很多背景不同的人对手机的发展作出了贡献.doc

Reading- TV and audio devices: a review1. Many different people contributed to the development of TV. (P2) 很多背景不同的人对手机的发展作出了贡献.contributev. I or T 1) to give sth., especially money, in order to provide or achieve sth. together with other people: 捐助，贡献Arent you going to contribute towards Jacks leaving present?Come to the meeting if you feel you have something to contribute.Her family have contributed 50, 000 to the fund.2) to write articles for a newspaper, magazine or book: 投稿She contributes to several magazines.contribute to sth. phrasal verb to help to cause an event or situation: 有助于，成为。的原因之一Smoking certainly contributed to his early death.contributor n. C 1) a person who gives sth., especially money, in order to provide or achieve sth. together with other people: 捐赠人At the back of the programme, there is a list of contributors to the theatre appeal.2）someone who writes articles for a newspaper, magazine or book：投稿人contribution n. C or U sth. that you do or give to help produce or achieve sth. together with other people, or to help make sth. successful:有助的人或物All contributions (= presents of money), no matter how small, will be much appreciated.All contributions (= articles to be printed) for the school magazine must be received by August 1st.This invention made a major contribution to road safety.She didnt make much of a contribution (= She did not say much) at todays meeting, did she?注意：以下短语中 “to” 是介词，后接名词或动名词：look forward to ; take to; refer to; get/be used to; be/get/become accustomed to; lead to; contribute to；devote to; pay attention to; get down to; be addict to; the key to高考链接1. Accustomed to _ the steep mountains, he had no difficulty reaching the top. (2005 上海春)A. climbing B. climb C. having climbed D. have climbed2. How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?The key_the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. (2002北京)A. to solving; making B. to solving; madeC. to solve; making D. to solve; made3. Mr. Reeed made up his mind to devote all he had to _ some schools for poor children. (2001上海春)A. set up B. setting up C. have set up D. having set up答案及解析：1. 选A. be accustomed to =be used to 习惯于to 是介词.2. 选B. the key to 的关键, to 是介词.3. 选B. devoteto 把奉献于,to 是介词.2. Altogether, three men could be responsible. (P2) 总而言之, 有三个人贡献最大.altogetheradv. completely or in total:Thatll be 52.50 altogether, please.The government ought to abolish the tax altogether.She wrote less and less often, and eventually she stopped altogether.Its all right working with him, but living with him would be a different matter altogether.Im not altogether sure I want that (= I have doubts about it).Hes bad-tempered, selfish and altogether (= including everything) an unpleasant man.I think Graham will agree, but convincing Mary will be altogether more (= much more) difficult.高考链接There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _five are mine. (2004全国)A. on which B. in whichC. of which D. from which答案：C.responsible adj. 1）be responsible for sth./doing sth.： to be the person who caused sth. to happen, especially sth. bad: 对负责.Who is responsible for this terrible mess?Last months bad weather was responsible for the crop failure.2）be responsible for sb./sth./doing sth.： to have control and authority over sth. or someone and the duty of taking care of it or them: 对应付责任的Paul is directly responsible for the efficient running of the office.Her department is responsible for overseeing the councils.3） be responsible to sb./sth.：to be controlled by someone or sth.:In Australia, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers are responsible to the House of Representatives.responsibility n. 1）sth. that it is your job or duty to deal with: 责任+ to infinitive Its her responsibility to ensure the project finishes on time.She takes her responsibilities as a nurse very seriously.2）have responsibility：to be in a position of authority over someone and to have a duty to make certain that particular things are done:Who has responsibility here?Jenny, you have responsibility for clearing up the room after the class.Terrorists have claimed responsibility for (= stated that they caused) yesterdays bomb attack.The minister took/accepted full responsibility for (= admitted that he was to blame for) the disaster and resigned.3. It took more than two decades, though, until 1951, for colour broadcasts to begin in the USA. (P2) 但是彩色电视节目一直到1951年才得以在美国开播,这其间一共尽力了二十多年的时间.thoughconj. 1) despite the fact that: 虽然She hasnt phoned, even though she said she would.2）but: 但是Theyre coming next week, though I dont know which day.adv.despite this: 可是,不过We were at school together. I havent seen her for years though.as if/though 似乎,仿佛 used to describe how a situation seems to be:She looked as if shed had some bad news.I felt as though Id been lying in the sun for hours.They stared at me as if I was crazy.even though although: 尽管Even though he left school at 16, he still managed to become prime minister.高考链接1. _he has limited technical knowledge, the old worker has a lot of experience. (2006全国I）A. Since B. Unless C. As D. Although 2. Though_ money, his parents managed to send him to university.（2002上海）A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in3.- How is everything going on with you in Europe? -Quite well. Not so smoothly as I hoped, _. (2005江苏) A. though B. instead C. either D. too答案及解析:1. 选D. 虽然他没多少科技知识,但是这位老工人有很多经验.2. 选C. 尽管没什么钱3. 选A. 