lexicologyrcises.doc

Chapter 1I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. As far as the origins of the words are concerned, English words can be classified into _.A. content words and functional words B. native words and borrowed wordsC. basic words and borrowed words D. loan words and dialectal words2. A word is _ of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. A. a minimal free form B. a basic part C. a minimal element D. a free element3. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is _. A. innovations made by linguists B. influence of the work of scribesC. stabilization of spelling by printing D. the fact of more phonemes than letters in English4. The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always _ and conventional. A. logical B. objective C. arbitrary D. consistent5. Pronouns and _ are semantically monosemous and have limited productivity and collocability. A. adverbs B. adjectives C. verbs D. prepositions6. Which of the following is not a functional word? A. through B. but C. they D. four7. _ are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. A. Aliens B. Denizens C. Semantic-loans D. Neologisms8. The words borrowed from French or Latin are mostly _. A. neutral B. formal C. colloquial D. informal9. There was _ agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English. A. more B. little C. less D. a bit more10. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except _. A. neologisms B. Anglo-Saxon words C. archaisms D. technical termsII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book.1. Etymology is traditionally used for the study of the _ and history of the form and meaning of words. 2. There are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely _ and diachronic. 3. English lexicology is a _ course and a practical course as well. 4. Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and _ of words. 5. _ is the study of style. It is concerned with the users choices of linguistic elements in a particular context for special effects. 6. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and _ and syntactic function. 7. A word is a _ that stands for something else in the world. 8. All the words in a language make up its _. 9. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common _ of the language. 10. Words may fall into content words and functional words by _. 11. _ generally refers to the jargon of criminals. 12. The word “internet” is a _, but the word “calculus” is a technical term. 13. Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the _ tribes. 14. According to the degree of _ and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes. 15. _ are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.2. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. 3. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related. 4. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words. 5. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average. 6. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. 7. The expression of “long time no see” from “haojiubujian” is regarded as a semantic-loan. 8. The word “port” from “portus” is a translation-loan . 9. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000. 10. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view. 11. When the word “persuader” means “dagger”, it is regarded as an argot word. 12. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. IV. Answer the following questions.1. What is the publicly accepted definition of a word? 2. What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it. 3. How are English words classified? 4. What is the difference between denizens and aliens? Chapter two:I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. The following languages are all Germanic except _. A. Scottish B. Swedish C. Flemish D. Danish2. In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from _.A. Italic B. Hellenic C. Celtic D. Germanic3. Words such as Kent, London, bin and crag are from _. A. Celtic B. Germanic C. Scandinavian D. Latin4. We find the following languages in the Italic except _. A. Spanish B. Romanian C. Norwegian D. Portuguese5. The early inhabitants of the British Isles were _.A. Germans B. Celts C. Scandinavians D. Romans6. It is estimated that at least _ words of Scandinavian origin have survived in Modern English. A. 1200 B. 1000 C. 900 D. 8007. The word “candle” came from _. A. French B. Danish C. Celtic D. Latin8. Old English began to undergo a great change when the _ invaded England in 1066.A. Romans B. Angles C. Danes D. Normans9. Between 1250 and 1500 about _ words of French origin poured into English.A. 8000 B. 9000 C. 10000 D. 1200010. Modern English is regarded as a/an _ language. A. analytic B. inflected C. synthetic D. advanced11. In modern times, _ is considered to be the most important way of vocabulary expansion. A. semantic change B. meaning change C. creation D. borrowingII. Complete the following statements with proper words and expressions given in the course book.1. The language of the early inhabitants of the British Isles is _. 2. World languages can be grouped into roughly _ language families on the basis of similarities in the basic word stock and grammar. 3. Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and _ are generally known as Scandinavian languages. 4. The second major language known in England was the _ of the Roman Legions. 5. Now people generally refer to _ as Old English. 6. The introduction of _ at the end of 6th century had a great impact on the English vocabulary. 7. Old English was a highly _ language just like modern German. 8. In the 9th century the land was invaded again by Norwegian and _Vikings.9. Modern English began with the establishment of _ in England. 10. In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as _.11. English has evolved from a _ language ( Old English ) to the present analytic language. 12. Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, _ change, and borrowing. 13. Reviving _ or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. 14. In modern English, word _ were mostly lost with just a few exceptions.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. The surviving languages of the Indo-European language family fall into ten principal groups, which can be grouped into an Eastern set and a Western set. 2. Celtic is generally known as Old English. 3. Spanish, French and Italian all belong to the Italic. 4. Danish, Icelandic, Dutch and Norwegian are generally known as Scandinavian languages. 5. The Germanic tribes were considered to be the first peoples known to inhabit the British Isles. 6. In the 6th century many Scandinavian words came into the English language. 7. Old English refers to the language used between 450 and 1150. 8. Middle English lasted for more than three hundred years. 9. During the Middle English period, about 2,500 words of Dutch origin found their way into English. 10. French, Celtic and English existed simultaneously for over a century. 11. In modern times, borrowing is still the most important way of vocabulary expansion. 12. Middle English retained much fewer inflections than Old English. 13. English, German, Irish and Flemish all belong to the Germanic. 14. Modern English is a synthetic language. IV. Answer the following questions.1. What does the Germanic family consist of? 2. What major families can be found in the Indo-European language family? 3. What are the characteristics of Old English? 4. What are the characteristics of Middle English? 5. What are the characteristics of Modern English? Chapter three:I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. The minimal meaningful units are known as _. A. morphs B. stems C. morphemes D. roots2. The word shortenings contains _ morphemes. A. three B. four C. five D. six3. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as _. A. morphs B. phonemes C. lexemes D. allomorphs4. Words like cat, dog, tree and so on are called _ words. A. stem B. polysemous C. polymorphemic D. monomorphemic5. Free morphemes are the same as _ words. A. clipped B. stem C. native D. root6. In the word “contradiction”, the morpheme “-dict-“ is _. A. a free root B. a bound root C. an affix D. a free morpheme7. In the word “international”, “nation” is not a _. A. free morpheme B. stem C. bound morpheme D. free root8. A bound morpheme has to combine with other _ to make words. A. morphemes B. allomorphs C. phonemes D. Lexemes9. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in _ words.A. derived B. converted C. inflectional D. compound10. _ affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. A. Inflectional B. Bound C. Derivational D. Converted11. A _ is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. A. root B. morph C. morpheme D. stem12. The word _ contain an inflectional affix. A. worker B. happier C. formal D. enrich II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book.1. A _ is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units. 2. The plural morpheme has a number of _ in different sound context. 3. There is no _ morpheme in the word “dictation”. 4. Free morphemes and free _are identical.5. Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words are called _ affixes.6. The word “internationalists” has _ morphemes. 7. According to the _ of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes. 8. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _. I