高考英语 试题分项版解析Ⅲ专题04 科普类阅读理解（学生版）.doc

2012年全国及各地高考英语分类精品解析系列简介单项选择题分类解析系列专题01单项选择题分类解析（冠词、名词和主谓一致）专题02单项选择题分类解析（代词）专题03单项选择题分类解析（介词和介词短语）专题04单项选择题分类解析（形容词和副词）专题05单项选择题分类解析（动词和动词短语）专题06单项选择题分类解析（动词的时态和语态）专题07单项选择题分类解析（情态动词和虚拟语气）专题08单项选择题分类解析（非谓语动词）专题09单项选择题分类解析（定语从句）专题10单项选择题分类解析（连词和状语从句）专题11单项选择题分类解析（名词性从句）专题12单项选择题分类解析（特殊句式）专题13单项选择题分类解析（交际用语）完形填空题分类解析系列专题01记叙文完形填空专题02夹叙夹议完形填空阅读理解题分类解析系列专题01人物传记、故事类阅读理解专题02新闻报道、广告类阅读理解专题03社会生活、说理议论类阅读理解专题04科普类阅读理解专题05新题型阅读理解书面表达题分类及选择讲评专题01书面表达题分类及选择讲评（文字提纲式）专题02书面表达题分类及选择讲评（图画式）专题03书面表达题分类及选择讲评（开放式）一、(2012课标卷)bhoney(蜂蜜)from the african forest is not only a kind of natural sugar, it is also delicious. most people, and many animals, like eating it. however, the only way for them to get that honey is to find a wild bees nest(巢)and take the honey from it. often, these nests are high up in trees, and it is difficult to find them. in parts of africa, though, people and animals looking for honey have a strange and unexpected helper一a little bird called a honey guide.the honey guide does not actually like honey, but it does like the wax (蜂蜡) in the beehives (蜂房). the little bird cannot reach this wax, which is deep inside the bees nest. so, when it finds a suitable nest, it looks for someone to help it. the honey guide gives a loud cry that attracts the attention of both passing animals and people. once it has their attention, it flies through the forest, waiting from time to time for the curious animal or person as it leads them to the nest. when they finally arrive at the nest, the follower reaches in to get at the delicious honey as the bird patiently waits and watches. some of the honey, and the wax, always falls to the ground, and this is when the honey guide takes its share. scientists do not know why the honey guide likes eating the wax, but it is very determined in its efforts to get it. the birds seem to be able to smell wax from a long distance away. they will quickly arrive whenever a beekeeper is taking honey from his beehives, and will even enter churches when beeswax candles are being lit.63. what can be the best title for the text?a. wild beesb. wax and honeyc. beekeeping in africad. honey-lovers helper【答案与解析】二、(2012大纲卷)(c)facial expressions carry meaning that is determined by situations and relationships. for example, in american culture (文化) the smile is in general an expression of pleasure. yet it also has other uses. a womans smile at a police officer does not carry the same meaning as the smile she gives to a young child. a smile may show love or politeness. it can also hide true feelings. it often causes confusion (困惑) across cultures. for example, many people in russia smiling at strangers in public to be unusual and even improper. yet many americans smile freely at strangers in public places (although this is less common in big cities). some russians believe that americans smile in the wrong places; some americans believe that russians dont smile enough. in southeast asian culture, a smile is frequently used to cover painful feelings. vietnamese people may tell a sad story but end the story with a smile.our faces show emotions (情感), but we should not attempt to “read” people from another culture as we would “read” someone from our own culture. the fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not experience emotions. rather, there are cultural differences in the amount of facial expressions permitted. for example, in public and in formal situations many japanese do not show their emotions as freely as americans do. when with friends, japanese and americans seem to show their emotions similarly.it is difficult to generalize about americans and facial expressiveness because of personal and cultural differences in the united states. people from certain cultural backgrounds in the united states seem to be more facially expressive than others. the key is to try not to judge people whose ways of showing emotion are different. if we judge according to our own cultural habits, we may make the mistake of “reading” the other person incorrectly. (e)make up your mind to succeedkind-hearted parents have unknowingly left their children defenseless against failure. the generation born between 1980 and 2001 grew up playing sports where scores and performance were played down because “everyones winter.” and their report cards sounded more positive (正面的) than ever before. as a result, stanford university professor carol dweck, phd, calls them “the overpraised generation.”dweck has been studying how people deal with failure for 40 years. her research has led her to find out two clearly different mind-sets that have a great effect on how we react to it. heres how they work:a fixed mind-set is grounded in the belief that talent (才能) is genetic youre a born artist, point guard, or numbers person. the fixed mind-set believes its sure to succeed without much effort and regards failure as personal shame. when things get difficult, its quick to blame, lie, and even stay away from future difficulties.on the other hand, a growth mind-set believes that no talent is entirely heaven-sent and that effort and learning make everything possible. because the ego (自尊) isnt on the line as much, the growth mind-set sees failure as a chance rather than shame. when faced with a difficulty, its quick to rethink, change and try again. in fact, it enjoys this experience.we are all born with growth mind-sets. (otherwise, we wouldnt be able to live in the world.) but parents, teachers, and instructors often push us into fixed mind-sets by encouraging certain actions and misdirecting praise. dwecks book, mind-set: the new psychology of success, and online instructional program explain this in depth. but she says there are many little things you can start doing today to make sure that your children, grandchildren and even you are never defeated by failure.