广东省高三英语二轮复习 第九讲 形容词副词讲义.doc

第九讲 形容词副词一.形容词的作用形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。1. 作定语：特别注意多个形容词作定语时的排列顺序。形容词短语作定语，定语后置。a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high2. 作表语：通常与系动词be , get , grow , become , feel , appear, prove , seem, look, keep, smell, taste, sound , turn, remain 等连用。如: our classroom is clean. the weather is getting cooler and cooler.3. 作宾补:如：the news made every one happy.4. 与定冠词一起表示某一类人或物，在句中可作主语、宾语。如:the rich and the poor live very different lives.5. 作状语，表示伴随状况、原因、结果等。如： he went to bed, cold and hungry. she stared into the distance, speechless for a moment.二.副词的作用副词的定义：副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。1. 作状语：通常修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。如：we should constantly review our lessons.2. 作表语：now summer is in.3. 作定语：如：the population here is getting smaller and smaller.one my way home, i saw an old lady sitting under a tree alone.4. 作宾补(副词构成复合宾语的情况较少)如：i saw mrs green out with her husband.5. 构成短语：表示位置的副词可与动词构成短语，表示特定的意思。如：pick out (挑选)，turn up (露面)副词的分类: 1. 时间和频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday2. 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3. 方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly4. 程度副词: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly.5. 疑问副词: how, when, where, why.6. 关系副词: when, where, why.7. 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 三.容易出错的几个注意点1. 下列以a-开头的形容词通常只用作表语：表语形容词(afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive ashamed , afloat (飘浮的), aware (知道的)等。)作定语，定语后置。如a man alive。 a man afraid (害怕的人)，the greatest man alive (健在的最伟大的人) the only child awake (唯一醒着的孩子)有些表身体健康状况的形容词如well、faint、ill只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语。另外，unable, content (满足的), ill(生病的)，通常不可用作定语；ill 作定语时，通常是坏的，邪恶的意思。尽管现在已有人用ill作前置定语表示生病的，well表示健康的，习惯上还是用sick, healthy等作前置定语为好。注意：(1)多数以a-开头的形容词不直接用very修饰，通常习惯说法如： very much alone 非常孤单的/wide awake 十分清醒的/sound / fast asleep 熟睡的(2)以a-开头的形容词本身带有副词来修饰时，可以用作前置定语，如： a fast asleep boy 熟睡的男孩；the wide awake soldiers 十分清醒的士兵(3)用作定语，修饰由不定代词one、no、any、some和every构成的复合词如anything、something等时，通常后置。如：i have something important to tell you.(4)else常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。(5)几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语(the、a)+ 描绘性形容词 + size(大小)+ shape(形状)+ age(年龄、时间)+ color(颜色)+ origin(国籍、来源)+ material(材料)+ purpose(目的)+ 名词。如：a heavy black chinese steel umbrella, the mans first tow interesting little red french oil paitings2. 有些形容词(如wooden)通常不能用作表语。我们不说the table is wooden 而应改为：the table is of wood. 或the table is made of wood.不能用作表语，只能作定语的常用形容词还有：inner 内部的，outer 外部的， former 较前的, latter 较后的，utter完全的，upper上面的，real真正的，mere仅仅的，livelaiv活的， only唯一的，aged年老的3. 有些形容词(如possible)作表语时，通常不用人作主语。我们不说he is possible to attend the meeting. 而应该说it is possible for him to attend the meeting. 这类形容词常见的有： possible, improbable, convenient, inconvenient等注意：这类句型中当动词不定式与句子主语存在着逻辑动宾关系时，主语用人是可以的，如： he is impossible to teach. = it is impossible to teach him.这句也是正确的：she is necessary to get along well with.4. worth, worthwhile 和worthy1) be worth 表示价值时，后面可以直接接名词或-ing形式；2) 在it is worth while 结构中，it 为形式主语，后面可接-ing形式，也可接动词不定式3) worthy 可修饰名词作定语，如a worthy man 可尊敬的人， a worthy life 有价值的 / 有意义的生活，与 of 连用时可作后置定语，如：a cause worthy of support 值得支持的事业。worthy of 作表语时，后面可接名词或-ing形式(常用其被动式)4) worthy后面也可接动词不定式，被动含义时也须用不定式的被动式。5. 有些副词与形容词形式相同，表示同一含义，常见的有：early , late , fast , high , straight6. 副词的位置1) 修饰形容词和其它副词时，通常放在被修饰词之前，但enough、nearby修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。如: this is a very useful tool he doesnt work hard enough.2) 频度副词 (often , usually , seldom , hardly , never, sometimes, always等)要放在实义动词的前面， be 动词、助动词、情态动词的后面。如：we often go to the park.he is always ready to help others.3) 地点副词、时间副词、方式副词常位于句末。如：i remember that i met him somewhere.everything went smoothly.4) 同时出现几种副词时的排列顺序：方式副词地点副词时间副词。如： he made his model plane perfectly there yesterday.5) 作定语的副词放在被修饰词之后。 people here are very friendly to me.7. 某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。 如friendly , lively , lovely, lonely, likely, deadly , silly , orderly、ugly、brotherly、timely等。8. 表愿意(无-ly)和引申意(有-ly)的副词：deep深, wide宽广, high高, low位置低； deeply深入地, widely广泛地, highly高度地, lowly地位卑微。有些副词有两种形式(加-ly后变为另一副词)，但意义不同。如： late 迟，晚；lately 近来；high 高；highly 高度地有无-ly意义大不相同的副词：dead 完全，绝对：be dead asleep deadly非常：be deadly tired pretty相当：be pretty certain that?prettily漂亮地：be prettily dressed close近：dont sit close. closely密切地：watch closely! late晚、迟：arrive late, come late lately最近：i havent seen him lately(recently).9. 复合形容词的构成(1)形容词 + 名词 + ed ：kind-hearted好心的，white-haired白发的(2)形容词 + 形容词：red-hot炽热的，dark-blue深蓝的(3)形容词 + 现在分词：good-looking好看的，easy-going随和的(4)副词 + 现在分词：hard-working勤劳的，fast-moving快速转动的(5)副词 + 过去分词：hard-won得来不易的，newly-made新建的(6)名词 + 形容词：life-long终生的，world-famous世界闻名的(7)名词 + 现在分词：peace-loving爱好和平的，fun-loving爱开玩笑的(8)名词 + 过去分词：snow-covered白雪覆盖的，hand-made手工的(9)数词 + 名词 + ed：four-storeyed 4层楼的，three-legged 3条腿的(10)数词 + 名词(名词用单数)：ten-year 10年的,two-man两人的四.