非谓语动词 考向一.doc

考向一：辨别谓语与非谓语【典例1】_ it with me should be a good choice. Trust me!A. When left B. Leaving C. If you leave D. Leaving【解析】句意：把他留给我应该是一个好选择。 相信我。 leaving是动名词作主语。答案：D。【典例2】Please do me a favor _ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7:30 tonight.A. to invite B. inviting C. invite D. invited 【解析】该题目把祈使句，非谓语动词以及破折号的作用综合到一起来进行考察查。句意：请帮我个忙邀请我的朋友史密斯先生今晚7点半到青年剧院。破折号后是一个祈使句。答案: C。对应训练The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat. A. being weighed B. weighs C. weighed D. weighing【解析】容易误选B或C，将其当成谓语看待。under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds用作children的定语。动词weigh与名词children是主动关系，所以选择weighing。答案：D。_ blood if you can and many lives will be saved. A. Giving B. Give C. Given D. To give【解析】如果不注意分析句子结构，会误选A或C项。这是祈使句+and+陈述句的句型。答案：B。状元微博谓语：谓语是对主语动作或状态的陈述或说明,指出“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”. 谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。 非谓语：在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。考向二：非谓语动作各种成分的区别考点1.作宾语时的区别【典例3】I cant stand _ with Jane in the same office. She just refuses_ talking while she works. A. working , stopping B. to work, stopping C. working, to stopD. to work , to stop 【解析】stand在这里表示“忍受”，后面要求用动名词作宾语，而“refuse”要用不定式作宾语。答案: C。【典例4】Isnt it time you got down to_ the papers?A. mark B. be markedC. being marked D.marking 【解析】“got down to”中的“to”是介词因而要用动名词作宾语，而动名词“marking”与其逻辑主语“you”是主动关系。答案: D。对应训练3.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars _ road conditions need _.A. that, to be improved B. which , to be improvedC. where, improving D. when, improving【解析】因为“公路状况需要改善”，“need”后接“improving”或“to be improved”都可以。后面的从句应是“problem”的同位语，应用“that”引导。答案: A。4.Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She triedalone, but she didnt like it and moved back home.A. livingB. to liveC. to be living D. having lived【解析】try doing sth.意为“试着做某事”；try to do sth. 意为“尽力去做某事”。句意：苏姗不想依赖父母。她试着一个人生活，但不喜欢这样，又搬回家去了。答案: A。状元微博：非谓语作主语、宾语的重点1.it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语It is important for us to learn English very well.对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。I think it important for us to learn English very well.我认为对我们来说学好英语是非常重要的。2. it作形式主语使用动名词的句型It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth.It is no use crying.哭没有用。It is fun (a great pleasure, a waste of time) +doing sth.It is a waste of time trying to explain.设法解释是浪费时间。考点2. 作表语时的区别【典例5】Tom sounds very much _ in the job, but Im not sure whether he can manage it. A. interested B. interesting C. interestingly D. interestedly【解析】 “sound”是连系动词，应使用形容词化的分词作表语。C、D 备选项都是副词，应排除。“interest”的现在分词表示主语所具有的特征，意思是“令人感兴趣的”；过去分词表示主语所处的状态，意思是“感兴趣的”。答案: A。【典例6】Please remain;the winner of the prize will be announced soon.A. seatingB. seated C. to seat D. to be seated【解析】 “seat”是及物动词，“be seated=sit down”。此处“seated=sitting”。“remain seated”保持坐着的状态。句意为：请各位在座位上坐着；获奖者很快就会宣布的。答案: B。对应训练5. It is believed that if a book is _, it will surely _ the reader. A. interested; interest B. interesting; be interestedC. interested; be interesting D. interesting; interest【解析】考查现在分词作表语，表示主语的特征或性质.