三、(2012北京卷)cdecision-making under stressa new review based on a research shows that acute stress affects the way the brain considers the advantages and disadvantages, causing it to focus on pleasure and ignore the possible negative (负面的) consequences of a decision.the research suggests that stress may change the way people make choices in predictable ways.“stress affects how people learn,” says professor mara mather. “people learn better about positive than negative outcomes under stress.”for example, two recent studies looked at how people learned to connect images(影像) with either rewards or punishments. in one experiment, some of the participants were first stressed by having to give a speech and do difficult math problems in front of an audience; in the other, some were stressed by having to keep their hands in ice water. in both cases, the stressed participants remembered the rewarded material more accurately and the punished material less accurately than those who hadnt gone through the stress.this phenomenon is likely not surprising to anyone who has tried to resist eating cookies or smoking a cigarette while under stress at those moments, only the pleasure associated with such activities comes to mind. but the findings further suggest that stress may bring about a double effect. not only are rewarding experiences remembered better, but negative consequences are also easily recalled.the research also found that stress appears to affect decision-making differently in men and women. while both men and women tend to focus on rewards and less on consequences under stress, their responses to risk turn out to be different.men who had been stressed by the cold-water task tended to take more risks in the experiment while women responded in the opposite way. in stressful situations in which risk-taking can pay off big, men may tend to do better, when caution weighs more, however, women will win.this tendency to slow down and become more cautious when decisions are risky might also help explain why women are less likely to become addicted than men: they may more often avoid making the risky choices that eventually harden into addiction.四、(2012天津卷)c the practice of students endlessly copying letters and sentences from a blackboard is a thing of the past. with the coming of new technologies like computers and smartphone, writing by hand has become something of nostalgic (怀旧的)skill. however, while todays educators are using more and more technology in their teaching, many believe basic handwriting skills are still necessary for students to be successful-both in school and in life.virginia berninger, professor of educational psychology at the university of washington, says its important to continue teaching handwriting and help children acquire the skill of writing by hand.berninger and her colleagues conducted a study that looked at the ability of students to complete various writing tasks-both on a computer and by hand. the study, published in 2009, found that when writing with a pen and paper, participants wrote longer essays and more complete sentences and had a faster word production rate.in a more recent study, berninger looked at what role spelling plays in a students writing skills and found that how well children spell is tied to know well they can write. “spelling makes some of the thinking parts of the brain active which helps us access our vocabulary, word meaning and concepts. it is allowing our written language to connect with ideas.” berninger said.spelling helps students translate ideas into words in their mind first and then to transcribe(转换) “those words in the mind written symbols on paper or keyboard and screen,” the study said. seeing the words in the “minds eye” helps children not only to turn their ideas into words, says berninger, but also to spot(发现) spelling mistakes when they write the words down and to correct then over time.“in our computer age, some people believe that we dont have to teach spelling because we have spell checks,” she said. “but until a child has a functional spelling ability of about a fifth grade level, they wont have the knowledge to choose the correct spelling among the options given by the computer.”48. which of the following best shows the role of spelling?a. spelling improves ones memory of words. b. spelling ability is closely related to writing ability.c. spelling benefits the translation from words into ideas.d. spelling slows down finding exact words to express ideas.【答案与解析】49. what does “minds eye” in paragraph 5 mean?a. window. b. soulc. picture. d. imagination.【答案与解析】50. what conclusion could be drawn from the passage?a. computers can help people with their choice of words. b. spell checks can take the place of spelling teaching.c. handwriting still has a place in todays classrooms.d. functional spelling ability develops fast in the fifth grade.【答案与解析】五、(2012上海卷)(c)researchers in the psychology department at the university of california at los angeles (ucla) have discovered a major difference in the way men and women respond to stress. this difference may explain why men are more likely to suffer from stress-related disorders.until now, psychological research has maintained that both men and women have the same fight-or-flight reaction to stress. in other words, individuals either react with aggressive behavior, such as verbal or physical conflict (fight), or they react by withdrawing from the stressful situation (flight). however, the ucla research team found that men and women have quite different biological and behavioral responses to stress. while men often react to stress in the fight-or-flight response, women often have another kind of reaction which could be called tend and befriend. that is, they often react to stressful conditions by protecting