7测量机器人.doc

Unit 7 Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）For many years, the optical transit was the surveyors tool of choice to measure angles.（多年以来，光学【optical】经纬仪一直是测量人员测角的工具选择）By the 1970s, however, the electronic theodolite began to replace the transit since it could measure angles more accurately on both the horizontal and vertical axes.（然而，20世界70年代，由于【since】它在水平轴和垂直轴方向上测角更精确【就是水平角竖直角】，电子经纬仪开始代替经纬仪。）In the early 1980s, “total stations,” which measure distances very accurately by using electronic distance meters (EDMs), became the instrument of choice.（80年代早期，采用EDMs非常精确的测距的全站仪，成为测量仪器的选择。）Then in late 1990, Geodimeter, Dandryd Sweden introduced the first “robotic total station” adding automatic tracking and radio communication to a radio and data collector at the “target” or pole.（然后在90年代后期，瑞典Dandryd【应该是瑞典的一个地名】Geodimeter【公司名】，推出【introduce介绍、提出】了第一台“智能型全站仪”，在“目标”或测杆上增加了一个有自动跟踪【automatic tracking】和无线电通讯【radio communication】功能的信号和数据收集器）Thus, for the first time, no person was required at the instrumentonly at the target, reducing the size of a survey crew.（这样，第一次，仪器不再需要人除了目标点，减少了测量人员）Total Station （全站仪）A total station is the most commonly used instruments now in geomatics engineering, which is fully integrated instrument that capture all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensional positional information.（全站仪是现在测绘工程中使用最普遍的仪器，完全综合的【fully integrated考虑到平时介绍全站仪的词句，我们可以翻译为全站型】仪器，可以获取所有的反映3维空间位置信息所需的空间数据。）A total station integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder.（全站仪整合了电子经纬仪的测角功能和EDM的测距功能，以及？和数据存储器的功能）All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology, and all perform basically the same functions.（不管他们工艺的年代和水平如何，所有的全站仪的结构【constructional构造的feature特征】都是类似的【similar】，都能基本【basically基本地】完成相同的功能）After the instrument has been set up on a control station, centered, leveled and properly oriented, and the prism target has been set up over another point whose position is to be measured, the surveyor may focus the target and depress a button.（在控制点上安置仪器、对中、整平和恰当的【properly】定向【orient确定方向、东方】之后，棱镜【prism】目标【目标棱镜】置于测点之上，测量人员就可以照准【focus】目标并按动按钮。）Then output from the horizontal and vertical circular encoders and from the EDM can be displayed at the instrument and stored in a data collector and enters into a built-in microprocessor.（然后水平和竖直编码【encoder编码器】度盘和EDM的输出结果可以显示在仪器上，并可以存储在数据收集里，送入内置的【built-in】微处理器）The microprocessor can convert the measured slope distance to the horizontal distance using the measured vertical or zenith angle.（微处理器可以将测得的斜距利用测得的竖直角或天顶距转化【convert】为平距）The microprocessor also computes the difference in elevation between the instrument center and the prism target.（微处理器还可以计算仪器中心和棱镜目标【目标棱镜】之间的高差）If the elevation of the instrument center (the HI) and the height of the reflector target (the HT) above the ground are entered, the microprocessor computes the elevation of the target station taking into account the effect of curvature and refraction.（如果仪器中心的高程（HI）和反射目标到地面的高度（HT）输入仪器，微处理器在考虑【take into account】地球曲率和折光影响 后就可以计算出目标站点的高程）Furthermore the microprocessor can also compute the resolution of the horizontal distance together with the current horizontal direction, expressed as an azimuth, into a coordinate of the target station.（此外，微处理器还可以由水平距离和【together with】当前水平方向表示为方位角【azimuth】，计算出目标点的坐标）【resolution分析、决定n.】In construction layout measurement, the data necessary to establish the direction and distance from a control point to locate a construction point can be entered into the instrument via the keyboard or directly from an office computer.（在建筑施工放样测量工作中，在控制点上为建筑点位定位所需的方向和距离数据，可以由【via经过】键盘或直接由办公室的计算机出入到仪器中去）Then the surveyor guides the person holding the prism along the line of computed direction until the distance to the point to be located agrees with the computed distance.（然后，测量人员引导持棱镜的人沿着计算出的方向线前行，直到 到所定点距离于计算出的距离相吻合为止）All displayed outputs can also be recorded or stored in electronic field book for further calculations in a computer.（所有显示的输出结果也可以记录或存储在外业电子手簿当中，用以在计算机中进一步的计算）Total stations allow the measurement of many points on a surface being observed within a very short time range. （全站仪使得【allow使得得以发生】在观测范围内，非常短时间内对多点进行观测称为可能）Robotic Total Station （智能型全站仪）A late 1980s adaption of the total station is the addition of servo motors to drive both the horizontal and the vertical motions of these instruments.