第一章English words2.doc

第一章soil土Rock岩土Sand沙土silt粉土clay粘土weathering风化disintegration分解;崩解decomposition分解作用mineral矿物crack裂缝fracture断裂;破裂debris岩屑thermal stress热应力rock mass岩体sandstone砂岩gravel砾石parent rock母岩natural soil天然土;底土residual soil残积土transported soil运积土moraine 冰泽igneous rock火成岩granite花岗岩basalt玄武岩sedimentary rock沉积岩limestone石灰岩shale页岩alluvial soil冲积土wind-borne soil风积土 loess黄土dune 沙丘wind blown silt风积尘土silty clay粉质粘土glacial soil冰川沉积土pleistocene epoch更新世glacial deposit 冰川沉积erosion侵蚀boulder漂石fragment碎屑foundation engineering基础工程bedrock基岩glacial till 冰 土unstratified非层状的unconsolidated 不固结的heterogeneous非均质的marsh soil沼泽土muck淤泥,腐植土inorganic soil无机土soil particle土粒void 孔隙solid phase固相liquid phase液相vapor phase气相saturated soil饱和土dry soil干土original mineral原生矿物quartz石英feldspar长石isinglass云母hornblende角闪石pyroxene辉石coarseness粗度roundness圆度secondary mineral次生矿物kaolinite高岭石illite依利石montmorillonite蒙脱石water content含水量crystal structure晶体结构crystal cell晶胞alluminosilicate铝硅酸盐isomorphous replacement同晶置换 grain group粒组scree卵石colloidal particle胶粒sieve analysis筛分析grading curve粒晶分布曲线crystal lattice晶格hygroscopic water吸着水capillary water毛细管水gravitational water重力水fabric组构single grain fabric单粒组构flocculent fabric絮凝组构disperded fabric分散组构bulk density湿密度unit weight容重specific gravity比重water content 含水量void ratio孔隙比porosity孔隙率dry density干密度degree of saturation 饱和度saturated unit weight饱和容重dry unit weight干容重buoyant density浮密度buoyant unit weight浮容重relative density 相对密度consistency稠度liquid limit液限plastic limit塑限shrinkage limit缩限kneading method搓滚法liquid-plastic limit combined device液塑限联合测定仪plasticity index塑性指数liquidity index液性指数compaction压实， 夯实classification分类coarse grained soil粗粒土fine grained soil细粒土liquefaction液化第二章Seepage 渗透 total head 总水头elevation head位置水头pressure head压力水头head loss水头损失darcys law达西定律pore water pressure孔隙水压力coefficient of permeability渗透系数hydraulic gradient水力坡降(水力梯度)flow path length渗径长度constant-head test常水头试验falling-head test变水头试验pumping test压水试验groundwater地下水soil layers 土层Laplaces Equation拉普拉斯方程homogeneous均质的isotropic各向同性的anisotropic各向异性的incompressible不可压缩的finite difference method有限差分法finite element method有限单元法boundary element method边界单元法flow net流网equipotential lines等势线flow lines流线the principle of effective stress 有效应力原理total stress总应力effective stress有效应力piezometer孔隙水压力计standpipe测压管seepage force渗流力liquefaction液化boiling砂沸heaving隆起piping管涌Critical Hydraulic Gradient临界水力梯度第三章additional stress（stress increase） 附加应力at-rest静止bulk unit weight天然（湿）容重buoyant unit weight浮容重centric load中心荷载coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest静止土压力系数compatible相容，协调concentrated load点荷载，集中荷载contact pressure基底压力dam坝deposit沉（堆）积，沉（堆）积物eccentric load偏心荷载effective overburden pressure自重应力（有效）elastic half-space弹性半空间体embankment堤坝，堤防，路堤embedment depth埋置深度flexible foundation柔性基础foundation基础geostatic stress自重应力geotechnical engineering岩土工程GL=ground level地面GWL=ground water level地下水位Ground地基Heterogeneous非均质Homogeneous均质Hydraulic fill水力吹填Heave隆起In-situ原位，现场Isotropic各向同性Landfill填埋场Line load线荷载Load intensity荷载强（集）度Major axis主轴Man-made ground人工地基Medium介质Moment力矩Moment of inertia惯性矩Natural ground天然地基Net contact pressure基底净压力（基底附加压力）Offsetting偏心矩Overturning倾覆Point load点荷载，几种荷载Principle of superposition叠加原理Reclamation围垦Retaining