四级考试作文的结构要求.doc

YY8640 写作 老师王菲四级考试作文的结构要求1 引言段：表明文章话题，吸引读者兴趣，暗示正文内容l 用数字：Nowadays tens of thousands university students are graduated from school, and they allwant to be successful in this modern world.l 用问题：Do you know any university students who does not want to succeed in the society? Whatdoes it take for them to succeed in the modern society?l 用引语：“Success comes not only from perspiration and inspiration, but also from sati factoryperformance in interview.” commented Dr Kenly in his book.l 开门见山式In the modern society, almost all university students look forward to successl 驳论式As the modern society puts more emphasis on personal difference and personal values, itprovides more opportunities for students to seek success. However, the fact is that noteveryone can succeed. Success calls for certain opportunities, but more importantly, it callsfor many personal qualities.2 正文段的写法：（1）第一部分：（2）第二部分：（3）第三部分：3 结论段的写法（1）总结的写法（2）评论的写法四级写作构思文章（一）（二）1 expert testimony2 statistics3 example4 personal experience5 logic and reasoning6 known facts7 analogy例 例 1 主题句：Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation .1 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation.Dr. David from Harvard university declared after a nation wide survey “Americans get lesssleep than they used to.”2 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation.When in college, I used to sleep about nine hours every day, but now I can sleep for six hoursif I want to finish my job on time, I usually feel tired at work.3 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation.Its well known that people around us consider sleep the least important item on their list ifthey faced with heavy pressure from work, family or friends.4 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation.From the poll of 18 th and 19 th ,sleep scientists have concluded that the average person usedto sleep about 9.5 hours at night, By 1950s and 1960s , sleep schedule had been reduceddramatically, to between 7.5 and 8 hours ,and most people had to wake to an alarm clock.5 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation.The president, for example, used to admit that he found his job hard to deal with, becauseamong other things, he could only sleep for four to five hours a day. Besides , manyemployers complain that their staff cant work efficiently in the afternoon, for they cant getenough time for sleep the day before. And the police also reports more traffic accidentsbecause many drivers concentrate on the problem of lack f sleep.6 Lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nationWe may have found that in spring when trees and bushes come in full blossom, bees usuallyspend less time in their hive. Because they have more honey-making jobs to do. Similarly,when people have more work to do, they tend to sleep less, and this has come true for us.7 lack of sleep has become an epidemic in the nation.Nowadays, the step of life has become increasingly fast, and people are expected to shouldermore responsibilities at work. Besides, as social interactions become more convenient andbroader, people have to spend more time keeping friends and other acquaints in frequentcontact. As they cant find more time in one day, all they can do is to borrow the sleepingtime.例 例 2 ：主题句：Education is also very important for elderly people.1 Education is also very important for elderly people.Prof. Wang from Beijing university reported in his study that many elderly people attendvarious trainings after their retirement, and this is not only helps them improve their skillsin these fields, but also provides them with an opportunity to communicate with otherelderly people, making their free time more interesting.2 Education is also very important for elderly people.A recent study by the municipal government reveals that more than 88 percent of the retiredpeople attend different kinds of training programs provided by the elderly university. Thisstudy also shows that 92.5 percent of these elderly university students agree that thesetraining classes not only teach them useful skills, but also help them to kill their free timemore easily.3 Education is also very important for elderly people.According to our school newspaper, most old people in the residential area near ouruniversity attend