GRE写作句套和模板.doc

开头段结尾句笼统说1、 Close scrutiny of each of these facts, however, reveals that none of them lend credible support to the recommendation.2、 However, close scrutiny of the evidence reveals that it accomplished little toward supporting the directors claim, as discussed below.3、 Careful examination of this supporting evidence, however, reveals that it lends little credible support to the applicants claim.4、 A careful analysis of the study reveals several problems with the editorials argument.5、 In several respects, this evidence provides little support for the presidents recommendation.6、 I find this argument is logically flawed in several critical respects.7、 I find this recommendation specious on several grounds.8、 As discussed below, the argument suffers from several critical flaws and is therefore unpersuasive as it stands.9、 For three reasons, this evidence lends little crediblity to the speakers argument.假设不成立1、 However, the recommendation relies on a series of unsubstantiated assumptions, which render it unconvincing as it stands.2、 However, the editorial relies on a number of doubtful assumptions and is therefore unconvincing.数据有问题1、The study suffers from certain statistical and other problem, which render the argument based upon it unpersuasive. 结尾段l 开头In sum/In conclusion/l 完善To strengthen itTo justify this claimTo bolster the editorials claims the author must rule out the possibility/other factors thatthe author must demonstrate thatthe author must provide supporting evidence.the author must also show that the author must convince me thatthe author must provide clear/better evidence, perhaps by way of a reliable survey, thatTo better assess/evaluate/ the authors final two claims I would need to know I would also need more information about 中间段落u 数据调查类1. The statistical evidence/the result of the survey upon which the argument relies is too vague to be informative2. The argument relies on figures that are too imprecise to support the conclusion drawn.3. The result of the study is incomplete to be conclusive.4. This single sample is insufficient to draw any general conclusion about.5. In order to establish a strong correlation between ., the studys sample must be sufficient in size and representative of .6. Yet we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions.7. It is entirely possible that people inclined to . were more willing to respond to the survey than other people were.8. The example cited,., is insufficient to warrant . because there is no reason to believe that the data drawn from . is representative of .9. Since the arguer makes a claim about . in general, the sample for the survey should be able to represent all.10. The argument fails to indicate what portion of the people surveyed actually responeded; the smaller this portion, the less reliable the results.11. Lacking evidence of a sufficiently representative sample, the author cannot justifiably rely on the study to draw any conclusion whatsoever(=whatever)12. When samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization.13. From the survey quoted in the argument, however, we find no sign of such procedures for random sampling, and have good reason to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general attitudes of all workers as a whole.14. If the subjects for the study were randomly chosen and represent a diverse cross section of the population of . ,the results will be reliable regardless of .u 因果关系1. Comprehensive(广泛的) analysis is necessary to identify the actual cause of .2. The arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between. and .3. The argument assumes a causal relationship where only a correlation has been indicated.4. There is no information available to justify any causal relationship between A and B5. We do not have any evidence suggesting that A will cause B.6. To find the exact cause of . , examination should be applied to all the factors that have significant impact on .7. It does not naturally warrant the conclusion that A has significantly contributed, and thus is causal to B.8. This observed phenomenon, actually, says little more than that these two events are synchronic(同时发生的) to each other and that is all.9. A direct correlation between . does not necessarily prove that the former causes the latter.10. While a high correlation is strong evidence of a causal relationship, in itself it is not sufficient.11. Any further linkage of these two phenomena requires more evidence and is not justified by the data so far available.u 个体与整体1. The arguer assumes that what is true of a group as a whole is necessarily true of each menber of that group.2. The argument assumes that what is true of group of people taken collectively is also true of any individual within that group.3. The argument attributes a characteristic of an individual member of a group to the group as a whole.4. The arguer support the conclusion by over-generalizing from a specific piece of evidence.5. The arguer generalizes on the basis of a sample consisting of atypical cases.6. The arguer use a few exceptional cases as the basis for a claim about what is true in general.7. The arguer infers from what has been observed to be the case under exceptional conditions to what is principle true.8. The arguer draws a conclusion that is broader in scope than is warranted by the evidence advanced.9. The author generalizes from what is true in one region of space to what must be true in all regions of space.10. The arguer attempts to extract a general principle from a specific case.u 基于假设1. The author assumes that . However, the author provides no evidence that this is the case.2. Even if . in claiming that . the author assumes that.3. Based on the fact that . the author infers that . However, this is not necessarily the case.u 忽略可能性1. The argument