倒装(Inversion).doc

倒 装(Inversion)一 概述在英语中，主语和谓语的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后，但有时谓语的全部或一部分却提到主语的前面，这种语序叫做“倒装”。倒装分为“全部倒装”和“部分倒装”。在全部倒装的句子中，整个谓语都放在主语的前面；在部分倒装的句子中，只是谓语中的一部分（如助动词、情态动词或系动词be等）放在主语前面，其余部分仍放在主语后面。一）完全倒装完全倒装即把整个谓语放到主语之前（是整个谓语动词，而非助动词）。 例如：In came the teacher and the class began . （老师走了进来，然后开始上课。）1在there be 结构中 There is a rumour that a large company wants to build a factory in your town. There will be a basketball match this afternoon.2、在以there或here开头的句子中，谓语动词为 be, come, go, run, walk, rush, fall以示强调。例如：Here is Chinas largest tropical forest.Here are some picture-books.There comes the bus! There goes the bell!Here comes Mary! 注：如果主语为人称代词，仍用自然语序，例如：Here you are. / Here we are. / Here it isThere he comes! Here she comes!3、在以out, in ,up, down, away等副词开头的句子中，谓语动词为 be, come, go, run, walk, rush, fall等，以示强调。例如Up flew the red balloon. Out rushed a policeman from among the crowd.注：如果主语为人称代词，仍用自然语序，例如Away they went./ Down it flew. / Up it went.4、由then 或now引起，谓语动词为 come, follow, begin, end, be等的句子， Then came a new difficulty.Then followed eight years of the Anti-Japanese War.Now comes your turn.5、直接引语的一部分或全部放在句首时，有时也用倒装。“It looks as if a typhoon is coming on ，”said the Captain. “A storm is a storm , Mr. Juke,” answered the Captain.6、为了保持句子平衡，或为了强调表语或状语在表语位于句首时，当介词短语位于句首作地点状语时，也常用倒装语序： Seated on the ground are some young men. Lying on the floor was a boy In front of them stood a great castle . On the bed lay a sick old man. Under the tree sat an old man.二）部分倒装部分倒装即只把谓语的一部分（如助动词、情态动词等）放到主语前，或把句子的强调成分提前。如：Only under special circumstances are freshmen permitted to take make-up tests一年级学生只有在特殊的情况下才可以允许补考1在疑问句中 Why did Hawking need a PhD？Do you speak English? How can we grow rice in areas when there is little water？2As的倒装当as引导让步状语从句，表示“虽然”时，把表语提到前面来, 用“形容词（或副词、名词+ as +主语+谓语”这种形式 eg: Wealthy as she is , I dont envy him. Much as I like you, I will not marry you. Child as he is, he knows a lot. Tired as he was, he continued to work. Hard as I work, I cant catch up with you. Much as we like the place, we cant stay here.Search as they would, they could find nothing in the house.由他们去搜吧，他们在这房子里什么也找不到。表示“原因”eg: Tired as he was , he went to bed early. 因为他太累了，他很早就上床睡了。Absorbed as he was in a mathematical problem, he did not notice my entering the room. 由于他在专心解一道数学题， 他没注意我进了房间。表示“方式”eg: He was an honest person, as were most of his friends.正像他的大多数朋友一样，他是个诚实的人。 As fire tries gold, so does adversity try virtue. 正如烈火考验真金，逆境也能考验人的美德3当always, often, many a time等词放在句首时，后面常用倒装语序，如： Always did he come to help us. Often did we warn them not to do so. Many a time did he go swimming in the river. 注：上述所说的词不放在句首，不用倒装语序。4only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，其后面的主句部分要进行倒装，如： Only in this way can you hope to improve the situation there. Only then did I realize that I was wrong. Only once did his father discuss his future with him. Only yesterday did I realize what was going on. Only after he came back was I able to see him. 注：only修饰主语，仍用自然语序，如： Only socialism can save China. 5、由so引起的，表示前面所说的情况也适用于另一个人（或物）的句子；倒装句的谓语应与前面一句的谓语动词的时态，形式一致。如： Society has changed and so have the people in it. He plays the violin quite well. So does my sister.如果一个句子只是重复前面一句话的意思，尽管用so开头，语序也不要倒装 -It was cold yesterday.-So it was!Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did. 汤姆邀我去踢球，我去了。-Its raining hard. -雨下得真大。.-So it is. -是呀。6、由neither或nor引起的，表示前面所说 的情况也适用于另一个人（或物）的句子，倒装句的谓语应与前面一句的谓语动词的时态，形式一致。如： - I wont do such a thing. -Neither / Nor will I. - I havent done my homework. - Neither / Nor have I. If you dont go, neither will I.I didnt read the notice, nor did he.7 含有否定意义的副词、连词或短语构成的状语放在句首时，常用倒装语not, never, no, hardly , seldom, little, rarely, scarcely, not until, not onlybut also, neithernor, no soonerthan, hardlywhen , scarcelywhen ,in no case（绝不；在任何情况下也不）, , by no means（一点也不）, not a bit（一点也不），at no time（一直不）, on no account（决不）, in no way（决不）, under/in no circumstances（决不）on/under no consideration, in vain, not a (single) word, not for the world, not a soul, not infrequently, not often等。 