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CRIMINALLAWANDPROCEDUREA 072 DEFENCEOFPERSONSANDPROPERTY DEFENSIVEFORCE GENERALPRINCIPLES TheforceshouldbenecessaryTheforceshouldbereasonable morallynecessary Shouldtherebespecificlimitationsonusingforceindefenceofstrangers indefenceofproperty todefendagainstprovokedassaults Forceshouldbejustifiedratherthanjustexcused Itislawfulto ratherthan Apersonisnotcriminallyresponsiblefor Butperhapsnotfordefenceagainstprovokedassaults BURDENS EvidentiaryburdenonaccusedAccusedmustadducesomeevidenceifnotalreadypresentinevidenceofprosecutionJudgecanwithdrawdefencefromjuryifnoevidenceofallelementsofthedefenceJudgecanevenwithdrawdefenceongroundthatnojurycouldeverconsiderabeliefinthenecessityofusingsomemeasureofforcetobe necessary or reasonable PersuasiveburdenonprosecutionProsecutionmustdisprovedefencebeyondreasonabledoubtButonlyifevidentiaryburdenhasbeendischarged DEFENCEOFPROPERTY CODEPROVISIONS LawfulforpersoninpeaceablepossessiontouseforceS267todefenddwellingS274todefendmoveablepropertyagainsttrespassersS275todefendmoveablepropertyunderclaimofrightS276totakemoveablepropertyfrompersonpossessingitwithoutclaimofrightandresistingS277todefendrealpropertyagainsttrespassersS278todefendrealpropertyunderclaimofright DEFENCEOFPROPERTY CONDITIONS Dwellings s267Justificationforusingforce unlimited whereitisbelievedonreasonablegroundstobenecessarytopreventorrepelpersonunlawfullyenteringorremainingwithintenttocommitindictableoffenceOtherproperty ss274 8JustificationforusingasmuchforceasisreasonablynecessaryProvidedgbhisnotinflictedDefendingpropertyofothersSs274 5 277 8 justificationextendstoperson lawfullyassisting or actingby authority ofpossessor Section271 PerMcPhersonJinGrayCLM14 28C Ashasbeensaidonmorethanoneoccasioninthepast theprovisionsofs271arebynomeansamodelofclarityorsimplicity 1 Whenapersonisunlawfullyassaulted andhasnotprovokedtheassault itislawfulforthepersontousesuchforcetotheassailantasisreasonablynecessarytomakeeffectualdefenceagainsttheassault iftheforceusedisnotintended andisnotsuchasislikely tocausedeathorgrievousbodilyharm 2 Ifthenatureoftheassaultissuchastocausereasonableapprehensionofdeathorgrievousbodilyharm andthepersonusingforcebywayofdefencebelieves onreasonablegrounds thatthepersoncannototherwisepreservethepersondefendedfromdeathorgrievousbodilyharm itislawfulforthepersontouseanysuchforcetotheassailantasisnecessaryfordefence eventhoughsuchforcemaycausedeathorgrievousbodilyharm DEFENCEOFPERSONS CODEPROVISIONS s271 self defenceagainstunprovokedassault 1 justifiesuseofnon lethalforce notintendedorlikelytocausedeathorgbh wherereasonablynecessary 2 justifiesuseoflethalforcewhererestrictive andcomplicated conditionsaremets272 self defenceagainstprovokedassault 1 excusesnon lethalorlethalforcewheresamerestrictiveconditionsasins271 2 aremet 2 additionalrestrictionsforassaultprovokedwithintenttocausedeathorgbhs273 forcecanalsobeusedfordefence ingoodfaith ofotherpersonss283 excessiveforceisunlawful OBJECTIVETESTSINs271 2 Issueiswhatitwasreasonableforaccusedtoapprehend believeinthecircumstancesDoesthatmeanthesamethingasanapprehension beliefthatareasonablepersonwouldhaveheldinthecircumstances PerJulian 1998 100ACrimR430 QCA ErrortodirectintermsofreasonablepersonPerVidler 2000 110ACrimR77 QCA Nopracticaldifferencebetween abeliefofareasonablepersoninthepositionoftheaccusedandabeliefofanaccusedpersonbasedonreasonablegrounds PerMrzljak 2004 QCA420 Itisclearthatarequirementthatabeliefbeonreasonablegroundsdoesnotequatetoarequirementthatareasonablepersonwouldhaveheldit reftoJulian MISTAKES Mistakeaboutfactornatureofassault identityofattackerS271 1 Mistakeoffact s24 worksinconjunctionwithdefenceofself defenceS271 2 Reasonableapprehension canencompassreasonablemistakesMistakeaboutwhatresponseisnecessary Reasonablebelief ins271 2 allowsforreasonablemistakes Reasonablenecessity s271 1 or necessity s271 2 Mistakes s24maynotapplybecausemistakeofjudgmentratherthanfact BATTEREDWOMANSYNDROME BWS Expertevidencemaybeadmissibleonthementalstateofwomenwhohavesufferedlong termabuse withrespectto Reasonableapprehensionofviolence BWS WomanmayuseknowledgeofpartnertoapprehendviolenceeventhoughnoobvioussignsObjectivetestiscontextualisedReasonablebeliefinnecessityofrespondingwithviolence BWS Womanmaysufferimpairedcapacitytoperceivealternativecoursesofactionandchoosebetweenthem Reasonable fromwhosestandpoint abeliefthatwouldbereasonableforapersonsufferingfromBWS Canobjectivetestbeindividualised USA Canada yes LavalleeCLM14 30CAustralia possibly OslandCLM14 31C Section272 provokedassaults s272 Applieswherepersonclaimingself defencefirstassaultedattackerorotherwiseprovokedattackCasesholdthattheremustbeprovocationwithinmeaningofss268 9s272 1 nocriminalresponsibility butsamerestrictiveconditionsasfors271 2 reasonableapprehensionofdeathorgb
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