fails to rule out the possibility that .2. The editorial fails to take into account possible differences between .3. The author fails to consider and rules out other factors that might account for .4. The author ignores/fails to take into account/consider/explain other likely benefits of.5. On the one hand, the author ignores the possibility that .; on the other hand, perhaps.6. While this may be true in some cases,but it is equally possible that .7. While it is true that . ,this is not true of everyone.8. The argument ignores factors such as . that may be more important than A in determining B.9. But, since the editorial provides no evidence to substantiate this assumption it is equally possible that .10. The argument fails to account for the possiblity thatu 其他逻辑错误1. This assumption presents a false dilemma,since .are not necessarily mutually exclusive alternatives.2. The author is presenting a false dilemma by imposing an either-or choice between two courese of action that need not be mutually exclusive.3. The evidence it cites is consistent with the alternative(二选一的)hypothesis that .4. The problem is that the two situations are not similar enough to justify the analogical deduction.In short, lacking evidence that conditions on the two islands are relevantly similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of . that .u 结尾句1. Lacking more specific information about . ,it is impossible to assess.2. Unless the author can demonstrate that . ,the authors concern about these issues is unfounded.3. In short, lacking evidence that conditions on the two islands are relevantly similar, the author cannot convince me on the basis of . that .4. Therefore, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of . must be based on more thorough investigation to gather sufficient data in order to narrow down and locate the actual causes of the problem5. .Since the editorial fails to rule out these and other possible explainations for . , I cannot accept any conclusions about .6. Since the applicant has not adequately responded to this concern,his claim that . is untenable.7. Thus, without better evidence that ., the editorial remains unconvincing.8. Without eliminating this possibility,the owner cannot rely on the national survey to conclude that .9. The author must consider and eliminate this and other possible reasons why. otherwise, I cannot accept the authors implicit claim that.10. The article fails to account for the alternative explanation for . , thus the articles author cannot make any sound recommendations to .11. Without additional samples from diverse geographic locations,I cannot accept the authors sweeping generalization(不加区分的概括) about. 常用词汇l 有问题1. doubtful/ dubious/ flawed/ gratuitous/ groundless/ misleading/ problematic/ questionable/ specious/ vague/ vulnerable/2. indefensible/ insufficient/ invalid/3. unconvincing/ unfairly/ unfounded/ unjustified/ unpersuasive/ unreliable/ unreasonable/ unsubstantiated/ untenable/ unwarranted 4. ill conceived/ poorly supported/ lack credibility/ lends no strong support tol 支持类convince/ demonstrate/ justify/ prove/ solidate/ strengthen/ substantiate/ support/ validate/ 七种逻辑错误典型句式l 经不起推敲的类推The argument relies on what might be a false analogy between.l 因果关系错误The argument concludes based on a known correlation between. and . that the latter is attribute, at least partly, to the former. Yet the correlation alone amounts to scant evidence of the claimed cause-and-effect relationship.l 群体特征适用于所有成员The argument assumes that the demographic trend in the specific region where.reflects the general trend upon which the argument relies.l 认为某条件是某结果的必要或充分条件The recommendation depends on the assumption that no alternative means of improving the students reading skills are available. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption.l 统计数据问题One problem with the argument involves the cited statistics about .l 调查或民意测验问题The survey methodology might be problematic in two respects: First, we are not informed whether the survey required the respondents choose . between alternatives. Secondly, we are not informed whether survey responses were anonymous, or even confidential.l 认为事情是永恒不变的The ads claim unfairly infers from . in the past that .this year must also be comparatively safe. u 普通论证1. The mere fact that . is insufficient evidence to conclude that.2. The fact that . does not prove that/does not support the claim that/does not ensure that/lends no strong support to the conclusion that.3. The fact that . does not necessarily imply that . 4. The author provides no evidence that .5. Common sense tells us that .6. Unless . ,there is a good chance .7. The arguer fails to provide any information concerning .8. The reasoning/assumption that . is open to doubt/ doubtful/ suspicious/ unreliable/ problematic/ questionable/ unconvincing/ unfounded/ unwarranted/ groundless.9. The arguer oversimplifies the factors that .10. The arguer overemphasizes the importance of .11. The conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and probably misleading.12. The argument simply equates . with.,which is .13. The argument rests on the gratuitous/unreasonable assumption that .14. The arguers conclusion depends on the questionable assumption that .15. Another assumption in short of legitimacy is .16. The evidence provided in this argument is not sufficent to validate the assumption that.17. The arguer draws a hasty conclusion which is based on inadequate evidence about.18. The arguers reasoning linking A with B seems reasonable on the surface,but.19. Contigencies(不可预测事件或紧急事件) such as . can all lead to . 20. The fact that .accomplishes nothing toward bolstering the recommendation that .21. Nor does the mere fact that . lend significant support to .22. Even if the dean can substantiate all of the foregoing assu