形容词和副词的比较级用法1. 两者相比(a=b)，用as + 原级 + as表示。原级的构成和用法：构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构。xiao wang is as tall as xiao yu. miss xu speaks english as fluently as you . 2. 两者相比(ab)，用比较级+than表示。比较级的用法：对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。如： this picture is more beautiful than that one. 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如： this room is less beautiful than that one. 表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by far等修饰。如：he works even harder than before. 注意：英语的比较级前如无even、still或yet等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“5一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更”。如：she is better than she was yesterday please come earlier tomorrow. 另注意：by far通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：he is taller by far than his brother. he is by far the taller of the two brothers. 表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级(主语 + 谓语)，the + 比较级(主语 + 谓语)”的结构(意为“越厖越厖”)。如： the harder he works, the happier he feels. 不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。如：the weather is getting colder and colder. the girl becomes more and more beautiful. 在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人又可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。the book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk. a box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. 倍数表达法。a. a is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of b.the new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍(高三倍)。b. a is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as b. asia is four times as large as europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。c. a is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than b. your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.4. 比较级的一些常用句型1) 表示几倍于?时，用倍数+as卆s或倍数+比较级+than两种结构。2) 用比较级 + and + 比较级表示越来越?3) 用the + 比较级, the + 比较级表示越5，越?。4) 表示size , weight , length , width, height等的倍数，用倍数+the (size , weight?+of ?结构。5) 比较级前的修饰语可用表示程度或数量的词或短语，主要有：even, still , much, far, any(用于否定句或疑问句), a lot , a great deal, by far, a little , a bit , three times, two metres 等。6) 表示两者中间5的一个，比较级前要加the，即the + 比较级 + of the two结构。7) no more than = only 或 as ?as 只有，仅仅 not more than = at most 至多，不超过8) no less than 有6之多 not less than 不少于9) 由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。 as much as + 不可数名词数量。each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons. she could earn as much as ten dollars a week. as many as + 可数名词数量多达 i have as a many as sixteen reference books. as early as早在 as early as the twelfth century the english began to invade the island. as far as远到；就厖而知(论) we might go as far as (走到)the church and back. as far as i know(就我所知)，he has been there before. may (might, could)as well不妨、不如 then you might as well stay with us here. as ?as can be到了最厖的程度，极其 they are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。as ?as one can he began to run, as fast as he could. as ?as possible just get them to finish up as quickly as possible. 5. 最高级的用法三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如： zhang hua is the tallest of the three. he works(the)hardest in his class. 最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如： this hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest. how much did the second most expensive hat cost? 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如： he is the tallest(boy)in his class. 形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。 of all the boys he came(the)earliest.形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如： he is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very) the film is most interesting.(most=very) 表示两者间“较厖的一个”比较级前加the。如： who is the older of the tow boys? 在“the + 比较级7，the + 比较级7”结构中。在same前一般要加the。有些形容词前加the 成为名词。如the poor、the rich 等。说明：(1)用比较级句型表达最高级含义时，应注意避免和包括自身的对象比。(2)比较级句型和同级比较句型中出现否定词no , never , nothing等，也可表达最高级含义。 i love nothing better than swimming . (= i love swimming best.) i have never seen as old a car as this. (= this is the oldest car ive ever seen.)(3)最高级可以被序数词以及much , by far , nearly , almost, by no means, not quite , not really , nothing like 等词语所修饰。五、几组重要的词语辨析1. very 和much的区别。(1)可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。(2)表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed结尾的分词多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：we were greatly shocked by the news about tom. i was much amused by jacks attitude。(3)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用very。如：very interesting / worrying / exicting。(4)too前用much或far,不用very。you are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。theres far too little opportunity for adventure these days. weve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.(5)关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：a. 修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用very,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。b. 修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, ver