《英汉语言对比与翻译》教案.doc

英汉语言对比与翻译教案英汉语言对比与翻译教案The First Part: IntroductionThe Objective of the Course: To contrast English and Chinese Language & to know some skills for translationSome quotations on contrastive study:一种事物的特点，要跟别的事物比较才显出来。 -吕叔湘 对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。 -吕叔湘 You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages. -Engels Explain some of the points:1. Why contrast but not compare?2. What is language?3. Whats the aim of contrastive study of two languages?4. Content of study.5. A general contrastive study of Chinese and English6. Contrastive study of phonetics.Explanation:1. Compare: similarity of two thingsContrast: differences of two things语言对比是指不同语言间的对比分析，通常是通过compare 和contrast两种途径。比较语言学（Comparative linguistics）的主要任务是寻找不同语言间的共性。对比语言学(contrastive linguistics)是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时的对比研究，描述它们之间的异同特别是不同之处。2. 起步阶段：二十世纪初-二十世纪四十年代末 严复、赵元任、吕叔湘、王力停滞阶段：1949-1976复苏和发展阶段：1977年5月后，特别是进入九十年代后3. What is language?语言: 语言是一种表达观念的符号系统。Language：the system of human communication which consists of the structured arrangement of sounds (or their written representation) into larger units, e.g. morphemes, words, groups/phrases, sentences4. Whats the aim of contrastive study? 1) 促进英语教学：语音教学、写作教学以及翻译教学。2) 西方对比语言学认为，一本好的外语教材，一方面对所学外语进行科学的描写，一方面对学生的本民族语进行平行描写，并加以仔细比较。3) 通过两种或多种语言的对比研究，可以更好地认识语言的结构，进一步认识语言的本质。 The Second Part A Contrastive Study of English and ChineseChapter One Phonetics1. Content of contrastive study 将一种语言与另一种语言做整体上的对比是不切实际的，对比研究一般是在两个语言系统中选择某一层面来加以对比。内容主要包括：* 语音(phonetics)* 词汇(vocabulary)* 语法-句子结构(grammar-sentence structure)* 思维方式(way of thinking)* 语篇(discourse)2. A general study of two languages-They belong to different language families: * Sino-Tibetan(Chinese, Siamese泰国语，Burmese缅甸语,etc）* Indo-European(English, Portuguese, French, German, etc)* Ural-Altaic(Turkish, Mongolian, etc)* Hemito-Semitic(Arabic, Egyptian,etc)* African(Sudanic, Bantu, etc)* Austronesian(Indonesian, Polynesian波利尼西亚, etc)* Indian(various native languages in North and South Americas3. The distinctive features of Chinese and English language:1) The Chinese Language consists of ideographic character.( 表意文字）2) The English language consists of orthographic spelling.（表音文字）3) Chinese is tone language.汉语的四声起着区别或改变字义的重要作用。4) English is intonation language.英语的句子必须有语调，语调对于表达思想感情起着非常重要的作用 The four tones in ChineseIn Beijing dialect or Mandarin Chinese Chinese,there are four tones in stressed syllables如：吗m、马m、麻m、骂m。The Chinese name for the four tones:阴平 阳平 上声 去声The English translation for the four tones:Upper even, lower even, rising tone, falling tone 4. A specific study of two languages 1) 英语有冠词，汉语没有。2) 语调（句调）在汉语中的作用是表示语法意义以及说话人的态度和情感。英语里没有字调，但的英语单词有重音，句子有语调。英语的重音不仅是语音结构的一部分，在一部分由相同音位构成的词语中具有区别词义或词性的功能。3）英语总是把重要的东西放在前面，讲究开门见山，先谈看法后具体说明，由近到远，由里及表，执果索因，汉语相反。 4）英语有丰富的抽象词汇，一词多义现象普遍，动词的名词化倾向十分的严重。 5）英语的表述有曲折/婉转/反面/间接表达的特点. 6）英语大量的使用了被动结构，表现了客观性和逻辑的特性。 7）英语大量的使用了无灵主语（即非人称主语）：it is . 和there be. 而汉语中更常用我们，我来表达，这突出了英语注重形式的特点。 8）英语大量使用插入语 9）英语中倒装结构使用普遍 10）英语的长难句子多，而且层层修饰，层次级别多，造成理解困难。 