高考英语语法复习.doc

地点状语从句和原因状语从句地点状语从句和原因状语从句 一、地点状语从句1引导地点状语从句的从属连词where, wherever指具体地点时，从句可用于主句之前或之后；表示抽象条件的含义时，从句须放在主句之前。I have a simple philosophy: Fill whats empty. Empty whats full. Scratch（挠） where it itches.我有一个简单的哲学：空即添满，满即清空，哪儿痒痒挠哪儿。注：一切随缘的哲学。Where theres a will theres a way, but what if your name is Will?有志者事竟成，但如果你就叫WILL呢？注：如果他叫Will，那他就路路通，什么事儿也难不倒他。这是根据俗语延伸出的好玩儿的思维，下面的句子也是这个俗语的好玩儿延伸：Where theres a will, theres an Inheritance（遗产） Tax.哪里有遗嘱，哪里就有遗产税。注：遗嘱留下了遗产，要交遗产税。通常说Wheres a will, theres a way.有志者，事竟成。2区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句：Youd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句)Youd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.(定语从句)二、原因状语从句1引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that，每个连词的含义不尽相同。（because用得最多） Doctor: Your pulse is as steady as a clock.Patient: Because you have your hand on my wristwatch.医生：你的脉搏象钟表一样稳。病人：因为你把手放在了我的手表上。The elephant didnt wear green sneakers（运动鞋）because his red ones were in wash.大象没穿绿运动鞋，因为他的红鞋正洗呢。Chef wanted me to inform you that, as you never leave a tip, you may as well know that he never washes his hands.厨师想让我告诉你因为你从不留小费，你最好知道他从不洗手。Bruised（浑身是伤） and bandage（缠着绷带）, a worker arrived at the office. Since he was an hour late, his boss yelled and wanted him to explain.“I fell down a flight of stairs.”“And that took a whole hour?”一名工作人员浑身是伤，缠着绷带来到办公室，因为他迟到了一个小时，老板冲他大喊大叫要他作出解释。“我从楼梯上掉了下来”。“那需要整整一个小时吗”？The modern French duel（ 决斗）is one of the most dangerous traditions of our day. Since it is fought in the open air the combatants are sure to catch cold.现代法国决斗是当代最危险的风俗之一。因为在露天进行，决斗者肯定要得感冒。注：“决斗的危险”和“感冒”联系起来思维是发散的。Since were both working on the same marriage, I thought it should be a good idea to get together and compare notes.因为我们经营的是同一个婚姻，我认为我们一起比较一下便条是个好主意。注：夫妻间在打冷战，谁也不跟谁说话，丈夫提议用便条来交流。2其他表示原因的方式除了状语从句外，一些介词短语同样可以表示原因，这样的短语有：because of, thank to, due to, owing to等。Teacher: Why are you late, Joseph?Joseph: Because of a sign on the road.Teacher: What does a sign have to do with your being late?Joseph: The sign said, School Ahead, Go Slow!老师：你为什么迟到？学生：因为一个路标。老师：路标和你迟到有什么关系？学生：路标上写着，“前面有学校，慢行”。Thanks to my failure to learn shorthand.(速记) It probably saved me from a lifetime of hard work.感谢我没有学会速记，可能省了我一生的艰苦工作。注：有些技能不学可能更好。Due to recent cutbacks, the light at the end of the tunnel隧道 has been turned off.最近为了减少开支，已经关掉了隧道尽头的灯。注：The light at the end of the tunnel隧道尽头的灯是指“黑暗中的希望”，这句话的意思是最后的希望都放弃了。Many a mans wonderful self-control is due to the fact that he has a wife.很多男人具有极强的自我控制能力是因为他有一个太太。注：男人在家里养成了控制自己，尊敬太太的习惯。此外，并列连词for加分词也可表原因，for与后面的分句可对前面的分句起补充说明的作用。他以无知著称，他只有一个想法，还是错的。He was distinguished著名的 for ignorance; for he had only one idea and that was wrong英语语法 名词性从句英语语法 名词性从句 名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。一主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如： It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 (1) It is 名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) it is 形容词从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) it is 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 (4) it 过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesnt matter how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如： It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如： Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语宾语表语，而that 则不然。例如： 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation.二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如： She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语 例如：I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如： We heard it that she would get married next month. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如： I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如： He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：nbsp; I dont think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）三表语从句表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语连系动词表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that 和It is because 等结构。例如：1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.2) This is why we cant get the support of the people3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.四同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1. 同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如： 1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如： He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别 (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如： 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语） 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）英语语法 独立主格结构英语语法 独立主格结构 一、概念：“独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。