跨文化交际,上海应用技术学院期末.docx

Unit 11 economic globalization(经济全球化）：the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.2 barter system(物物交换）：exchange without moneyFarming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money.Human society has always traded goods across great distances.3 global village(地球村）：the world form one communityAll the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet.4 melting pot(大熔炉）：a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities.5 culture(文化）：can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. 6 cultural diversity(文化融合）：refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong.7. Communication(交际）: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.8 intercultural communication(跨文化交际）：communication between people whose cultural backgrounds and distinct(不同） enough to alter（改变） their communicaion。9 components of communication（交际的十大要素）source(来源）：the person who desires to encoding(编码）：the process of putting on idea into a symbolmessage(信息）：identifies the encoding thoughtchannel(渠道）：the means of transmission(传播途径）noise(干扰）：anything distorts the messagesreceiver(接受者）：the person who attends to the messagedecoding(解码）：assigning meaning to the symbols receivedreceiver response(接受者反应）：anything the receiver doesfeedback(反馈）：the portion which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaningcontext(场景）：help define(使明确） the communication思考题：1.Discuss the four trends that make our world more interdependent.convenient transportation systems(便捷的交通系统） innovative communication systems(革新通信技术）economic globailzation(经济全球化）widespread migrations(广泛的移民)2.What are the three ingredients(组成) of culture?artifacts(the material and spiritual products people produce)behavior(what they do)concepts(共有观点）(what they think)3.How to understand cultural iceberg?just as an iceberg, culture has some aspects that are observable and others that can only be suspected an imagined. Also like an iceberg, nine-tenth of culture is below the surface4.What are the characteristic(特点） of culture?shared learned(enculuration 文化习得：learning ones culture) dynamic(动态的）（accultration文化适应：adopts the changes brought about by another culture)ethnocentric(ethnocentrism文化中心主义：own cultural background is superior)5.What are the characteristic of communication?dynamic(动态性）；irreversible(不可逆转的）symbolic(符号的）systematic(系统性）transactional（互动性）contextual(语境)Unit 2-41 Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the effect that language has on human perceptions and behavior.2 Semantics（语义学）：a system that associates words to meaning. It is the study of the meaning of words.3 Denotation（引申含义）：the literal meaning or definition of a word - the explicit, particular, defined meaning.精讲案例：Case1.Case3(p17).Case4(p19).Case2(p43).Case3(p45).Case1(p67).Case3(p69)思考题：1.How is Chinese addressing different from American addressing?In Chinese the surname comes first and is followed by the given name； in English this order is reversed.In China seniority(资历）is paid respects to.Nowadays, many English-speaking people tend to address others by their given names, even when meeting for the first time.(About addressing by relationship）Chinese often exten kinship terms to people not related by blood or marriage.Americans tend to use just the first name and leave out the term of relationship.Chinese use a persons title、office、or profession to indicate(表明） the persons influential(有权势的）status .In English, only a few occupations or titles could be used，such as doctor, governor, mayor, professor, nurse and captain.(p24)2. What are the social functions of compliments?(赞美的社会功能是什么？)Creating or reinforcing(加固） solidarity, greeting people, expressing thanks or congratulations, encouraging people, softening criticism（委婉批评）,starting a conversation, or even overcoming embarrassment（窘迫）.Unit 51 Chronemics（时间学）：The study of how people perceive and use time.(1) Polychromic Time: paying attention to and doing only one thing at a time.(2)Polychronic Time（多元时间观念）: being involved with many things at once.2 Proxemics（空间学）：Refers to the perception and use of space.3 Kinetics（身势学）:the study of body language.身势学4 Paralanguage(副语言)：Involving sounds but not word and lying between verbal and nonverbal communication .精讲案例case1(p85).case3(p87).case5.6(p90).case7(91）.思考题：1. What are the different features of M-Time and P-time?M-Time think time is perceived as a linear strucure.认为时间是线性的P-Time is less rigid(刻板）and clock-bound,more flexible and more human-centered.2. How is the Chinese writing style different the American writing style?The Chinese employ a circular approach in writing. In this kind of indirect writing, the development of the paragraph may be said to be turning and turning in a widening gyre. The circles or gyres turn around the subject and show it from a variety of tangential views, but the subject is never looked at directly. A paragraph is set off by an indentation of its first sentences or by some other conventional devise, such as extra space between paragraphs.In contrast, the Americans are direct and linear in writing. An English expository paragraph usually begins with a topic statement, and then, by a series of subdivisions of that topic statement, each supported by example and illustrations, proceeds, to develop that central idea and relate that idea to all other ideas in the whole essay, and to employ that idea in proper relationship with the other ideas, to prove something, or perhaps to argue something.3. What are the different feature of m-time and p-time? P97 M: Do one thing at a time Take time commitments seriously Are committed to the job Adhere religiously to plans Emphasize promptness Are accustomed to short-term relationships P: Do many things at once Consider time commitments an objective to be achieved, if possible Are committed to people and human relationships Change plans often and easily Base promptness on the relationship Have strong tendency to build lifetime relationships