5. A contrastive study of phonetics1) Consonants:When pronounced isolated, the Chinese consonants(声母） are combined with vowels while the English ones are not：/b/ /p/ /m/ /f/ /d/ /t/ /n/ /l/ /g/ /k/ /h/ /j/ /q/ /x/b-o玻 p-o坡 m-o摸 f-o佛 d-e得 t-e 特 n-e讷 l-e勒 g-e哥 k-e棵 h-e喝 j-i 机q-i 其x-i 西sh- i师 ch- i吃 zh- i知 r- i日s- i思 c- i此z- i资2) The English Consonants 爆破音: /p/b/ /t/d/ /k/g/ 摩擦音: /f/v/ /s/z/ /h/ 一对舌齿摩擦音和一对软腭摩擦音 破擦音：/t_ / /d_/ 鼻音：/m/n/ / 舌边音：/l/ 无摩擦延续音：/r/ 半元音：/w/ /j/3) Vowels A. Single vowels The English single vowels are divided into 3:Front vowels:/i:/ /i/ /e/ / / Central vowels:/ :/ / / / /Back vowels: /u:/ /u/ / :/ / / /a:/B. Chinese vowels（韵母in Chinese): The Chinese vowels are classified according to the shape of the lips: Chinese 6 vowels:/a/ /o/ /e/ /i/u/u/ can be divided into three kindsOpen vowels: /a/ /o/ /e/ /i/Close vowel: /u/Protruded vowel:/u/(上边有两点）C. The Chinese diphthongs are: /ei/ /ai/ /ao/ou/D. The English diphthongs are:/ei/ /ai/ /ci/ /au/ /eu/ /ie/ /-/ /ue/6. .英汉重音的对比-词重音1) 在英语中，词重音是重要的语音特征，因为它可以用来区别词义和词性。2) 汉语词语的辩意，依赖的是声调（字调）而不是重音（有少数例外，见例子）。3) 中国学生对声调敏感，对词重音很少留意，所以读多音节词时轻重对比不明显，甚至重音错位。4) A. 重音兼区别词义和词性 refuse n.垃圾；refuse v. 拒绝 content n.内容，含量；v. 使满意，使满足 adj.知足的，满足的 minute n.分钟；adj.精细的 abstract n.摘要v.提炼， 提取 B. 重音只区别词性 rebel n.； v. Contest n.; v. Progress n. ; v.Export n.; v. Insult n.; v7. 汉语中少数双音节词第二个音轻读和重读语义不同：(轻读被称为轻声） 每个汉字都有自己的声调，但不论哪一个声调的字若跟在其他字的后面，失去了原来的声调而读成一处既轻又短的调子，就叫轻声。轻声是音节连读时产生的一种变调现象，不是一个独立的调类。 * 大意 n.主要意思; adj.疏忽* 下场 v.退场； n. 人的结局* 实在 adj.不虚假； adj. 扎实* 照应 v.配合；v.照料* 管家 v.管理家务； n.地位较高的仆人* 干粮 n. 干的粮；预先做好（供外出食 用的主食* 地道 adj.di do，是好或真; n. di do 地下的通道有些南方方言轻声在前属于粤方言的广西容县白话中，其亲戚称呼阿公aku?(爷爷)、阿婆a po(奶奶)，还有长辈对晚辈以排行称呼如：阿一a jn(老大)、阿六a lu?(老六)、阿十a sm(老十)等词语，前面的词头阿都读轻声。8.英汉重音的对比-句子重音* 句重音，英汉语中有共性，都用很强的音量、很大的音响表达强烈的感情。* 在表达意义上，英语的句重音更重要。除了强调部分之外，英语的句重音规则是：* 人称代词不重读，其它实词重读。* Eg. On that occasion there was nothing to be done.* 中国学生常犯的错误是把每个词都重读，每个音节都发得同样清晰。9. 汉语多音字现象* 屏-屏除、屏弃。* Bng* 屏障、画屏、屏风、屏幕：立起来的障碍念* png * 匙-茶匙、羹匙、汤匙。* Ch* 钥匙（轻声）* 只有在轻声读法时念shi：* 创-创痕、创面、创伤、重创。* 跟伤口有关时念chung* 创建、首创、初创、创见、创举、创刊* 跟创造有关时念chung* 爪- 爪子、爪尖* zhu * 鹰爪、爪牙、张牙舞爪、东鳞西爪 * zho * 夹g 夹肢窝ji 夹子、夹克、夹层、夹心、夹杂、夹板ji 夹袄、夹被 容易错的读音汤 tn 汤池 汤匙 汤锅 汤面 汤圆shn 河水汤汤 浩浩汤汤 露（露天l）、（露脸lu）血（流血了、吐血、血淋淋xi ）（血压xu ）那（口语音ni）（书面语音n） 这（口语音zhi）（书面语音zh） 哪（口语音ni）（书面语音n） 冲（冲锋 chng ）（香气很冲 chng ） 教（教书 jio ）（教材 jio） 给（给以gi）（ 给予j） Practice: Read the following passage, pay attention to sentence stress.The success of marriage is due to many factors, of which love is obviously the most important one. Other factors, which are not entirely unrelated to love, include shared values interests, mutual understanding, tolerance, care, respect, commitment, and appreciation, effective communication, similar educational background, equal economic status, physical fitness, etc. Chapter Two VocabularyTwo famous sayings about words:No brick, no construction; no word, no composition.无砖不成房， 无词不成章。Words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words.词本无义，义随人生1. 词的形态特征分类* 孤立语：每个词只由一个词素构成* 粘着语：一个词通常由一个以上的语素构成，且语素间的界限总是很分明* 屈折语：一个词通常由一个以上的词素构成，语素间的界限不是很分明。* 综合语：以上几种的综合（特点是词缀丰富）* 汉语和英语都接近于孤立语，但与汉语相比，英语更偏向于综合语。2. 英汉语中表示人的后缀1) 英语中多用-er和-or。 -er源于古英语，可加于动词、名词和形容词等词根上； -or源于拉丁语，只附加在源于拉丁语的动词词根上。 Author, editor2) 汉语用人和者。者源于古汉语，人是现代汉语，都可以加在动词、名词和形容词词根上。 证人，夫人，长者3. 词汇的共同趋势: 语言不是静止不变的。词的意义也是如此。 1) 以bird一词为例 它本来意思是鸟，也可以指家禽。后来在口语中又常用来指人、姑娘等。近来，随着科技事业的发展，bird的意义又进一步扩大，可指飞机、火箭、直升飞机、航天飞机、卫星等任何飞行器。2) sailset sail:起航，张帆起航之意。自潜艇出现以后，sail这个词又增添了潜艇指挥塔的含义。近年来吸毒成风，sail这个词又可作吸毒后变得飘飘然的意思。 