二、功能：“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。众所周知非限定性从句通常以主句的某一成分作为自己的逻辑主语，从而依附于主句。而有些非限定性从句和无动词从句带有自己的主语，在结构上与主句不发生关系，因此成为独立主格结构。其实，虽然叫做独立主格结构，并不是真正的独立，它还是一种从属分句，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。三、形式：独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。按其结构形式分为：ing 分词独立主格结构；ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。四、举例：1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词ing; 表原因）2、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）3、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词ed; 表状态）4、Class over, we began to play basketball.放学了，我们开始玩篮球。（名词副词；表时间）5、Without a word more spoken, he picked up the paper.没再多说一个字，他拾起那张纸。（介词结构；表伴随）6、The last guest to arrive, our party was started.最后一位客人到了，我们的晚会开始了。（名词不定式；表时间）五、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。例： If time permit, wed better have a rest at this weekend. Time permitting，wed better have a rest at this weekend.如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。 When we see from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. Seeing from the top floor, we can find the garden more beautiful. 从顶楼上看，花园更漂亮。2、 还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。例： Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time. 在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。(依着原则) When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root. (我们)种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）六、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语有：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。例： Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很容易懂。 Judging from what he said, she must be an honest girl. 根据他所说的，她一定很诚实。2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。例： To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion. 说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。 To make the matter worse, he locked his keys in the car. 更糟糕的是，他把钥匙锁在车里了不定式的时态和语态不定式的时态和语态时态语态 主动被动一般式 to doto be done进行式 to be doing完成式 to have done to have been done完成进行式 to have been doing1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。He seems to know this.I hope to see you again. = I hope that Ill see you again.我希望再见到你。2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.He seems to have caught a cold.3) 进行时： 表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。He seems to be eating something.4) 完成进行时：She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.50个最容易出错的英语语法题1, It displease my parents when Richard and I stay out late every night. My parents don t approve_.A, of me and Richard staying out late every night.B, of Richard and me staying out late every night.C, of Richard s and my staying out late every night.D, when Richard and me stay out late every night. 2, “ As for their going along with us, “ she said, “_ ”.A, my husband and myself certainly have no objection.B, certainly my husband and I have no objection.C, either I or my husband certainly have no objection.D, either my husband or I certainly have no objection.3, “ any thing wrong? ”“ there was no objection on the part of _ present ”.A, this. B, those. C, these. D, who.4, Although oriental ideas of woman s subordination to man prevailed in those days, she_ meet with men on an equal basis.A, did not dared. B, dared notC, dared not to. D, did dare not to.5, The stars (awaken) a certain reverence in man because, (though) always (present), they are beyond (your) reach.6, I had hoped( to have learned )French before my trip (to Paris), but I (did not have) any (extra money) for a course.7, “ what is the difference? ”“ this furniture is different from_ ”.A, that book. B, your. C, that one. D, that.8,“ we walked twenty miles today. ”“ I never guessed you could have walked _ ”.A, as. B, this. C, that. d. such.9,“ what did Jack do last year? ”. “ I heard _ taught German. ”.a, he. B, his. c. he is. d. him.10,“ did you see any foreigner present at the party? ”.“ he was the only foreigner _ I saw at the party. ”.a, whom. B, that . C, who. d. which.11, (Nobody) who will not try to help the other people (develop) (his )abilities (deserves) to have friends.12, (there is ) often disagreement( as ) (to whom) is the (better) Shakespearean actor, Evans or Gielgud.13, John was ( the only one ) of the boys (whom) as you know ( was) not (eligible).14, The ( irritable) sergeant (was) insistent that nothing (superseded) thedrilling of ( the forty new men.).15, (Still holding) the young mans hand, he paused, and then (added deliberately): now I am not the man to let a cause (to be lost) ( for want of )a word.16, “What do you think about these pies?”