many kinds of training classes such as painting and singing. This helpsthem to spend a richer and more meaningful life. Mr. Ma even comments that his retired lifeis better than his working life before.4 Education is also very important for elderly people.Both my grandparents are active participants in the elderly university in my hometown. Mygrandpa learns how to paint Chinese painting, and my grandma learns how to cook. Thestudy keeps them busy and happy, and they used to tell me that this study experience is veryimportant for them.5 Education is also very important for elderly people.Usually old people have more time to deal with because they have to quit working. Attendingdifferent kinds of trainings can first of all engage their time so that they will not feel bored.Besides, these trainings can also help old people learn some useful knowledge which canhelp make their more colorful. Therefore, it is quite important for old people to seek acertain kind of education.6 Education is also very important for elderly people.We all know that there is a saying that “live and learn”. This means that we should keeplearning no matter how old we are. This kind of learning can help the old to keep in pacewith the society, and to acquire some useful knowledge to make their retied life moreinteresting.7 Education is also very important for elderly people.When a house is just finished, it does not need much maintenance, but when it becomes old,you have to do much repairing work if you still want it to be functional. When a machine isfirst made, it does not require much care to run smoothly, but when it turns old, you have tooil it more often and replace broken parts more often in order to keep it running. Similarly,when people become old, we also have to supply new information and ideas to their mind ifwe want to keep them mentally functional. Obviously, education is the solution.四级英语句型解析：一 e there e be 结构(1) be 动词变化There is a concert last night.There are English book, a dictionary and some books on the desk.(2) There are many people like to go to movies.There were many friends visited our school.二 否定结构2 否定结构(1) need 和 have 的否定(2) 否定转移(3) 部分否定 I dont remember all the details.全部否定 I have never seen such things before.(4) 双重否定She is too sensitive not to notice that.(5) 具有否定意义的短语：by no means in no wayin no wise on no accountl The problems are by no means difficult to solve.l On no account are you to cheat in the coming exams.l The situation is serious in no wise.(6) 常用语否定句的词组：at all by many meansin any way in the least- I am not tired in the least.(7) 含有否定词不含否定意义不含否定词但否定意义三 三 比较结构l The climate in Shen Yang is colder than other cities.l Comparing with cars, the train runs much faster.(1) 同级比较:-我叔叔和你父亲一样高。-这个杯子里的水和那个杯子里的水一样多。-你的帽子和我的帽子一样。(2) 比较级-和英语相比我更擅长物理。(3) 固定句型：A： “越越”-他越忙越感到快乐。-你越努力取得的进步越大。B: 句子主要成分+比较级+and+比较级-假期航班越来越不贵了。-在这上面花的时间越来越多。C：句子的主要成分+the+比较级+of the two-这是两个问题中比较简单的一个。D：句子成分+more than +-He is more than a singer; he is a famous composer.-A science is more than a large amount of information on some subjects.-I am more than sad to hear that.-More than 70% of people are men.(4) 选择比较：-与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。-在春节，人们宁愿在家一起看电视，也不要出去旅游。四 四 因果结构(1) 原因类My secretary didnt attend the meeting because he was ill.I wont tell you about it since you have not interested.We went without him as he was not ready in time.In that he is very busy, he feels unable to do it.She did not get the job on the ground that she was young.Not that I dont like the novel, but that I have no time for it.(2) 结果类Everyone work hard, so that the work was finished ahead of schedule.I was asleep, with the result that I did not hear the telephone.He studied hard, so he passed the exam.(3) 动词短语前因后果前果后因混合因果五 五 目的结构我们采取这样的措施是为了解决这个问题。为了使每个人都理解， 请大声的把它说出来。我记下他的地址，以免忘记。六 六 条件结构如果不努力学习是永远不会成功的。如果措施可以及时采取的话，问题就会被解决的。七 七 并列结构 Winter had gone and spring is here.Not only is he himself interested in the subject but also his son is beginning to show aninterest in it. We had to cope with the action from the enemy as well as the shortage of food, clothing,and almost everything.八 八 It 句型结构（1 ）It + be + 名词/ 形容词+ (for + 名词/ 代词) + 动词不定式保护环境是我们的责任。我来参加这个演讲是很荣幸的。（2 ）It + be +词 形容词 +of + 名词/ 代词+ 动词不定式她连母亲的生日都忘记，实在是太粗心了。你们考虑真周到，为我们做好一切必要的准备。（3 ）It + be + 被强调部分+that这就是我生病住院照顾我的那个护士。