggest structures but astronomers would like to see much smaller hot spots as well the seeds of local objects like clusters and superclusters of galaxies They shouldnt have long to wait 73 Astrophysicists working with groundbased detectors at the South Pole and balloonborne instruments are closing in on such structures and may report their findings soon 74 If the small hot spots look as expected that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory Inflation says that very early on the universe expanded in size by more than a trillion trillion 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 trillion trillionfold in much less than a second propelled by a sort of antigravity 75 Odd though it sounds cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementaryparticle physics and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true 1998年英译汉试题参考译文 离地球大约150亿光年的一块狭长的巨大宇宙云系是科学家在此以前所 发现的最大 最遥远的物体 71 但更为重要的是 这是科学家所能观测 到的最遥远的过去的景象 因为他们看到的是150亿年前宇宙云的形状和结 构 那大约就是宇宙形成的时候 研究人员发现的宇宙云既令人惊讶 又是 人们所期待的 因为美国国家航空航天局的宇宙背景探测者 Cobe 号卫星已 经发现了划时代的证据 证明宇宙确实起源于最早的一次爆炸 即人们一直 所称的大爆炸 此理论认为宇宙起源于一大块能量 72 巨大的宇宙云的存在 实际上是使本世纪二十年代首次提出的大 爆炸论是以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所必不可少的 根据这一理论 宇 宙的形成是由一团亚微观的 极其稠密的纯能量团朝四面八方向外发散 随 着放出辐射线 浓缩成粒子 然后形成气体原子 数十亿年来 这种气体受 引力的压缩形成星系 恒星 行星 并最终甚至产生人类 Cobe 卫星设计的目的就是观察这些最大的物体结构 但宇航员还想看 到更为微小的热点 即像星纱中的星团和超星团这样一些局部物体的粒子 看来他们不必长期等待 73 天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球工仪 器 正越来越近地观测这些云系 也许不久会报告他们的观测结果 74 假如这些小热点看上去同预计的一致 那就意味着又一科学论说 的胜利 这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论 亦称宇宙膨胀说 膨胀说告诉我们 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 早在很久以前 宇宙的体积在不到一秒钟内被一种反引力驱动而发生了无数 倍的膨胀 75 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特 但它是基本粒子的物理学中一 些公认的理论在科学上看来似乎可信的推论 许多天体物理学家七八年来一 直确信这一论说是正确的 注 1 第4句中的 at once 意为既 又 如 The story is at once amusing and instructive 这个故事既有趣又有教育意义 2 第1段最后一句中的 a mass of 意为一大块 团 堆 3 第3段最后一句中的 close in on 原意是从四面八方紧压过来 例 如 She had a queer feeling that the room was closing in on her 她有一种奇特的感觉 仿佛那房间从四面八方把她紧紧围住了 4 第3段第2句中的 should 表示推测的意思 5 71 题中的 look see 意为 看见 作及物动词用 其宾语是关 系代词 that into the past 意为对过去 可见 it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past 直译为 它是科学家对过去所能看到的最遥远的东西 3 1999年英译汉试题及参考译文 71 While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past Caught in the web of its own time and place each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past In this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered it is also frequently partial or partisan The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process 72 Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world 73 During this transfer traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession 74 There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry Historians especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused oftunnel method frequently fall victim to thetechnicist fallacy Also common in the natural sciences the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 whole with certain parts of its technical implementation 75 It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources And to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques 1999年英译汉试题参考译文 71 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定 但现代史学家的实践 最趋于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释 由于受时间 和地点的限制 每一代史学家都要重新判断过去哪些史料对其有重要价值 在这种探索中所发现的证据总是不完整的 零碎的 而且常常是有偏见的或 带有派别意识的 实际从事历史研究的人总是知道 他们的努力只不过是为 永无止境的探索过程添砖加瓦 这就使其工作颇具讽刺意味 72 人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论 主要是因为史学界内部意见 不一 其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问 尽管历史学曾经崇尚它与 文学和哲学的相似性 但新兴的社会科学似乎为人们提出新问题和提供了解 过去的有效途径开辟了更为广阔的天地 社会科学研究的方法必须改变以适 应这样一条指导 即以史料为基础 而不是为当代社会之需 73 在这种 转变中 历史学家研究历史时 那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史 研究方法 在历史学界 方法论这个词从来都是模棱两可的 74 所谓方法论究 竟是指一般的历史研究研究中的特有概念 还是指历史探究中各个具体领域 适用的研究手段 人们对此意见不一 史学家 尤其是那些局限于他们的研 究兴趣 以致被指责为单方同研究法的史学家 常常成了单纯技术方法论的 牺牲品 这种谬论在自然科学领域里也是屡见不鲜的 它错误地把整个学科 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 与学科研究的某些操作方法等同起来 75 这种谬论同样存在于历史传统 派和历史社科派 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源 的评论 后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究 4 2000年英译汉试题及参考译文 Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community 71 Under modern conditions this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts 72 Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a countrys economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage For example they may encourage research in various ways including the setting up of their own research centers they may alter the structure of education or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science economics any industry In any case all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds 73 Owing to the remarkable development in masscommunications 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above At the same time the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past For example 74 in the early in industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed was spread over nearly a century whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned 75 Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport As a result of all these factors governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect 2000年英译汉试题参考译文 世界各国政府都认为 人民的幸福主要依赖于社会的经济实力和财富 71 在现代条件下 这需要程度不同的中央控制 从而就需要获得诸如经 济学和运筹学等领域专家的协助 72 再者 显而易见的是一个国家的经 济实力与其工农业生产效率密切相关 而效率的提高又有赖于各种科技人员 的努力 这就意味着 各国政府得越来越多地干预这些部门以便提高产量并 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 确保产品会得到最好的利用 例如 政府可以用各种方法来鼓励研究 其中 包括建立自己的研究中心 政府可以改革教育结构 或以政府干预来减少自 然资源的消费量 开发迄今未被利用的资源 或者政府可以在日益增加的与 科学 经济学和工业有关的项目中直接进行协作 无论如何 所有这些政府 干预主要有赖于科学方面的咨询和各种类型的科技人才 73 大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求 不断接 触到新的习俗和思想 由于上述原因 政府常常得推出更多的革新 而同时 全世界的正常的社会变革速度与过去相比大大加快了 74 在先期实现工 业化的欧洲国家中 其工业化进程以及随之而来的各种深刻的社会结构变 革 持续了大约一世纪之久 而如今一个发展中国家在10年左右就可能完成 这个过程 75 由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动 现代交通工具使这种流 动相对容易 造成的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力 由于这些因素的结 果 政府正越来越多地依靠生物学家和社会科学家来安排适当的规划 并付 诸实施 5 2001年英译汉试题及参考译文 In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall 71 There will be television chat shows hosted by robots and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend 72 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality puters with in built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools relaxation will be in front of 中国考博辅导首选学校中国考博辅导首选学校 smell television and digital age will have arrived According to BT s futurologist Ian Pearson these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium a period of 1000years when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life 73 Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds or key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040 Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer human links By linking directly to our nervous system computers could pick up what we feel and hopefully simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck he says 74 But that Pearson points out is only the start of man machine integration It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the