答案: D。6. Sara, hurry up. Im afraid you wont have time to _ before the party. (04 全国)A. get changed B. get change C. get changing D. get to change【解析】“get+过去分词”结构描述主语在该动作完成后所处的状态。用于此结构的过去分词还有closed, dressed, paid, broken, lost, killed等。答案: A。状元微博：非谓语作表语的重点不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语，含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”。 Our plan is to keep the affair secret.我们的计划是让这件事成为秘密。Their job is making wheelchairs for disabled people.他们的工作是为残疾人制造轮椅。The music they are playing sounds exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来令人激动。This beautiful village remains unknown to the rest of the world.这个美丽的村庄仍未外界所知。现在分词和过去分词作表语的区别。现在分词和过去分词作表语都是用于回答主语“怎么样”的。现在分词说明主语的特征，过去分词说明主语的状态。如： This dog is frightening.这条狗让人害怕。（说明狗的特征）This dog is frightened.这条狗有些害怕。（说明狗的心理状态）Climbing is tiring and we are completely tired after a days climbing.爬山是累人的，爬了一天的山我们都全累坏了。（tiring说明climbing的特征，tired说明我们的状态）考点3.作宾语（主语）补足语时的区别【典例7】The teacher asked us _so much noise. A. dont make B. not make C. not making D. not to make【解析】答案为D。在动词“ask”后面用不定式作宾语补足语，其否定形式是“not to do”。【典例8】Excuse me sir, where is Room 301? Just a minute. Ill have Bob _you to your room. A. show B. shows C. to show D. showing【解析】答案为A，“have sb do sth”意为命令或安排某人做某事根据提供的情景可判断出让Bob带你 到房间去，“have sb doing sth”表示使某人一直处于某种状态中对应训练7.A cook will be immediately fired if he was found _in kitchen. A. smoke B. smokingC. to smoke D. smoked【解析】答案为B。“find”后接现在分词作主语补足语。此句中“smoking” 是主语“he”的补足语, 所以称为主语补足语。表示主动的正在发生的事。根据“immediately”可判断出“厨师当场被发现在厨房吸烟会被立即开除”。8.To learn English well, we should find opportunities to hear Englishas much as we can.A. speak B. speaking C. spoken D. to speak【解析】答案为C。此处考查“hear+宾语+do/doing/done”的结构。因为“English”是“被说”，故用过去分词（spoken）作宾补，表示被动。状元微博：非谓语动词做宾语补足语的要点：1、主动关系用现在分词，被动关系用过去分词，将来的动作用不定式。2、几个特别的结构have+宾语+do/doing/done “ have + 宾语+ do sth ”意为“让/叫/使某人做某事”。此结构中的 have 是使役动词，宾语后的 do sth 是不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语。The boss often has them work for 14 hours a day.老板经常要他们一天工作14 个小时。“have +宾语+ doing”意为“叫/让/使某人做某事或让某种情况发生”。宾语后面用现在分词作宾语补足语，表示宾语与现在分词表示的动作之间为主动关系，且动作正在进行。Dont have the dog barking much, Lilin. 李林，别让狗狂吠不停。“ have + 宾语+done”意为“让/叫/使/请别人做某事”或者是“遭受/遭遇了，此时，主语是无意中的受害者，而不是动作的执行者”的意思。宾语后面用过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语与过去分词表示的动作之间是被动关系。We had the machine mended just now.我们刚才请人把机器修好了。He had his leg injured while playing football.他在踢足球时腿受了伤。get+宾语+to do/doing/done 三种结构的意义请参看上述“have+宾语+do/doing/done”的意义解释。He got his sister to help him with his clothes. 他让姐姐帮他洗衣服。Can you really get that old clock going again 你真的能让那辆旧钟再走起来吗？Doris got her bad tooth pulled out in the hospital. 多丽丝在医院把坏牙拔了。catch sb. doing sth逮住某人干某事If she catches me reading her diary, shell be furious.如果她抓住我偷看她的日记，她会愤怒的。make + oneself + done oneself 与其后的过去分词存在着动宾关系，或者说是被动关系He raised his voice in order to make himself heard. 他提高了嗓门为了使别人听清他的讲话。考点4.作后置定语时的区别【典例9】If there is a lot of work _, Im happy to just keep on until it is finished. A. to do B. to be doing C. done D. doing【解析】答案为A。“work”和“do”虽然存在逻辑上的动宾关系，但主语“I”和“do”存在逻辑上的主谓关系，此时用“to do”做后置定语。