Never shall I forget the day. Not until I began to work did I realize I had wasted much time. Not only did he read the book, but also he remembered what he had read. No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill. Hardly / Scarcely had he arrived when he fell ill. 注：上面所说的词或词组如果不在句首，句子不必用倒装语序。另外，not onlybut also连接两个主语时, 不用倒装，如：Not only the students, but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.Not only you but also I am fond of music.8当so（或such）that结构中的so或such用于句首时，要采取倒装语序，如： So loudly did he speak that he was heard upstairs. So angry was he that he couldnt speak. So hard does he study that he is the best in the class. Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.Such was his strength that he could bend iron bars.注：such和be连用作表语时，也常用倒装语序，Such was the result. Such were her words. Such was the story he told.9在if引导的非真实条件句中，如有助动词had, should或were时，可以省略if，进行倒装， Had I come five minutes earlier, I would have met the famous scientist. (If I had come five minutes ) Should anyone call, tell him to wait for me here. Were I not so busy, I should go with you. Had he been here yesterday, he would have come to watch the football match. Should there be a flood, what should we do?Should you change your mind, let us know.10用于某些表示祝愿的句子。如：May you succeed! 祝你成功。May you all be happy. 愿你们都快乐。二 倒装句高考考点点击倒装句是高中英语中十分重要的一个语法点，倒装句的考查是高考试题中的一个热点。近几年各省市的试卷中或多或少都考查了倒装的一些常见用法。倒装就其结构类型来讲可分为全部倒装和部分倒装。下面将根据高考考点来透视倒装的基本用法和考查热点，供同学们作复习参考之用：一、对so位于句首引起倒装的考查1.“So + 助动词或情态动词 + 主语”表示“前者的情况也适合后者”。典型考例(1) - Its burning hot today, isnt it? - Yes. _ yesterday. (2006福建卷)A. So was itB. So it was C. So it isD. So is it A应该注意的是，这一结构应区分于“so + 主语 + 助动词 / 情态动词”的结构，表示同意对方的意见，译为“是的，就是那样，的确如此”。如：Tom is a good student. So he is and so is Dick. 前半句So he is表示后者赞同前者的观点，认为Tom的确是个好学生，后半句and so is Dick表示Dick也是个好学生。(2) - Maggie had a wonderful time at the party. - _, and so did I.A. So she hadB. So had she C. So she did D. So did she C(3) - Father, you promised! - Well, _. But it was you who didnt keep your word first. (2005湖北卷)A. so was I B. so did I C. so I was D. so I did D(4) - I reminded you not to forget the appointment. - _. (2006江西卷)A. So you did B. So I do not C. So did you D. So do I A(5) - Well, I do think the rabbit is a beautiful, gentle animal which can run very fast. - _. (2005辽宁卷)A. So it is B. So is it C. So does it D. So it does A(6) - You forgot your purse when you went out. - Good heavens, _. (2002上海卷)A. so did IB. so I did C. I did so D. I so did B2. so / such that结构中，so + 形容词或副词或such + 名词位于句首时引起倒装，如：a. So small was the mark that I could hardly see it. b. So wonderful is the design that people all stop to have a look at it. c. So quickly did the workmen finish their work that they were given a bonus. d. Such a good teacher is he that we all the and respect him. 典型考例(1) _ about wild plants that they decided to make a trip to Madagascar for further research. (2005江苏卷)A . So curious the couple was B. So curious were the coupleC. How curious the couple wereD. The couple was such curious B(2) _ homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest. (2006福建卷)A. So muchB. Too muchC. Too littleD. So little A(3) So little _ with each other that the neighboring countries could not settle their difference. (2005上海春季)A. they agreedB. agreed theyC. did they agreeD. they did agree C(4) So difficult_ it to live in an Englishspeaking country that I determined to learn English well. （2001上海卷）A. I have feltB. have I feltC. I did feelD. did I feel D二、对only位于句首修饰状语时引起倒装的考查Only位于句首修饰状语引起倒装这一用法也是高考试题中考查的又一个热点。Only的倒装应满足以下两个条件：（1）only位于句首；（2）修饰状语或状语从句。因此，以下这一句子不需要倒装：Only I know the answer to the problem.（此外only修饰主语而不是状语）如：Only in this way, can you learn English well. Only by shouting at the top of his voice was he able to make himself heard. 