第二讲科技英语的词汇特征(学生用).doc

第二讲 科技英语的词汇特征第二讲 机电专业英语词法基础Part one: words:1、 current loop flux piece gain pigdog cat cock horse fish snakebird coat fox shoe brush capbed bench cup disk desk houseeye ear table nose hand foot head finger body hair neck monkey tooth 2、transmission power phase resistance Part one: 构词法1、派生词（1）前缀multi- hyper-，super inter- micro- tele- by- centi- co- counter- dis- en- ex- in- kilo- milli-mis- a- anti- auto- bi- semi,hemi non- mono- over- poly- post- pre- re- （2）后缀1）常见的构成名词的后缀-age -ance -ant, -ent -er -ese-ess -graph -ing -ism -ist -ivity -ment -meter -ness -scope-or -ship -th -tion -ty -ure -ware -y 2）常见的构成形容词的后缀-able -al -ant -ar -ary -ed -en -ent -ful -ible -ic -ive -less -ly -ous -some -y 3）常见构成动词的后缀：-ate -en -fy -ize 4）常见的构成副词的后缀：-ly -wards -wise2、合成词1）合成名词名词+名词 名词+动名词 动名词+名词 形容词+名词动词+名词 副词+动词 动词+副词2）合成形容词名词+现在分词 名词+过去分词 形容词+现在分词形容词+过去分词 形容词+名词 形容词+名词+ed形容词形容词 数词+名词 数词+名词+ed副词+现在分词 副词+过去分词 介词或副词+名词3）合成动词：名词+动词 形容词+动词 副词或介词+动词3、转化法1）名词转化为动词 2）动词转化为名词3）形容词转化为名词4、缩略词1）节略词（clipped words）：maths, ad, dir, lab2）首字母(Initials)：CAD, CAM, CAE, VM, QIS, DB, ES, CPU, DBMS，CGA，ROM, RAM3）缩写词（Abbreviation）：e.g., Ltd., sq.5、拼缀法：programmatic，telecamera，comsat，forexPart three: Drills:1 There is no physical contact between tool and work piece.2 Public opinion is demanding more and more urgently that something must be done about noise.3 There is a wide area of performance duplication between numerical control and automatics.4 High-speed grinding does not know this disadvantage.5 You found that, in two experiments, hardness and greenness in apple went together with sourness.6 Gasses differ from solids in that the former has greater compressibility than the latter.7 The instrument is characterized by its compactness, and portability.8 The cutting tools must be strong, tough, hard and wear resistant.9 Dynamics is divided in to statics and kinetics, the former treating of force in equilibrium, the latter of the relation of force to motion.10 The image must be dimensionally correct11 The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.12 In any machine input work equals output work plus work done against friction.13 Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible.14 Open the valve to let air in.15 It is a fact that no structural material is perfectly elastic.16 They said that such knowledge is needed before they develop a successful early warning system for earthquakes.17 A continuous increase in the temperature of the gas confined in a container will lead to a continuous increase in the internal pressure with in the gas.18 it is our great pleasure to note that China will sooner join the WTO.19 Like charges repel, while unlike charges attract.Things like air, water or metals are matter.Like knows like.I hope I can use the computer like you do.Do you like this color TV set?20 The instrument is very light.The cover of the meter is light blue.。The lamp is very light. 21 facility charge mainPart four: Intensive ReadingMechanization and AutomationProcesses of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different from the old ones. The “automation” 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries in as much as mechanization was applied to individual operations, whereas “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation” displaces brain as well.The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are “transfer machines”, as they are now called, which may be as simple as a convey or belt to another. An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulate; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. Now people often talk about “feedback” as being an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is based an automation self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can be detected, measured, reported and corrected. When “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts that have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft. If the steam pressure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow.In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced articles are made in mechanized factories in which a degree of automatic control has gradually been building up. The development of the electronic computer in the 1940s suggested that there were a number of other devices less complicated and expensive than the computer which could share the field of mechanical control. These devices mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic have been considerably developed in recent years and will continue to advance now that the common opinion is favoring the extension of “automation”. Electronic devices, of course, although not the sole cause of what is happening, are nevertheless in a key position. They are gaining in importance and unquestionably hold out exceptional promise for development in the future.Part five: Exercises1. 将下列短语和句子译成中文(1)Industrial Revolution, mechanization and autoimmunization, self-regulating system, feedback, mass-produced articles, hydraulic control, component, load and unload.工业革命，机械化及自动化，自动管理系统，反馈，质量粒子，液压控制，元件，装载和卸载(2) Now people often talk about “feedback” as being an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is based an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can be detected, measured, reported and corrected.现在人们经常将“反馈”作为新工业技术的本质元素，它是以一个自动管理系统为基础，且任何期望条件的偏差都能被发现，测量，报告并纠正。(3)The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another.机械化引入工业革命，因为它被限定在单个生产过程中，需要雇佣劳动力来控制机器，同是装载和卸载材料并从一个地方运往另一个地方。2将下列句子译成英文（1）一般说来，自从20世纪80年代计算机技术和信息技术就已经发展得很快。General speaking, the technology of computer and information have developed increasely since the 80s of 20th century （2）借助自动调节，这个生产线生产的产品质量已经越来越高，生产成本越来越低。By virtue of self-regulate system, this production line can produce higher quality products with less price.（3）机械化引入工业革命，由于局限于单个生产过程。因此，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another.（4）自动机械装置是一个能够自行调节，不需要人工调整的系统。Automatic mechanical equipment is a system which can be self-regulate without man-regulating.（5）这台机器人装备有先进的智能控制元件。This robot is equipped with advanced part of intelligence controlling.3根据课文填空（1）Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ( since ) the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century.(2) The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different ( from ) the old ones.(3) The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries ( in as much as) mechanization was applied to individual operations, whereas “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit.(4) And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that whereas mechanization displaces muscle, “automation” disp