Book1_U2_语法.doc

Attributive clauses(2)一、介词前提的问题关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以前提至关系代词前。例如：Have you seen the pen (which) I wrote the note with just now? （which作介词with的宾语）Have you seen the pen with which I wrote the note just now? 介词的选用原则1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭 配来决定。如：This is the book on which I spent 8 yuan. spend money on sth.为固定搭配This is the book for which I paid 8 yuan. pay money for sth.为固定搭配2)根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。如：I remember the day on which I joined the League. 强调在具体某一天要用介词onI remember the days during which I lived here. 强调在某几天时间内要用介词duringI remember the month in which I stayed there. 在month前介词要用in 3) 根据从句中动词与先行词的逻辑关系。 Is that the newspaper for which you often write articles? 4) 根据从句中形容词的习惯搭配。 Can you explain to me how to use these idioms about which Im not sure？但是，要注意的是： 介词前提后，先行词是人或物，关系代词分别只能用whom和which，而不再用that或who。 介词前提后，关系代词不再能省略。 有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提，如：look for, look after, take care of等。例如：错误：Who is the old man to that you were talking to?正确：Who is the old man to whom you were talking ? 或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?错误：These are the sheep of which the boy took care.正确：These are the sheep (which/that) the boy took care of. “介词+关系代词”前或后还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few等代词或者数词。如：He loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him. 他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which (=of which some) have gone bad. 篮子里有好些苹果，有些已经坏了。There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom (=of whom most) are from big cities. 我们班总共有40个学生，大多数来自大城市。Up to now, he has written ten stories, three of which (=of which three) are about country life. 迄今为止，他写了10部小说，其中部是关于农村生活的二、关系副词的用法：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on which代替where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in which代替why原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which代替（一）基本用法关系副词起连接主句和从句的作用，又在从句中作状语，when, where和why分别表示时间，地点和原因。1. when 在从句中作时间状语。常用on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。 e.g. April the first is the day when people make fun of others. =April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where 在从句中作地点状语。常可由in which, on which, at which, on which等取代。 e.g. This is the house where he lived two years ago. =This is the house in which he lived two years ago.3. why why在定语从句中作原因状语。可用for which代替。why不可引导非限定性定语从句，此时可用for which代替。 e.g. This is the reason why he went away. =This is the reason for which he went away.（二）关系副词常可用“介词+关系代词”的结构改写这里的关系代词只限于which和whom，例如I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time. This is the house in which I lived two years ago. =This is the house where I lived two years ago.We dont know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.=We dont know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的介词+关系代词的结构都可用关系副词替代。例如：I am very impressed by the way in which he works. 这里in which 代表的是in the way, 在句中作方式状语。只有当介词+关系代词结构作表示时间、地点和原因的状语时，才能相应地用when, where和why代替。三. 如何判断是用关系代词还是关系副词1. 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面没有宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。判断下列句子的对错 This is the mountain village where I visited last year. ( ) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.( ) 习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。2. 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也就能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held? A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。 而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。 关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。四. 一些需要特殊记忆的关系词的用法1. I dont like the way in which he look at people. 当先行词是way时，除了in which，还可以用that来引导定语从句。that还经常省略。又如： Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.“when” or “which”?1. I still remember the days _ we stayed together in Beijing. 2. I still remember the days _ we spent together in Beijing. “where” or “which”?5. That blue house is the place _ I lived yesterday. 6. That blue house is the place _ I visited yesterday. 7. That blue house is the place _ I paid a visit yesterday. 8. That blue house is the place _ I paid a visit to yesterday. “why” or “which