（80年代末，全站仪改进【adaption改变、改写】是加入伺服【servo】电动机【motor】，用以驱动仪器的水平和垂直移动【motion】）For all the complex electronics inside a robotic total station, the motion is still provided by simple servo motors with a reduction gear system.（在智能型全站仪内所有的复杂的电子元件，它们的活动仍然是由简单的带有一个变速【reduction变速、减速】齿轮系统的伺服电动机提供的）The end result must be lightweight, durable and fast and have sub-second positioning accuracy.（最终结果必定是，质量轻【原文应该是light weight，中间有空格；lightweight的意思是轻量级选手、不胜任者】，耐用的和快速的、有着亚秒级定位精度的）When those total stations have been designed with automatic target recognition (ATR) function, they allow the user to automatically track, measure and record targets.（当带有自动目标识别功能【automatic target recognition】的全站仪被设计出后，自动跟踪【track】、测量和记录目标得以实现。）Current technology provides robotic (motorized) total stations that are able to measure angles with an accuracy of 0.5and distances with an accuracy of 1mm+1ppm to a range of 3500m.（当前的技术能够使智能型全站仪在3500m的范围内的测角精度达到0.5，测距精度达到1mm+1ppm）Latest models are capable of searching automatically for targets and then locking onto them precisely, turning angles automatically to designated points using the uploaded coordinates of those points, repeating angles by automatically double-centering, and even equipped with automatic data transfer systems.（最近的样式可以自动搜寻目标并将其精确锁定，自动转角到指定【designated】点利用上载的【uploaded】这些点的坐标，通过自动两次置中复测角度，甚至装备了自动数据转换系统）These instruments, when combined with a remote controller held by the prism surveyor, enable the survey to proceed with a reduced need for personnel.（这种仪器，当与一个可被持镜【prism棱镜】测量者持有的遥控装置【remote controller遥控装置】结合后，测量工作就可以减少人员【personnel人员n.】的需要）All these characteristics make the robotic total stations very useful for geomatics engineering tasks. （所有这些特性使得智能型全站仪在测绘工程任务当中非常有用）Using a robotic total station with ATR, first, the telescope must be pointed roughly at the target prismeither manually or under software controland then the instrument does the rest.（使用带有ATR的智能型全站仪时，首先，望远镜必需大致地【roughly粗略地】照准目标棱镜或者手工【manually用手adv.】或者软件控制然后省下的就交给仪器去做了）The ATR module is a digital camera that notes the offset of the reflected laser beam, permitting the instrument then to move automatically until the cross hairs have electronically set on the point precisely.（ATR模块是一个数字照相机，可以记录【note】反射激光束的偏移量【offset】，使得【permit使有可能】仪器能够自动移动【转动】，直至十字丝电子的调整到正好【precisely】照准那个点）After the point has been precisely “sighted”, the instrument can then read and record the angle and distance.（当该点被正好“看到”，仪器就可以读出并记录角度和距离）Reports indicate that the time required this process is only one-third to one-half of the time required to obtain the same results by conventional total station techniques. （有报告指出【indicate】，该过程所需时间仅是使用常规【conventional常规的、传统的】全站仪获得同样结果所需时间的一半或三分之一）With the proper ATR-based instrument Leica TCA2003, the surveyor will be able to handle new applications and address existing jobs with a different spin.（利用基于ATR的Leica TCA2003，测量者将可以从事新的工作）【application应用】【即干以前干不了的活】，也可以以不同的方式【spin方式、风格；旋转】从事【address从事v.】现有的工作）Because of the co-axial target detection system and the use of conventional EDM prisms, daily operation will remain unchanged.（因为同轴【co-axial同轴的】目标探测【target detection】系统和常规EDM棱镜的使用，例行的【daily日常的、例行的】操作保留没有变）What will change is the speed with which data is collected.（改变的是数据采集的速度）Topographical surveys are automated by putting the TCA in Auto-record modethe instrument follows the rod person and automatically records a point at specified distances, time intervals, or whenever the rod is held steady for more than a certain time.（地形测量自动化，将TCA设置为自动记录模式仪器跟踪持镜人并按指定的【specified】距离、时间间隔或者当棱镜保持不动超过一定时间就自动记录）Take advantage of the measuring speed and have multiple rod people on larger jobs.（在大型项目中，利用【Take advantage of】测量的速度和复合测杆【复合棱镜】）The TCA2003 can even turn sets of angles while the user prepares for the next traverse point. （当使用者为下个导线点作准备时，TCA2003可以连贯地【even】转过若干组角度）Take automation a step further and do some “no-man” surveying. Robotic total stations are already being used in hazardous areas to provide continuous monitoring of structures or processes.（将自动化更进一步，用于一些“无人”测量工作。智