4. Comparison of meaning of words 1) Equivalents microwave supermarket right-wing out-party 在野党 keyboard bathroom cold war action research chain reactions open secretThe U. S. State Department 美国国务院 computational linguistics 计算语言学 tuberculosis 结核病2) partial equivalents intellectualCultureGrandfatherGrandmotherSister marriage 娶，嫁 gun 枪、炮morning 早晨、上午 3) No equivalents主要是英语中一些新词，包括专用名词、术语以及一些反映英美社会特殊风气及事物的词。 A. English words without Chinese equivalents engine motor humor dollar saint jury senator highwayB. Chinese words without English equivalents 党员，干部， 公社，鬼子5. Polysemant: 英语比汉语有更多的一词多意的词An example: Different meanings of the word story:1). A young man came to Scottis with a story.一个年轻人来到斯科特的办公室报案。2). Her story is one of the saddest.她的遭遇最惨。3). Hell be happy if that story holds up.如果这一说法当真，那他就太高兴了。4). Its quite another story now.现在情形完全不同了。5). The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.这场战争已成为这一代人的最重大事件。6). The official refused to confirm the story.那个官员拒绝证实这个消息。7). Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story.有些那次会议没有到场的记者把内情揭露出来。6. 词语搭配对比（Collocation of words）An example of the word soft:A. 英汉语言基本相同的搭配* Soft pillow, soft cushion,* Soft wood, soft light, * soft voice, soft breeze* Soft music* Soft answer * 委婉的回答* Soft drink* 不含酒精的饮料* Soft heart* 易感动的心* Soft words* 和蔼的话* Soft money* 纸币B. soft used technically1) （导弹设施等）无坚固掩护工事的，可攻破的： * a soft aboveground launching site * 无坚固掩体的地面发射基地 * The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May. * 自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的。 ）（宇宙飞船的着陆）飞行速度在公里小时左右的软着陆。The landing must be supersoft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. 这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆，即着陆时的飞行速度在每小时18英里（约公里）左右。 3) （麻醉毒品）毒性较轻的，软性的： Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. 大麻通常被看作是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品。 ）（情报等）非百分之百可靠的： At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention.We should not shoot him from the hip.在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。 7. 比喻结构As+adj+as+n 的异同 as busy as a bee, as firm/ hard as a rock as white as snow, as cold as ice as strong as a horse/ an ox, as bright as daylight as blind as a bat/ mole, as silly as a goose/ as ass as swift as an antelope,as stubborn as a mule as clear as crystal, as cunning as a fox as easy as ABC/ pie, as brave as a lion as light as feather/ air, as tough as leather as good as gold, as soft as silk/butter/down as timid as a rabbit, as slippery as an eel 1. The concept of TranslationTranslation is the process of rendering written language that was produced in one language (the source language) into another(the target language), or the target language version that results from this process.Note: o: translate into (a language)翻译的定义:翻译是许多语言活动中的一种，它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。2. Categories of translation:? 就题材而言，翻译可分为文学翻译(literary translation)和实用翻译(pragmatic translation)。? 根据工作方式，翻译包括口译(interpret)、笔译(translation)和全自动机器翻译(machine-aided translation)三种类型。3. 翻译的目的? 方便交流：世界上有近三千种语言，非常常用的语言有十几种，不同的语言给人们的信息交流带来不便，翻译成了解决这一问题的有效手段。? 促进世界文明的发展：翻译可以使不同语言的国家和地区进行政治、外交、经济、科学、科技、文学、艺术、军事、体育、娱乐等方面的交流，促进世界向更高的文明发展。4. 翻译课程的目的? 翻译作为一门课程，其目的就是在掌握汉语和英语这两种语言的基础上，结合不断的翻译实践学习翻译中的各种技巧，提高翻译水平。5. 翻译的标准1) 严复：我国最早的翻译家。提出翻译的标准：信、达、雅? 