此处though为副词,“可是,不过.”4. Some consider digital TV to be superior to satellite TV because it allows the same services to be delivered with clearer pictures than before. (P2) 有人认为数字电视优于卫星电视,因为数字电视传播的电视图像更清晰.considervI or T to spend time thinking about a possibility or making a decision: 考虑,仔细考虑Dont make any decisions before youve considered the matter.+ question word Have you considered what youll do if you dont get the job?+ ing form of verb Were considering selling the house.Shes being considered for the job.Id like some time to consider before I make a decision.v. T to give attention to a particular subject or fact when judging sth. else: 考虑到,顾及Youve got to consider the time element when planning the whole project.+ question word If you consider how long hes been learning the piano, hes not very good.v. T often + object + (to be) + noun or adjective 认为 to believe someone or sth. to be, or think of them as:He is currently considered (to be) the best British athlete.We dont consider her suitable for the job.passive + object + to infinitive It is considered bad manners in some cultures to speak with your mouth full of food.R I consider myself lucky that I only hurt my arm in the accident.Do you consider him a friend of yours?+ (that) She considers (that) she has done enough to help already.v. T to care about or respect other people or their feelings and wishes: 顾及(他人的感受等)Have you considered your mother and how shes going to feel about you leaving?She never considers anyone but herself - shes totally selfish!consideration n. C or U 顾及It may be fairly cheap to buy, but youve got to take into consideration the money youll spend on repairs.Comfort/Safety is an important consideration.n. U 考虑when you think about sth. carefully:After some consideration, weve decided to sell the house.The whole matter needs (to be given) careful consideration.高考链接Now that she is out of a job, Lucy _ going back to school, but she hasnt decided yet. (2004北京)A. had considered B. has been considering C. consideredD. is going to consider 答案及解析: 选B. 从but she hasnt decided yet看出她一直在考虑。be superior toadj. 1) better than average or better than other people or things of the same type: 优于This is clearly the work of a superior artist.She was chosen for the job because she was the superior candidate.For all babies, breastfeeding is far superior to bottlefeeding.The government troops were superior in numbers (= There were more of them).2) describes someone who believes that they are better than other people and acts in such a way: 有优越感的a superior manner/smileI cant bear Amanda - shes so superior.n. C, adj. 上级,地位高的 (a person or group of people who are) higher in rank or social position than others:I will pass your complaint on to my superiors.The soldier was reported to his superior officer for failing in his duties.allow v. T to make it possible for someone to do sth., or to not prevent sth. from happening; permit: 允许+ to infinitive Do you think Dad will allow you to go to Jamies party?Youre not allowed to talk during the exam.Her proposals would allow (= make it possible for) more people to stay in full-time education.The loophole has allowed hundreds of drink-drivers to avoid prosecution.The government has refused to allow foreign journalists into the area for several weeks.Prisoners have been moved to allow the demolition of part of the prison.Pets arent allowed in this hotel.+ ing form of verb Smoking is not allowed in this restaurant.+ two objects He didnt allow us enough time to finish the test.Red Cross officials were allowed access to the prison for the first time a few days ago.UK The referee decided to allow (= officially accept) the goal.R At the weekend I allow myself (= I permit myself the special pleasure of having) a box of chocolates.How much time do you allow yourself (= make available to yourself) to get ready in the morning?v. + that FORMAL to admit or agree that sth. is true: 承认,同意She allowed that she might have been too suspicious.allow for sth. phrasal verbto take something into consideration when you are planning something: 考虑,顾及We allowed for living expenses of 20 a day.+ ing form of verb You should allow for the plane being delayed.We have to allow for the possibility that we might not finish on schedule.allow of sth. phrasal verb If a rule or situation allows of something, it permits it: 允许This rule allows of no exceptions.The evidence allows of only one interpretation - he was murdered by his wife.高考链接Mary wanted to travel around the world all by herself, but her parents did not_ her to do so. (2006 全国III)A. forbidB. allowC. followD. ask答案及解析: 选B. allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事5. At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand and only played a record a record for two minutes. (P3) 当时的唱机是手摇的，而且只能播放两分钟的录像。handn S help with doing sth. that needs a lot of effort: 帮助+ ing form of verb Would you like a hand carrying those bags?Could you give/lend me a hand with (= help me to move) the table, please?I think Matthew might need a hand with his maths homework.I could really use a hand with these accounts if you could spare a moment.n. U control or responsibility: 控制Things got a little out of hand (= the situation stopped being controlled) at the party and three windows were broken.The police have the situation in hand (= under control).How come theres a problem? I thought you had everything in hand (= arranged and organized).Their youngest child needs taking in hand (= they should start to control her) if you ask me.hand 常用动词短语hand sth. around phrasal verb M (UK ALSO hand round) to pass or offer sth.to all the people in a group:四处分发Ben, could you hand round the biscuits?hand sth. back phrasal verb M归还to return sth. to the person who gave it to you:+ two objects No, Ive never seen him before, I said, handing her back the photograph.hand sth. down (OBJECT) phrasal verb M 留下遗产to give sth. to someone younger than you in the family because you want them to have it or because you no longer need it: This necklace was handed down to my mother by my grandmother.hand sth. down (TRADITION) phrasal verb Mto pass traditions from older people to younger ones: （将传统，风俗等）传给后世a custom handed down through the generationshand sth. in phrasal verbto give sth. to someone in a position of authority: 上交Have you handed in your history essay yet?Ive decided to hand in my resignation (= tell my employer I am leaving my job).hand sth. out phrasal verb Mto give sth. to each person in a group or place: 分发The teacher asked her to hand out the worksheets.They stood on the street corner handing out leaflets.hand sth. over (GIVE SOMETHING) phrasal verb Mto give sth. to someone else: 移交We were ordered to hand over our passports.hand sth./sb. over (GIVE RESPONSIBILITY) phrasal verb Mto give another person control of someone or sth., or responsibility for dealing with them: 移交（职务，任务等）The hijacker was handed over to the French police.If youll hold the line a moment Ill hand you over to someone who might be able to help.See also handover.hand常用名词短语：at handnear in time or position: 在手边，在附近We want to ensure that help is at hand (= easily available) for all children suffering abuse.in handbeing worked on or dealt with now:在考虑中，在控制下Theyve had plenty of time to prepare, so the arrangements should be well in hand (= almost ready).on hand (UK ALSO to hand) near to someone or sth., and ready to help or be used if necessary: 在近处的，即将发生的A 1200-strong military force will be on hand to monitor the ceasefire.For those of you who dont have an atlas to hand, Newcastle is a city in the north-east of England.on the one hand . on the other hand 一方面，另一方面used when you are comparing two different facts or two opposite ways of thinking about a situation:On the one hand Id like a job which pays more, but on the other hand I enjoy the work Im doing at the moment.out of hand 马上，立刻If you refuse sth. out of hand, you refuse it completely without thinking about or discussing it:Moving to London is certainly a possibility - I wouldnt dismiss it out of hand.give/lend sb. a helping hand 帮某人忙to help someone:These tax cuts will give industry a helping hand.高考链接1. Whatever rank you may be in, it would be wrong to _ the law into your own hands. （2002 上海）A. bring B. hold C. take D. seize2. It is certain that he will_ his business to his son when he gets old. (2004 福建)Atake overBthink over Chand over Dgo over3. These books are too heavy for me to carry. _ . (2006辽宁)A. You may ask for help B. I ll give you a hand C. Iwill do you a favor D. Id come to help4. I would like a job which pays more, but _ I enjoy the work Im doing at the moment. (2006浙江) A. in other words B. on the other handC. for one thing D. as a matter of fact答案及解析：1. 选C. take the law into your own hands 无法无天2. 选C. hand over his business to his son 把他的生意移交给他的儿子3. 选B. give sb. a hand 给某人帮个忙4. 选B. on the other hand 在另一方面,我又很喜欢目前的工作.6. Then, in 1979, the Walkman, a portable pocket-sized cassette tape player, was introduced and became so popular that walkman was added to the oxford English Dictionary in 1986. (P3) 接着,一种便携式袖珍盒带播放器,即随身听于1979年问世, walkman一词于1986年被收入.add v. I or T to put sth. with sth. else to increase the number or amount or to improve the whole: 加入，相加If you add (= calculate the total of) three and four you get seven.Beat the butter and sugar together and slowly add the eggs.Shes added a Picasso to her collection.Her colleagues laughter only added to (= increased) her embarrassment.+ that She was sad, she said, but added (= said also) that she felt she had made the right decision.+ speech Oh, and thank you for all your help! he added as he was leaving.Its $45 - $50 if you add in (= include) the cost of postage.Dont forget to add on your travelling expenses/add your expenses on.add (sth.) up phrasal verb Mto calculate the total of two or more numbers: 相加，加起来If you add those four figures up, it comes to over 500.She added the bill up.Im not very good at adding up!add up to sth. phrasal verb: 总计, 合计to become a particular amount:The various building programmes add up to several thousand new homes.We thought wed bought lots of food, but it didnt add up to much when wed spread it out on the table.add up to sth. phrasal verb: to have a particular result or effect:It all added up to a lot of hard work for all of us.Their proposals do not add up to any real help for the poor.added adj. extra: 额外的He had the added disadvantage of being the only man present.She lost her job last week, and now added to that shes pregnant again.addition n. C or U Twice a week the children are tested in basic mathematical skills such as addition (= calculating the total of different numbers put together) and subtraction.Most working environments are improved by the addition of (= adding) a few plants and pictures.A secretary would be a welcome/useful addition to our staff.In addition to his flat in London, he has a villa in Italy and a castle in Scotland.HUMOROUS I hear youre expecting a small addition to the family (= you are going to have a baby)!高考链接1. There have been several new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. （2006 北京） A. add B. to add C. adding D. added2. The engine of the ship was out of order and the bad weather the helplessness of the crew at sea. (2003上海春)Aadded to Bresulted from Cturned out Dmade up 答案及解析：1. 选D. new events added to=new events that are