M-time is noted for its emphasis on schedules, segmentation, punctuality and promptness. It features one event at a time and time is perceived as a linear structure. P-time is less rigid and clock-bound. It features several activities at the same time and time is perceived as more flexible and more human-centered.4. What different worldview can be drive from Buddhism（佛教） and Christianity（基督教）?Buddhists do not believe in a god or gods who created the world. However, they do believe that there is a supreme and wonderful truth that words cannot teach, and ritual cannot attain.Buddhists are not favorably disposed to the notion of free enterprise and the pursuit of material well-being. Seen from a western worldview, having no desires adversely affects motives for personal enrichment and growth generally. Thus, little support is accorded to free enterprise.Christianity recognizes the importance of work and free ownership of property. Protestant, in particular, sees the salvation of the individual through hard work and piety.5. What is the American cultural value like in terms of value orientation?（美国文化价值取向）As far as the human nature is concerned, the American culture holds that it is evil but perfectible through hard work.As to the relation of man to nature, they think mankind can conquer the nature.They also have a linear time concept and therefore they are future-oriented.They focus on doing and think that only actions can solve the problem.They are quite individualistic and therefore they focus less on the benefits of the group.6.Discover the meaning of some common gestures in Englishgood luckfeel surprisedI dont knowPardon! Cant hearThats enough, Please overthamb-dowmSth strange/oddCome herein the U.S., meaning OKin Italy, meaning Hero. in U.S., goodbyeOh, I forgotSlow down/Relax/Wait a second. Unit 6精讲案例case1(p115).case2(p116).p124-126中的小案例思考题：1. What are the two primary influences processes of Gender Socialization? Family communicationRecreational interaction2. How is gender different from sex? P119120Sex: biological, permanent, with a individual propertyGender: socially constructed, varied over time and across cultures, with a social and relational qualityUnit 7精讲案例case1(p137).case3(p139)1 Discuss the concepts of high context culture and low context culture. Eastern culture favors verbal hesitance and ambiguity in order to avoid disturbing or offending others, the burden of smooth communication effective is shared equally between all parties involved.The Western communicative mode is primarily(直接） direct, explicit（明确）,and verbal, relying heavily on logical and rational perception(感知）,thinking，and articulation. So the task of communicating effectively lies primarily on the speaker.Unit 91 A planetary culture（行星文化）: integrates Eastern mysticism with Western science and rationalism(理性主义）.2 Intercultural person（跨文化的人）: represents someone whose cognitive(认知的）, affective, and behavioral(行为的）characteristics are open to growth beyond the psychological parameters(心理界限）of his or her own culture.1. Identify the features of each of four Hofsteds cultural dimensions and the contrast between high-context and low-context culture. Individualism（个人主义）VS collectivism（集体主义） / Masculinity（刚性文化） VS femininity (柔性文化）/ Power distance(权利差距）/ Uncertainty avoidance （不确定性规避）High-context cultures（含蓄的文化） assign meaning to many of the stimuli surrounding an explicit message. In high-context cultures, verbal messages have little meaning without the surrounding context, which includes the overall relationship between all the people engaged in communication.Low-context cultures （外向型的文化）exclude many of those stimuli and focus more intensely on the objective communication event, whether it be a word, a sentence, or a physical gesture. In low-context cultures, the message itself means everything.Iculture(个体主义）：1.Freedom to control their won destiny 2.Self-reliance to stand on their own feet 3.Privacy to mind their own business 4.Family ties tend to be relatively unimportantWeculture(集体主义）：1.Harmony to strive for the common good 2.Competition is not encouraged 3.Limit rights to property 4.Filial piety(孝顺） 5.Inter-dependantPower distance(权利差距）：describes the distribution(分布） of influence within the culture, the extent to which the less powerful members of organizations and institutions accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. Cultures are classified on a continuum(延续体）of high to low distance, that is hierarchy(等级主义） v.s. egalitarian（平等主义）.Masculine cultures(刚性文化）:These cultures place high values on maculine traits and stress assertiveness, competition and material success.Feminine cultures(柔性文化）：These cultures place high values on feminne traits and stress quality of life, interpersonal relationships and concern for the weak.其他名词解释：1. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning ones culture are called enculturation9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures.10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义): the belief that your own cultural background is superior.11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge.12. Components of Communication：Source交际邀请The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol.Message编码信息The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object.Channel交际渠道The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.Noise干扰The term noise technically refers to anything that distorts the message the source encodes.Receiver交际接受The receiver is the person who attends to the message.Decoding解码Decoding is the opposite process of encoding and just as much an active process. The receiver is actively involved in the communication process by assigning meaning to the symbols received.Receiver response接受反应The receiver is the person who attends to the message. Receiver response refers to anything the receiver does after having attended to and decoded the message.Feedback反馈Feedback refers to that portion of the