Logistics物流的概念.doc

Unit 1 introduction to logisticsText 1 What Is LogisticsPara 11The Definition of Logistics(物流的概念)There are various definitions of different editionBut in general，there are mainly two types of definition in practice In Chinese Logistics Terms，logistics means the physical movement goods from the supplier to the receiverBased on practical need，integrated organically the variety of the basic functional activities including transportation， storage，loadingAnd unloading, handling，package，distribution，information management，etc The Council of Logistics Management has adopted the following definition of logistics：Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans，implements，and controls the efficient，effective flow and storage of goods，services，and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customersrequirements Para 2The Importance of logistics(物流的重要性) Since the beginning of human civilization，there has been the“move”of the goods， SO we should say，“Logistics is anything but a newborn baby”However，when it comes to modern logistics，most professionals in the business consider it one of the most competitive and exciting jobs，invisible as it is“Logistics is a unique global pipeline that operates 24 hours a day，seven days a week and 52 weeks a year，planning andcoordinating the delivery of products and service to customers all over the world Para 3】Importance of Logistics Management物管的重要性 In practice，logistics refers to the systematic management of the various activities required from the point of production to the customersHowever，logistics management means different things to different organizations In todayS volatile economic environment，logistics management is becoming more important than ever beforeGetting the right amount of goods to the right place at the right time is critical, especially in an age when budgets are tight and customersdemands are unpredictable Para 4】Development of Logistics Management(物流管理的发展) Logistics management has evolved over the last three decades from the narrowly defined distribution management to the integrated management and to the global supply chainThe mission of logistics management is to plan and coordinate all activities to achieve desired levels of delivered service and quality at the lowest possible costIn order to succeed in todayS global marketplace，companies must be ever cognizant of these trends and develop a logistics management strategy that capitalizes on the best-of-breed technology solution available today，So that they can meet the demands of theircustomers today and be well prepared for the future Text 2 Activities in Logistics System A logistics system can be made up of many different functional activities，some of which are described briefly below Para 1】Customer Service(客户服务) In a broad sense，customer service is the output of the entire logistics systemIt involves making sure that the right person receive the right product with the right quantity at the right place at the right time in the right condition at the right costAtpresent，many logistics companies may have a customer service department that handle complaints，special orders，damage claims，returns，billing problems，etc Para 2】Demand Forecasting(需求预测) Demand forecasting estimates the need for precise amount of products and services that customers will require in the futureThe logistics system can ensure the right products or services are available to meet those requirementsIt involves in forecasting how much should be ordered from its suppliers，and how much of finished products should be transported in each market Para 3 Transportation(运输) Transportation refers to the physical movement of goods from one place to another placeIt includes specific activities such as selecting the transport mode，choosing the particular route，selecting the right carrier，and complying with various local transportation regulationsTransportation is usually the most costly logistics activityIt may account for 40一60of a companyS total logistics cost Para 4 Warehousing(仓储) Warehousing is an integral part of every logistics systemIt plays an important role in providing a desired level of customer service at the lowest possible total costIt refersto places where goods can be stored for a particular period of timeGenerally，the greater the time lags between production and consumption，the larger the level of warehousing required Para 5】Inventory Management(库存管t11) Inventory management deals with balancing the cost of maintaining additional products on hand against the risk of not having those items when the customer wants themThis task has become more complex as firms have gradually lowered inventory levels Para 6 Packaging(包装) Industrial packaging focuses on protecting the product while it is being transported and storedIt conveys important information to inform the customer and provide protection during storage and transportIn a marketing sense，the package acts as a form of promotion or advertisingIts size，weight，color，and printed information attract customers and convey knowledge about the product Para 7】Procurement(采购) Procurement is the purchase of materials and services from outside to support the firms operations from production to marketing，sales and logisticsIt includes the selection of supply source location，timing of purchases，price determination，quality control and many other facets Para 8 Material Handling(物资搬运) Material handling is a broad sense concerning all shortdistance movements of raw materials，work in process，or finished goods within a factory or warehouseAs materialhandling tends to add costs rather than value to logistics systems，managers tend to minimize the number of handling whenever possible Para 9 Information Management(信息管理) Information links all areas of the logistics system togetherInformation processing is becoming increasingly automated，complex，and rapidIt is critical t0 the efficientPara 10Other Logistics Activities(其他物流活动) Other activities such as waste disposal，return goods handling，etcare also importantLogistics managers have to consider the social costs associated with waste disposalThehandling of returned goods，often referred to as reverse distribution，is an important part of the logistics processText3 Main Logistics DocumentsPara 1】Introduction to Logistics Documents(物流单据介绍)Logistics documents refer to all documents involve in the course of logistics. Generally speaking，logistics documents contain two kinds of documents：cargo documents and transport documents. They are applied for various purposes in the whole process of transport of goods. The following paragraphs are introduction to bill of lading, air waybill, packing list, commercial invoice, insurance policy and certificate of origin. Para 2】Bill of Lading(提单) One of the most important documents in maritime is the bill of lading(abbreviated to BL)It is used primarily in international sales of goods where the carriage of goods is by sea. It must be presented at the port of final destination by the importer in order to claim goods. A B/L is nearly always prepared on a pre-printed form. Whatever its form，a BL may contain some main elements，such as quantity of goods，accurate cargo description and condition, date of the BL, names of shipper and consignee, party to be notified ,name of vessel, ports of loading and discharge， terms and conditions of carriage and payment of freight.The functions of the maritime BL can be classified into three categories:a receipt for the goods shippedevidence of the contract of carriagedocument of title for the goodsPara 3】Air Waybill(空运运单)An air waybill is a form of BL。used for the air transport of goodsIt is an evidence of a transportation contractThe air waybill is approximately equivalent to the sea BL，but it is not a document of title to goods or a negotiable document.Each air waybill has three originals and at least 6 copiesThe air waybill must be accurately completed, clear forwarding instruction must be given to the airline or agentThe air waybill is used as a receipt of the goods for dispatch and evidence of the contract of carriage between the carrier and the consignor. Para 4】Packing List(装箱单)A packing list is a document prepared by the shipper at the time the goods are shipped，giving details of the invoice，buyer，consignee, country of origin, vessel or flight details，port or airport of loading and discharge，place of delivery，shipping marks，container number，weight and cubic of goods，etcIts prime purpose is to give an inventory of the shipped goods and is required by the customs clearance Para 5】Commercial Invoice(商业发票) The