【典例10】When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _.A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】答案为C。该题中须用不定式短语作后置定语，排除B 和D选项；答案A项意为“送乔治这个人走”，显然不符合题意。而应该是将报告送给“乔治这个人”才符合题意。“it”指这个报告。后面的介词“to”不能少。对应训练9.The last one _ pays the meal.Agreed! A. arrived B. arrives C. to arrive D. arriving 【解析】答案为C。“the last/next/first.” 后常接不定式作定语。10. Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed【解析】答案为C。根据本题提供的语境，“看书时有画面在大脑中形成。”而句中有谓语“there are ”，所以本应填非谓语动词，可排除B项。又因为“看书的同时就会形成”，排除A、D选项，故选C项作定语。11.Can thoseat the back of the classroom hear me?No problem.A. seat B. sitC. seated D. sat 【解析】答案为C。“sit”为不及物动词，可用“sitting”作定语；“seat”为及物动词，常与反身代词连用或用“be seated”形式。这里“seat”与“those”构成逻辑上的被动关系，故用其过去分词作定语=those who are seated。状元微博1不定式作定语 不定式作定语常用于不定代词或被the first/next/only/last等修饰的名词和其他一些名 词、代词之后。其中，不定式的一般式通常表示一个将来或经常性的动作，完成式则表示 该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例如：She is always the first (one) to come and the last to leave. 如果作定语的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系,在不及物动词后通常要加上适当的介词. 例如：Lets first find a room to live in / to put the things in. 不定式作定语修饰一个在逻辑上是其宾语名词时,若在句子中能找到该不定式的逻辑主语, 则该不定式多用主动表被动，否则，用被动式。 例如： Have you got anything to say at the meeting? ( you. say . anything) Here is a letter to be taken to Mr. Li. 在there be句型中，有时用主动式或被动式意思不同。 比较：There is nothing to do at present.(=We have nothing to do at present.) There is nothing to be done at present.(= We can do nothing at present.) 2-ing分词作定语 单个的-ing分词作定语一般前置,说明名词的性质、特征或用途等,-ing短语作定语一般后置；强调动作的单个-ing分词也常后置。 例如：a sleeping car ( = a car for sleeping ) a sleeping child ( = a child who is sleeping ) -ing分词作定语一般要求其动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生或是在说话时该动作正在进行，否则，要用从句作定语。 例如：Do you know the boy talking ( = who is talking ) to the teacher? 比较：误：He is the man visiting our class yesterday. 正：He is the man who visited our class yesterday. 3-ed分词作定语 -ed分词作定语一般表示一个被动或已完成动作,-ing分词表示一个主动或正在进行的动作, -ing分词的被动式则表示一个正在被进行的动作。 例如：a developed/developing country He is a student loved by all the teachers. The building being built will be the third Teaching Building of our school. 4像定语从句一样，分词作定语也有非限制性的，其作用相当于一个非限制性定语从句。 例如：The students, wearing their school uniforms, marched into the playground. The substance, discovered almost by accident,has greatly changed the world.考点5.作状语时的区别【典例11】He hurried to the booking office only _ that all the tickets has been sold out. A. to be told B. to tell C. told D. telling【解析】答案为A。“only”后接不定式表示出人意料的结果。 【典例12】Oil prices have risen by 32 percent since the start of the year, _ a record US $57.65 a barrel on April 4. A. have reached B. reaching C. to reach D. to be reaching【解析】答案为B。从句意来分析, 主句部分表示油价上涨了百分之三十二，逗号后面的内容为油价上涨后的必然结果“达到记录” 。对应训练12.The storm left ,_ a lot of damage to this area .A. caused B. to have caused C. to cause D. having caused【解析】答案为D。因“The storm”与“cause”存在逻辑上的主动关系，故排除选项A；不定式作状语，前面通常不用逗号，排除B、C选项；因暴风雨给这个地区“造成损失”是在“结束”之前, 所以用完成式。13.“You cant catch me!” Janet shouted, _ away.A. run B. running C. to run D. ran【解析】答案为B。“running away”在此作“shouted”的伴随状语, 由珍妮特发出这一动作, 故用现在分词。