九 九 简单句和复合句间的转换主语+ 谓语主语+ 谓语+宾语主语+ 系动词+表语主语+ 谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语主语+ 谓语+宾语+宾语补足语十 十 主动和被动之间的转换Every time when Mary goes to journey, she does not know what clothes she should take.Every time when Mary goes to journey, she does not know what clothes should be taken.We should pay more attention to the elderly who devoted their youth and energy to ourcountry.More attention should be paid to the elderly who devoted their youth and energy to ourcountry.四级写作语言质量提升1.(1) 在小山顶上有一座古庙。(2) 只有这样你才能把它做好。(3) 窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。2.我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。3.(1) 他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?(2) 如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。(3) 她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。4.(1) 听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。(2) 由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。(3) 他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。5. 中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。6.(1) 他已决定长大了当老师。(2) 他不大喜欢音乐。7.(1) 他太累了，不能再往前走了。(2) 这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。四级写作常见错误小结1 Misuse of Parts of SpeechCharities cant relief poor people from poverty. They can only help them avoid hunger.Peoples attitudes towards it various greatly.2 Ambiguous References of PronounsShe told her mother that her dress needed washing.More and more Chinese people can afford private cars. But the increase of themproduces unfavorable effects in many aspects.3 Disagreements He along with his parents take exercises regularly. As a university student, we should study hard. He said he didnt mean you and you are too sensitive.4 Wrong Form of Nouns Both my parents have received good educations.5 RedundancyShe is a pretty and smart woman.History is boring. Not many people like history class. Most people think history is boringtoo. Because it is so boring. Lots of people think history is boring. History is one of the mostboring classes in school. That is why I think history is boring.常见错误小结：1 语法:时态, 语态, 虚拟语气, 一致关系(主谓一致,单复数一致,代词一致,平行结构中的成分一致）从句的错误.2 词汇:(1) 固定搭配错误_熟练掌握常见搭配.介词短语,形容词短语以及固定句型中的词汇搭配.(2) 单词使用不当_熟悉常见形容词或副词的用法;词汇辨析在形式上或意义上与正确的单词相似的单词.(3) 连接词的错误(4) 指代关系的错误(5) 单词词性的错误错误详解1 时态错误时态是一个语法范畴，是用以表示各种时间和动作方面的动词形式。即 时间有四个部分，即 现在，过去，将来和过去将来。即 动作有四个部分，即 一般，现在，进行和完成进行。1 常见时态及对应的时间状语（1）every, often, usually, sometimes 等一般现在时表经常发生的动作或者存在的状态。（2） yesterday, last week , an hour ago , the other day , in 1982, just now，in those days等一般过去时表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。（3） for, since , during , from ,in ,so far , ever , never ,yet ,till / until 等现在完成时跨在两个时间之上，一是过去，一是现在。它的动作发生在过去，但对现在有所影响。（4） now, at present, at this moment, 等现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作。（5）next week(month, year) tomorrow, in a week(month , year ) 等一般将来时（6）before, by , when ,after, once 等过去完成时2 如果从句表示的是客观事实，真理或者一个人（物）的经常性特点或习惯，其时态通常用一般现在时，不受主句时态的影响。例：The teacher told the children the sun was the center of solar system.单项改错练习 My friend didnt see me for many years when I met him last week. She has died ten years ago, but she is still remembered by all who knew her. Over the past years, Marco had had the opportunity to travel to many remote areas ofthe earth. Mother told me that honesty was the best policy.l l 语态错误提示：（1）不及物动词或者不及物动词短语没有被动语态。appear , belong to , break out , occur , happen 等（2） 被动语态中的几个常见介词用法。by 表示动作的执行者with 表示使用某种工具of 表由原料制成from 表示某中物质直接看不出来。例：The bridge is made_ stone.The pencil was sharpened _knife.Wine is made _rice.The article was written _Jack.单项改错练习 This meeting has canceled because of the bad weather. Farm animals have been regardless by nearly all societies as a valuable economicresource. Another railway is going to built in the area. Great changes have been taken place in my hometown.l l 虚拟语气：英语语气一共有 3 种分别为: 陈述语气，祈使语气和虚拟语气。1 虚拟语气的一些特殊用法： 表示命令，要求，建议，劝告的动词以及其名词要求宾语从句中使用虚拟。某些主语从句中也需要虚拟。 It is (was)+形容词+主语从句（should） +do形容词包括：important ,essential, insistent, appropriate, advisable, necessary, desired,等 would rather +did It is high time that +(should )do Wish 后面的宾语从句中要求使用虚拟语气，其用法也分为对现在，过去将来实际情况相反的虚拟。 in case ,lest , for fear that 引导的状语从句中，要求使用虚拟语气。