“ I would like to have_”.A, some other. B, another. c. the other. d. other.17, The FORMation of snow (must be occurring) (slowly), in calm air, and attemperature (near) the ( freezing) point.18, Carol said (that) she (went) ( to) the supermarket (before coming) home.19, (Weighed) down by a mass of trivial detail, a housewife is fortunate if she (did not) soon (lose ) all her charm and (three-quarters )of her intelligence.20, When our neighbors daughter( caught) her fingers in the car door, she (did not cry) even though it (must) have (hurted) her.21, I will employ the man _ they say is a fluent speaker of English.A, who. B, that. C, which. d. whom.22, “Then about tolstoys great novels”.“ who_ has read his great novels can forget their fascination?”a, who. B, that. c. which d. whoever.23, Since the earliest ancestors of the whales were land creatures, the question has arisen as to how_.A, did the flipper adaptation of the whale originate.B, was the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.c. the flipper adaptation of the whale originated.D, the flipper adaptation of the whale to originate.24, Most (aggregate) rocks are fused, and, (as is implied ) by the name, (has originated) (by the aggregation ) of smaller stones.25, The Amish, (whose) culture is (unique) American, have (developed) a (distinctive) tradition in organic farming.26, By the time smith (graduates) from (dental school), he will be (twenty-six) (years of age).27, (standing in the driveway), the house (appeared to be ) much smaller than (it had seemed ) (to us as children) many years ago.28, Kevin is (particularly) (fond of) cooking, and he (really) (cooks) delicious meals.29, I held an opinion that ( a honest man) who married and brought (up) a large family did more service than (he) who continued (single ) and only talked of the population.30, After (the church ) ( the men) stood together ( in the churchyard) (saying) he must be crazy.31, “do you need more water in the pan?”“no, it has _”.A, already enough full. B, full already enough.C, already had enough. D, had already enough.32, This is _ such a thing.A, my first time of seeing. B, my first time to see.C, the first time I have ever seen. D, my first time I have ever seen.33, “ after that, what happened to him?”“ the chance to enter_ come and he took it.”A, to college. B, the college. c. for college. d. college.34, There has been (hardly no sign of ) agreement ( as yet) (between ) the management and labor ( in their ) dispute over wages and working conditions.35, _ lessons were not difficult.A, our first few short French. B, our few first short French.c. our few first French short. D, few our first French short.36, Bill said that he didnt do _ paper work.A, many. B, lots of . c. a great deal of . d. much.37, I waited there for thirty minutes; that seemed _ hours to me.A, many. B, very much. C, as many. d. so many.38, No one (on ) the committee had flatly made (some ) such allegation, ( though) Wayne Morse did come (close) by declaring that the U.S. had irritated the North Vietnamese.39, There (have been ) (many) an argument (about) (its) proper usage.40, ( the social studies), (broad speaking), (deal with) mans ( relationship to other men).41, Founded ( in ) 1961 ( and employed) an estimated 35,000 people, the organization (has gained) a reputation for brutality.42, “john had the piano tuned today.”“ was it_?”.A, out of tune badly before. B, before badly out of tune.C, badly out of tune before. D, out of tune before badly.43, “leaving for Chicago?”“_.”A, soon. B, lately. c. late. d. sooner.44, “ jane acts quite unfriendly.”“ I think she is _ than unfriendly.”A, shyer. B, shy. C, more shy rather. D, more shy.45, “would you like me to go to the doctor with you?”“no, you_ with me.”A, need not to go. B, do not need go. c. need not go. D, need to not.46, No (other )beverage comes (even) close to rivaling coffee as the (more widely) drunk refreshment in the (world).47, Strangers (come) into her city (now) notice what a (clean) place ( it is).48, Professor Anderson thought that because historical parallels are so ( much) used unprecisely and uncritically it (would) be (better) to avoid them altogether in our themes.49,“ I did not go to the party.”“did _ go to the party?”a, many john friends. B, many johns friends.C, my sister boy friend. D, a boy friend of my sisters.50, “what did you see?”“ we saw_ police there”.A, many. B, much. c. little. d. the.51, (when) and (by whom) the islands of the west Indies were first settled is a matter (of debating) (among) archaeologists.52, (Cliffs and Als) car (broke down) again, but (luckily) they kn