14. to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.A. Fail B. FailedC. To fail D. Having failed 【解析】答案为D。非谓语动词与主语构成主谓关系。且“没有打动电话”在“发电子邮件” 前已经发生。用现在分词主动式的完成式作时间状语。15. around the Water Cube, we were then taken to see the Birds Nest for the 2008 Olympic Games.A. Having shownB. To be shownC. Having been shown D. To show【解析】答案为C。“show”与“take”之间有明显的时间先后关系，且句子的主语与“show”构成逻辑上的动宾关系，故该空格处用完成式的被动形式。16._ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed【解析】答案为A。“dress”是及物动词，其用法为“dress sb./oneself（表动作）、be dressed in（表状态）”。“dress”与“he”之间存在逻辑上的被动关系, 故用过去分词。17._ into use in April 2000, the hotline was meant for residents reporting water and heating supply breakdowns. A. Put B. Putting C. Having put D. Being put【解析】答案为A。句子的主语是“the hotline”与“投入使用”存在着逻辑上的被动关系，而且表示过去的事情, 所以排除D项。状元微博1、现在分词与主句的主语之间是主动关系，用来表时间条件原因伴随结果等；第二，过去分词与主句的主语之间是被动关系；第三，作状语的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前要用分词的完成时。2、作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，表示处于某种状态，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。考向三：分析短语作状语的附着规则【典例13】Faced with a bill for $10,000, _.A. an extra job has been given to John B. the boss has given John an extra jobC. an extra job has been taken D. John has taken an extra job【解析】答案为A。根据“分词作状语其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致”的原则，只有A项才对。【典例14】_, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality. A. General speaking B. Speaking generalC. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally【解析】分词短语独立成分。现在分词短语作为习语不遵守分词的附着规则。答案:C。【典例15】_ with the size of the whole earth, the biggest ocean does not seem big at all. A. Compare B. When comparing C. Comparing D. When compared【解析】分词的逻辑主语为“the biggest ocean”，它不能发出“compare”动作。从“compare A with B”的结构我们可以推断，它们之间存在逻辑上的被动关系，应用过去分词。如选B或C项，则就是“垂悬分词”。答案: D。对应训练18. Once telling him the truth, _.A. he will be nervous all the time B. he will find himself nervous all the timeC. you will find him nervous all the timeD. everyone will find him nervous all the time【解析】once telling him the truth这个不是句子,而是句子中的状语部分,作用相当于一个状词.而且这个状语部分的主语必须和真正句子的主语相同.“一旦你告诉他这个事实,你就会发现他一直很紧张.答案:C。19. _ good and sweet, this kind of apple was soon sold out in the market.A. Tasted B. Tasting C. Having been tasted D. Being tasted【解析】taste翻译成“尝起来.“ 是系动词，无被动语态.答案:B。20. _ from media reports, the result has been unclear.A. To judge B. Having judged C. Judging D. Judged【解析】judge from为悬垂分词。答案:C。状元微博：1、使用分词（短语）作句子状语时，有一条规则必须遵守：即分词（短语）的逻辑主语应当与句子的主语一致，否则句子就是错句。2、已经成为固定用法的非谓语动词（短语）不需要遵守这条附着规则常见的的有：considering(鉴于/考虑到)，judging by/from(从来看，依据来判断)，supposing that(假定)，providing that (假定)，according to(依据)，including(包括)，owing to(由于)，talking/speaking of(谈及) given(考虑到), provided that(如果)考向四：非谓语动词的特殊结构考点1. 不定式的复合结构和否定结构【典例16】It was foolish _you to give up what you rightly owned.A. for B. of C. about D. from 【解析】答案为B。本句可以改成：You were foolish to give up。形容词与非谓语动词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。【典例17】To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule_.A. to never break B. never to be brokenC. never to have brokenD. never to be breaking 【解析】答案为B。