（should + do ）单项改错练习 He wishes that he is a teacher. Id rather you stay at home and took care of the sick. He took his umbrella with him in case it will rain. It is important that all the preparation work has finished before the rainy seasonstarted. The club presidents recommendation was that all members are at the party by seventhis evening.l l 一致关系（1）直接插入成分的句子例：The child ,being taken care of by his grandparents ,are deaf and mute.（2）对主语进行限定的定语从句例：The book many students found interesting were written by a famous American（3）倒装句例：What are your favorite sport?（4）用 both，and 连接两个名词做主语，谓语动词复数形式例：Both New York and London has traffic problems.(5) 句中有 as well as , no less than , rather than , more than ,but , expect, besides,accompanied by , along with , together with , like ,including ,in addition to 等连接的名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词由前面的名词决定。例：The teacher as well as the students like this painting.(6) 句中有 or , eitheror , neithernor ,not only .but also 等连接的名词或代词做主语时，谓语动词又后面的名词决定。例：Either the principal or his assistants is to attend to meeting.(7)并列名词做主语后多用复数。例：My picture and the prize is hanging in the library.l l 词汇的用法错误单词的混淆和误用形近词的误用例：Three passengers died in the car crush.例：The resolution was adapted by a vote of 180 in favor to 10 against it.近义词误用例：After the government had taken some efficient measures, prices began to level off.形近意义词误用例：The disease mainly effects the skin and nerves.词性混淆形容词和副词的误用例：Professor Smith spoke high of his students performance.例：She held him tight, wiping away his tears.其他词性的误用例：cross-across approval-approvemedicine-medical sale-sell背诵句型原因A number of factors are accountable for /contribute to/lead to/account for this situation/phenomenon/ problem.The answer to this problem involves many factors.The phenomenon mainly stems from the fact that.One of the most common factor is that .Another contributing cause is .Perhaps the primary reason is that But the fundamental element is that比较The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.The advantages of A are much greater than those of B.A may be preferable to B, but A suffers from the disadvantages that.Like anything else, it has its faults.A and B has several points in common.Evidently, it has both negative and positive effects.批驳It is true that ., but one vital point is being left out.There is a grain of truth in these statements, but they ignore a more important fact.A close examination would reveal how ridiculous the statement is.It makes no sense to argue that .Contrary to what is widely accepted, I maintain that举例A good case in point is that.As an illustration, we may take . as an example.Such an example might be given easily.证明No one can deny the fact that .Hardly is the idea supported by facts.Unfortunately, none of the available data shows that .There is sufficient evidence to show that .结尾From what has been discussed above, we can draw the conclusion that .It is high time that strict measures were taken to stop .It is necessary that steps should be taken to .To solve the above-mentioned problem, we must .In summary, if we continue to ignore the above-mentioned issue, more problems will cropup.With the efforts of all parts concerned, the problem will be solved thoroughly.背诵段落1 图画/ 图表描述段From the picture (graph, chart, table, pie, bar), we know that _（图表内容总概括）.On the one hand, the left/first picture tells us that _（情况一，图一/表一的内容）.On the other hand, （the right/second）picture informs us that _（ 情况二，图二/表二的内容）.It can easily be seen that _（揭示图画/表寓意）.As is vividly shown/described/depicted in the cartoon/picture, _（图表内容总概括） .In the first picture, _ （描述图/表一内容， 如果是一个表， 则可左或上半部分） .Asis shown in the second drawing/picture, _（描述图/表二内容，如果是一个表，则右或下半部分）.It is safe to draw the conclusion that _（提示寓意，或主题句，回应主题但不是主题句的重复）.2 意义阐述段Judging from the pictures, we can clearly infer that the drawers intention is _（主题句） . _ （扩展句） .For one thing/First of all/Firstly, _ （第一个层面） . Foranother/Besides/Moreover/In addition/Secondly, _（第二个层面）. Thus/As aresult/Therefore/Finally, _（总结句）.To begin with, the purpose of the drawings is to show us that _（主题句）,yet thesymbolic meanings subtly conveyed should be taken more seriously. _（扩展句）is naturally associated with, to be specific _（第一个层面）. Besides/Moreover/Inaddition, _（第二个层面）。As a result/Therefore, _（总结句）.3 原因阐释段There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon/case/instance and thefollowing are the typical ones.