信：忠实原文? 达：译文流畅? 雅：文字典雅2) 英国翻译家泰特勒的翻译三原则? 译文应完全复出原文的思想。? 译文的风格和笔调应与原文相同。? 译文应和原文一样流畅。6. 非文学翻译或非专业翻译标准：? Faithfulness（忠实）? Smoothness（通顺）? 注：在两个标准中，忠实是首要的、根本的。国际译联的翻译工作者章程指出：译文应忠实于原文，准确表现原作的思想与形式。7. Steps of translation:? Comprehension（理解）? Expression（表达）? Revision（校核）8. Basic ways of translation:? Literal translation （直译）? Free translation（意译）? Foreignizing method（异化法）? Domesticating method（归化法）Chapter Three A comparative study of sentencesWe study differences between sentences of English and Chinese from the following two points: I. Sentence structure1. Passive voice sentences:1). Frequency: passive voice is often used in English, esp. in scientific article, while.2). Structure: in English, a definite passive structure is used, while in Chinese the following words are used to express Passive:II. The Chinese words for Passive:? 被， 为.所，受， 由，加以，予以，得到，是.的III. The implied differences between the English passive and the Chinese passive:? In Chinese, the passive voice usually implies sth unpleasant, while in English theres not such kind of feeling in it.Examples for the translation of passive voice sentences:The lost child was found three days later.失踪的孩子三天后找到了。These photos werent taken on the Great Wall.这些照片不是在长城拍摄的。The children are carefully taken care of.孩子们受到了精心的照顾。Pronunciation has been paid attention by the students.语音已为学生们所重视。The plan will be examined by a special committee.这个计划由一个特别委员会加以审查。At last the farmers crops were saved.农民的庄稼终于得救了。He will be hanged as a spy early tomorrow morning.明天清晨他将作为一名间谍被绞死。The famous building has been destroyed by the big fire.大火把这幢大楼毁掉了。IV. The Inverted StructureThe inverted structure is common in English language while it is seldom found in Chinese. The following are the common categories of the inverted structure in English.1. Here, there, now,out等引导 此类为完全倒装（fully inverted,full inversion)特点一：副词或副词短语放在句首：here, there,now, then, out, up, in特点二：动词多为不及物：be, come, go,exist, live, follow,stand, lieExamples:Here is the very passport that you have lost.There stands a great monument on the top of that mountain.Up went the rocket into the space in an instant.Then came the day we had been looking forward to .2. (not) only 修饰状语放在句首* 从第二类开始是部分倒装(partially inverted;partial inversion)* Examples* Only in this way can you master the skill of making a living.* Only when one is ill does he realize the value of health.* Only by reading extensively can you widen your insight.* Not only did he complain about the food, he also refused to pay for it.* Notice:如果被强调部分是主语，不倒装* Only girls can use it.3.表示否定的意义的副词和副词短语位于句首* Little, seldom, hardly, scarcely, never,nowhere, in no case, under no conditions, under no circumstances, not in the least, in no way, by no means, on no account* examples* Never in my life have I heard of such a strange thing!* Under no circumstances should we yield to difficulty.* In no case will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.* On no account are visitors allowed to feed the animal.4.so.that 结构中，so放在句首* So fast did he walk that none of us was his equal.* So absurd did he look that everyone stared at him.* So much does he worry about his financial position that he cant sleep at night.5.虚拟条件句如果省略if* Should green plants disappear some day,there would hardly be any life on the earth.