and nurturing their young (tend), and by looking for social contact and support from others - especially other females(befriend).scientists have long known that in the fight-or- flight reaction to stress, an important role is played by certain hormones(澈素) released by the body. the ucla research team suggests that the female tend-or-befriend response is also based on a hormone. this hormone, called oxytocin, has been studied in the context of childbirth, but now it is being studied for its role in the response of both men and women to stress. the principal investigator, dr. shelley e. taylor, explained that animals and people with high levels of oxytocin are calmer, more relaxed, more social, and less anxious. while men also secrete(分泌) oxytocin, its effects are reduced by male hormones.in terms of everyday behavior, the ucla study found that women are far more likely than men to seek social contact when they are feeling stressed. they may phone relatives or friends, or ask directions if they are lost.the study also showed how fathers and mothers responded differently when they came home to their family after a stressful day at work. the typical father wanted to be left alone to enjoy some peace and quiet. for a typical mother, coping with a bad day at work meant focusing her attention on her children and their needs.the differences in responding to stress may explain the fact that women have lower frequency of stress-related disorders such as high blood pressure or aggressive behavior. the tend-and-befriend regulatory(调节的) system may protect women against stress, and this may explain why women on average live longer than men.72. the ucla study shows that in response to stress, men are more likely than women to .a. turn to friends for help b. solve a conflict calmlyc. find an escape from reality d. seek comfort from children【答案与解析】73. which of the following is true about oxytocin according to the passage?a. men have the same level of oxytocin as women do.b. oxytocin used to be studied in both men and women.c. both animals and people have high levels of oxytocin.d. oxytocin has more of an effect on women than on men.【答案与解析】六、(2012安徽卷)e welcome to your future life!you get up in the morning and look into the mirror. your face is firm and young-looking. in 2035, medical technology is better than ever. many people your age could live to be 150, so at 40, youre not old at all. and your parents just had an anti-aging(抗衰老的) treatment. now, all three of look the same age!you say to your shirt, “turn red.” it changes from blue to red. in 2035, “smart clothes” contain particles(粒子) much smaller than the cells in your body. the particles can be programmed to change clothes color or pattern.you walk into the kitchen. you pick up the milk, but a voice says,“ you shouldnt drink that!” your fridge has read the chip (芯片) that contains information about the milk , and it knows the milk is old . in 2035, every article of food in the grocery store has such a chip.its time to go to work. in 2035, cars drive themselves. just tell your “smart car” where to go. on the way, you can call a friend using your jacket sleeve. such “smart technology” is all around you.so will all these things come true? “for new technology to succeed,” says scientist andrew zolli ,”it has to be so much better that it replaces what we have already.” the internet is one examplewhat will be the next?72. we can learn from the text that in the future_.a .people will never get oldb. everyone will look the samec. red will be the most popular colord. clothes will be able to change their pattern【答案与解析】73. what can be inferred from paragraph 4?a. milk will be harmful to health.b. more drinks will be available for sale.c. food in the grocery store will carry electronic information.d. milk in the grocery store will stay fresh much longer.【答案与解析】七、(2012福建卷)ddo you know how it is when you see someone yawn and you start yawning too? or how hard it is to be among people laughing and not laugh yourself? well, apparently its because we have mirror neurons (神经元）in our brains.put simply, the existence of mirror neurons suggests that every time we see someone else do something, our brains imitate (模仿)it, whether or not we actually perform the same action. this explains a great deal about how we learn to smile, talk, walk, dance or play sports. but the idea goes further: mirror neurons not only appear to explain physical actions，they also tell us that there is a biological basis for the way we understand other people.mirror neurons can undoubtedly be found all over our brains，but especially in the areas which relate to our ability to use languages，and to understand how other people feel. researchers have found that mirror neurons relate strongly to language. a group of researchers discovered that if they gave people sentences to listen to (for example: the hand took hold of the ball), the same mirror neurons were triggered as when the action was actually performed (in this example, actually taking hold of a ball).any problems with mirror neurons may well result in problems with behavior. much research suggests that people with social and behavioral problems have mirror neurons which are not fully functioning. however, it is not yet known exactly how these discoveries might help find treatments for social disorders.research into mirror neurons seems to provide us with ever more information concerning how humans behave and interact(互动).indeed, it may turn out to be the equivalent (相等物)for neuroscience of what einsteins theory of relativity was for physics. and the next time you feel the urge to cough in the cinema when someone else doeswell, perhaps youll understand why.67. mirror neurons can explain _.a. why we cry when we are hurtb. why we cough when we suffer from a coldc. why we smile when we see s