动词不定式的否定式是在“to”前加“not”或“never”。“规则被打破”要用被动式。对应训练21.The patient was warned _oily food after the operation.A. to eat not B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating【解析】答案为C。动词不定式的否定式是在“to”前加“not”或“never”。状元微博：非谓语动词的否定形式均把not加在非谓语动词的最前面。考点2.动词不定式的省略结构【典例18】Whats the matter with Della?Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party, but she still _ _.A. hopes to B. hopes so C. hopes not D. hopes for【解析】答案为A。在不定式作简略回答时，常常将不定式“to”之后的内容省略。【典例19】Would you like to join me for a quick lunch before class? , but I promised Nancy to go out with her.A. Id like to B.I like it C.I dont D.I will【解析】答案为A。简略答语中省略动词，只保留动词不定式符号。对应训练22. In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than.A. that used to be B. it is used to C. it was used to D. it used to be【解析】答案为D。表示 “过去常常”用“used to do”。本题中“be”为连系动词，不是实义动词，不能省略。23. When I handed the report to John, he said that George was the person _. A. to send B. for sending it C. to send it to D. for sending it to 【解析】该题中须用不定式短语作后置定语，排除B 和D；答案A中，没有to就意味是把George 这个人打发走。本句意思是将该报告送给这个人George, it 指这个报告，因此to不能少。答案C。考点3.不定式的几个特别句型【典例20】It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows_ .A. it what to do with B. what to do it with C. what to do with it D. to do what with it【解析】答案为C。“疑问词+不定式”作动词“knows”的宾语，而to do with sth.意为“处置、对付”是固定搭配。“it”是“with”的宾语指“the land”。“what to do with it”当于宾语从句“what the government should do with it”。【典例21】I like getting up very early in summer. The morning air is so good .A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed【解析】答案为B。在“主语+be+adj.+to do”句型中，动词不定式用主动形式表被动意义。对应训练：24. Is Bob still performing?Im afraid not. He is said_ the stage already as he has become an official.A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been left D. to be left 【解析】答案为A。在“Sb./Sth. is/was+过去分词+不定式”句型中，如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词前面发生，动词不定式要用完成式。25. The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cell inside the human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 【解析】答案为C。在“Sb./Sth. is/was+过去分词+不定式”句型中，如果不定式所表示的动作在谓语动词后面发生，动词不定式要用一般式。考点4.动名词的复合结构和否定结构【典例22】_the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement.A. The president will attend B. The president to attendC. The president attended D. The presidents attending【解析】答案为D。此题为动名词的复合结构在句中作主语，句中“the presidents”为名词所有格充当动名“attending”的逻辑主语。【典例23】 They are quiet, arent they?Yes. They are accustomed_ at meals.A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking【解析】答案为D。词组“be accused to （习惯于）”，其中“to”是介词，后跟名词或动名词。动名词的否定式在其前加“not”。对应训练：26.The news of _ greatly made us surprised a lot as he was indeed very excellent. A. not his having elected B. not his being elected C. his not being elected D. his not having elected【解析】答案为C。如果将D选项改成“his not having been elected”也对。注意：现在分词的否定式也是在其前加not。27. _the program, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completingB. Not completedC. Not having completedD. Having not completed【答案】C。考点5.独立主格结构与with复合结构【典例24】The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _at the end of last March. A. has been launched B. having b