* We would have bought this fancy furniture, had we had enough cash on hand.* Were the sun to rise from the west, my love for you would unchanged for good.6.在几个句型中，如果否定词放在句首* 句型是：hardly.when; No sooner.than, Not until.(刚。就。）* Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with.* Scarcely had we started lunch when the doorbell rang.* No sooner were she back at home than she realized her mistakes. 7.状语放在句首时* On the floor were piles of old books and newspapers.(adverbial of place)* Gladly would I pay more if I could get better service by doing so. (adverbial of manner)* Many a time has she given money to beggars.(adverbial of frequency8. 表示祝愿的句子* May you live a long and happy life!* Long live the Peoples Republic of China!* May you a happy journey9.such做主语时，可全部倒装* Such was the force of the explosion that all the windows were broken.11.正常的语法结构要求的倒装* 1.general questions * 2.special questions* 3. Tag questionsChapter Four Difference in English and Chinese Ways of Thinking英美人-抽象思维中国人-形象思维AbstractionThinking in terms of imagesII.英美人-直线思维中国人-曲线思维Thinking in linear wayThinking in circular way语篇指任何不完全受句子语法约束的、在一定语境下表示完整意义的自然语言。两种语言的语篇多数是可译的，也有少数不可译的。例1。Why is the end of a dogs tail like the heart of a tree?Because it is farther from the bark.为什么狗尾巴象树心？因为她远离吠叫（树皮）。 例2） 杨柳青青江水平，闻郎船上踏歌声；东边日出西边雨，道是无情却有情。The willows are green, the river quiet,From afar comes your singing;The sun shines in the east,the rain comes on in the west, Is it sunny or rainy?I. 思维差异导致语篇的主要差异：1. 英语语言常使用大量的涵义概括、指称笼统的抽象名词来表达复杂的理性的概念。而中国人则习惯于使用具体、形象的词语来表达虚的概念。英语语言偏重抽象思维的一个集中表现就是大量使用被动语态.2. 英语篇章的组织和发展是直线型，直截了当地陈述主题，即把要点先表达出来，然后再把各种修饰语和其它次要内容一一补充进来。所以，句式结构多主句、从句相互交错。3. 而中国人习惯于从侧面说明、阐述外围的环境，最后点出话语的信息中心，即不直接切入主题，先在主题外围兜圈子或旁敲侧击，最后再进入主题。所以，汉语的表达方式被称为是曲线型或螺旋型。但汉语的句式以简单句为主。II. 对比：哪一段是地道的语篇? Three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life:longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.? 渴望爱、寻求知识和对人类苦难的深切同情，这是支配我的生活的3种简单而无比强烈的情感。? My life is governed by three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong: the longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.? 3种简单而无比强烈的情感支配着我的生活，它们是对爱的渴望、对知识的寻求和对人类苦难的深切同情。III. 英汉语中主体和客体的问题? 英语严格区分主体和客体，因为英美人注重客观事物对人的作用和影响。英文多用无生命名词作主语，主动和被动语态使用分明。? 中国人思维中以人为中心，所以常以有生命的名词做主语，并且不太区分主、客体，主、被动语态呈隐含式。Some examples:? 近年来热情的读者纷纷致函各地方报纸，对北京的城市建设提出了种种建议。? In recent years local newspapers have been sprinkled with passionate letters advising various suggestions on the urban construction of Beijing.Another example? It has long been maintained that it was only during his Harvard graduate years that Eliot developed his interest in primitive cultures.? 人们长期以来坚持认为，艾略特对原始文化的兴趣是他在哈佛读研究生的岁月里培养起来的。IV. 英语重形合，汉语重义合? 英语注重运用各种有形的联结手段达到语法形式与逻辑形式两个方面的完整，概念指代分明，句子组织严密，层次明确，句法功能呈外显特征。? 汉语表现形式受意念引导，看上去概念、判断、推理都不严密，句子松散，句法功能呈隐含形式。具体表现是：? 在英语中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词if, although, as soon as, as long as, because, when, in order that, whatever, so 及so that等词明确地表示出来。? 在汉语中，通过句子之间的内部逻辑关系可以表达英语中那些连接词所表达的意思。Some examples:? I cant trust him, because he is not honest.? 他不老实，我不能信任他。? The monks may run away, but the temple cannot run away.? 跑了和尚，跑不了庙。? If you are dead, I will be a monk.? 你死了， 我就做和尚。（红楼梦）Two versions of translation:? It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the l