典型考例(1) _ by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies. (2006浙江卷)A. OnlyB. JustC. StillD. Yet A(2) Only after my friend came _. （2005福建卷）A. did the computer repairB. he repaired the computerC. was the computer repairedD. the computer was repaired C(3) Only then _ how much damage had been caused. (2006陕西卷)A. had she realizedB. she realizedC. did she realizeD. she had realized C(4) Only in this way _ to make improvement in the operating system. (2003上海春季)A. you can hop B. you did hopeC. can you hopeD. did you hope C(5) Only when the war was over _ to his hometown. (2001上海春季)A. did the young soldier returnB. the young soldier returnedC. returned the young soldierD. the young soldier did return A三、对否定词位于句首引起倒装的考查某些否定词或带否定意义的词组置于句首时，句子要倒装，表示强调。如：neither, nor, not, never, seldom, rarely, scarcely, hardly, little, in no case, not only, not until等。另外，以下两个表示“刚就”的句型结构，也要求倒装：hardly / scarcely when；no soonerthan，如：a. Never/Seldom have I seen such an exciting film. b. Little did I know about it. c. At no time was the entrance left unguarded. d. Not only is he very clever, but also he works very hard. e. Not until his mother came back did he go to bed. f. Scarcely/Hardly had he arrived when they asked him to leave again. g. No sooner had he arrived than he fell ill. 典型例题：1. Not until I began to work _ how much time I had wasted. A. didnt I realizeB. did I realizeC. I didnt realizeD. I realize答案为B。 Not until 引导从句位于句首，后面的主句要倒装。2. Do you know Tom bought a new car? I dont know, _. A. nor dont I care B. nor do I care C. I dont care neither D. I dont care also答案为B。句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示也不。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。 3. Why cant I smoke here? At no time _ in the meeting-room. A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.4. Not until the early years of the 19th century _ what heat is.A. man did know B. man know C. didnt man know D. did man know答案D. 看到Not until的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。5. No sooner _ than it began to rain heavily. A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not onlybut (also), no soonerthan, hardly when scarcely when等等。注意：只有当Not only but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only but also仅连接两个并列词语，不可用倒装结构。Not only you but also I am fond of music.典型考例(1) Mary never does any reading in the evening, _. (2005全国卷II)A. so does JohnB. John does tooC. John doesnt tooD. nor does John D(2) - I would never come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! - _. (2004全国卷I)A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with meD. So do I B(3) Of the making of good books there is no end; neither _ any end to their influence on mans lives. (2004广东卷)A. there isB. there are C. is thereD. are there C(4) They have a good knowledge of English but little _ they know about German. (2005天津卷)A. haveB. didC. hadD. do D(5) Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else _ such a beautiful place. (2004辽宁卷)A. can you findB. you could findC. you can findD. could you find A(6) - Did Linda see the traffic accident?- No, no sooner _ than it happened. (2006天津卷)A. had she gone B. she had goneC. has she goneD. she has gone A(7) Ive tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means _ with my progress. （2006重庆卷）A. the teacher is not satisfiedB. is the teacher not satisfiedC. the teacher is satisfiedD. is the teacher satisfied D(8) Never before _ in great need of modern public transport than it is today. (2005上海卷)A. has this city beenB. this city has beenC. was this cityD. this city was A(9) _ snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when they had a picnic in the forest. (2004上海卷)A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bringC. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring B(10) I finally got the job I dreamed about. Never in my life _ so happy! (2000上海春季)A. did I feelB. I feltC. I had feltD. had I felt D注：第（7）题中的by no means表示“决不”，类似的结构on no account, in no way, under no circumstances, at no time等位于句首时，句子也要倒装。