wall挡（土）墙Rigid foundation刚性基础Sediment沉积（淀），沉积（淀）物Semi-infinite mass半无限体Settlement沉降Solid waste固体废弃物Stratum（土，地）层Strip foundation条形基础Stress increase附加应力Superimposed stress附加应力Thrust推力Tracing paper描图（透明，透写）纸第四章, 第五章architectural damage建筑损伤brittle脆性caisson沉箱，沉井coefficient of consolidation固结系数coefficient of volume compressibility 体积压缩系数collapse settlement湿陷沉降collapsible soil湿陷性土compressible layer 压缩层compression压缩compression index 压缩指数compression modulus压缩摸量consolidation固结consolidation analogy固结模型curve fitting曲线拟合deformation modulus变形摸量degree of consolidation固结度dial gauge量表，百分表differential settlement差异沉降dissipation消散drained，drainage排水drilled shaft钻孔桩driven pile打入桩expansion index回弹指数expansive soil膨胀土floodgate闸门half-closed layer单面排水层hogging crack顶裂Hookes law虎克定律hysteretic loop回滞环in-situ compression curve现场压缩曲线intact specimen原状试样isochrones等时线loading ratio荷载率loess黄土masonry砌体，砌石normally consolidated正常固结oedometer固结仪oedometer test固结实验open layer双面排水层overconsolidated超固结overconsolidation ratio超固结比peaty soil泥炭土piezometer 孔压计poissons ratio 泊松比porous stone 透水石preconsolidation pressure 前期固结应力primary consolidation主固结rebounding curve回弹曲线recompression curve再压缩曲线secondary consolidation次固结settlement沉降soil mass土体soil skeleton土骨架specimen土样standpipe测压管stratum（pl.strata）土层stress history应力历史structural damage结构损伤subsidence沉陷swelling curve回弹曲线swelling index回弹指数time factor时间因数total head总水头underconsolidated欠固结underpin托换undrained不排水uneven settlement不均匀沉降virgin compression curve初始压缩曲线Youngs modulus杨氏摸量第六章all-round pressure围压anisotropic非各项相等borehole钻孔cohesion凝聚力compression压缩consolidated-drained固结排水consolidated-quick shear test固结快剪试验consolidated-slow shear test固结慢剪试验consolidated-untrained固结不排水creep蠕变critical极限的critical state极限状态critical void ratio临界孔隙比crushing压碎cyclic repeat load循环荷载cylindrical specimen 圆柱试样dense sand紧砂density密度deposition沉积deviator stress 压力差dilatancy膨胀directly shear test直剪试验drainage volume排水量dynamic load动力荷载excavation开挖failure破坏failure envelop强度包线fracturing破裂friction angle 摩擦角friction resistance摩擦阻力hollow cylinder空心圆柱interlocking咬合intermediate stress中主应力isotropic 各项相等kneading揉liquefaction液化loose sand松砂mohr-coulomb failure criterion摩尔-库仑破坏准则o-ringO形圈parameter参数peak stress峰值应力pedestal底座piezometer孔压计plane strain平面应变pore pressure孔隙压力pore pressure coefficient孔隙压力系数porous ceramic stone透水石principle stress主应力remolded sample重塑土residual strength残余强度ring shear test圆环剪切试验roller bearings滚珠rubber membrane橡皮膜sampling制样screw螺栓seepage渗透sensitivity灵敏度shear剪切shear vane test十字板剪切试验shell贝壳silt lamination粉沙夹层slope边坡specimen试样stability稳定strength强度stress path应力路径torque扭矩triaxial compression三轴压缩试验true triaxial test真三轴试验unconfined compression无侧限抗压试验unconsolidated-undrained不固结不排水undisturbed sample原状样vertical load垂直荷载volumetric strain体积应变weak plane 软弱面第七章Rankines Theory of earth pressure朗肯土压力理论Coloumbs Theory of earth pressure 库仑土压力理论earth pressure土压力earth pressure at static state静止土压力active earth pressure主动土压力passive earth pressure被动土压力earth pressure coefficient土压力系数at-rest earth pressure coefficient静止土压力系数active earth pressure coefficient主动土压力系数passive earth pressure coefficient被动土压力系数force polygon力多边形bracing system支撑系统第八章acceleration加速度Bishops method毕肖普法Bishops simplified m