而in no time = soon/immediately（立即、马上），不用倒装。四、对地点状语提前置于句首时引起倒装的考查在英语中，有时可以把地点状语提至句首引起倒装，起强调作用，如：a. From the window came the sound of music. b. By the window stood an old man. c. In front of the house parks a new car. d. South of the city lies a big steel factory. 典型考例(1) Just in front of our house _ with a history of 1,000 years. (2006上海春季)A. does a tall tree stand B. stands a tall treeC. a tall tree is standing D. a tall tree stands B(2) In the dark forest _ some large enough to hold several English towns. (2005辽宁卷)A. stand many lakes B. lie many lakesC. many lakes lieD. many lakes stand B(3) On the top of the books _ the photo album youre looking for. (2005上海春季)A. is B. areC. hasD. have A(4) At the foot of the mountain _. (2006四川卷)A. a village lieB. lies a villageC. does a village lieD. lying a village B五、对as引导让步状语从句倒装的考查as作“虽然，尽管”讲时，可引导让步状语从句。此时常用倒装语序，即：adj. / adv. / v. / n. 等 + as + 主语 + 谓语 + 主句。如：Talented as he is, he is not yet ready to turn professional. 别看他有天赋，他还没把心用到专业上去。Much as Id like to help, I have a lot to do.Try as she might, Sue couldnt get the door open. Child as he is, he knows a lot. （child前不用冠词）考例 _, I have never seen anyone whos as capable as John. A. As long as I have traveledB. Now that I have traveled so muchC. Much as I have traveledD. As I have traveled so much 析：选C。as引导让步状语从句，应将从句中的表语、状语或主要动词移到句首三 倒装句练习一)高考题专练1. Not until the motorbike looked almost new _ repairing and cleaning it. (2008陕西卷.)A. he stopped B. did he stop C. stopped he D. he did stop2. Only when I left my parents for Italy _ how much I loved them. （2008重庆）A. I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize3. _ you eat the correct foods _ be able to keep fit and stay healthy. （2008江苏卷）A. Only if will you B. Only if you willC. Unless will you D. Unless you will4. Bill wasnt happy about the delay of the report by Jason, and _.(2008辽宁卷)A. I was neither B. neither was I C. I was either D. either was I5. It was announced that only when the fire was under control _ to return to their homes. （2008江西卷）A. the residents would be permitted B. had the residents been permittedC. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted6. You didnt use to like him much when we were at school, _? (2008上海春招)A. were we B. werent we C. did you D. didnt you7. It was not until midnight _ they reached the camp site. （2008重庆）A. that B. when C. while D. as8. It is often said that the joy of traveling is _ in arriving at your destination _ in the journey itself. （2008江苏卷）A. / but B. / or C. not or D. not but9. Stand over there _ youll be able to see the oil painting better. （全国卷II）A. but B. till C. and D. or10. So much of interest _ that most visitors simply run out of time before seeing it all. (2008上海卷)A. offers Being B. Beijing offers C. does Beijing offer D. Beijing does offer11If Joes wife wont go to the party , _.(2007全国卷)A. he will either B. neither will he C. he neither will D. either he will12. _, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.(2007重庆卷)A. Strange as might sound B. As it might sound strangeC. As strange it might sound D. Strange as it might sound 13 .I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom _so lovely as now .(2007辽宁卷)A. have I felt B.I had felt C. I have felt D. had I felt14. Little _that we were watching his every movie , so he seemed to be going his own way in this business .(2007安徽卷) A. he realized B. he didnt realize C. didnt he realize D. did he realize 15. -My room gets very cold at night.(2007江苏卷)-_.A. So is mine B. So mine is C So does mine D. so mine does16. _that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere(2007陕西卷10)A. So successful her business was B. So successful was her business C. So her business was successful D. So was her business successful17- Its burning hot today, isnt it?- Yes. _ yesterday. (2006福建卷)A. So was itB. So it was C. So it isD. So is it 18. - I r