定语从句讲解及练习(2007-07-19.doc

定语从句讲解及练习(2007-07-19 22:05:37) 分类：英语学习知识/方法策略 定语从句I.主语和谓语一致1、关系代词在定语从句中主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如：The boy who is standing at the door is my son.2、在one of the +复数名词+定语从句结构中，复数名词是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用复数形式。例如：This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.3、在“the only one of the +复数名词+定语从句”结构中，one 是先行词，关系代词在定语从句中作主语，其谓语动词用单数。例如：This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject.II. 正确使用that 和which1、that 指物，有时也可以指人,which 指物，不能指人。Which 可以引导非限制性定语从句，也可以放在介词后面，that 则不能。例如：Who is the man that is reading the newspaper?(正) Who is the man which is reading the newspaper?（误）The room in which she lives is a large one.（正） The room in that she lives is a large one.（误）2、先行词前面有形容词最高级，序数词next, last, very, any, little, no 等修饰时，用that 不用which引导定语从句。例如：This is the best film that I have seen.（正） This is the best film which I have seen.（误）3、先行词是all, much, little, none等时，用that而不用which引导定语从句。例如：Thats all that I want to say.（正） Thats all which want to say.（误）4、先行词是不定代词something, anything, anything, everything时，一般用that而不用which引导定语从句。例如：Is there anything that you want in this shop?（正） Is there anything which you want in this shop?（误）注：当something表示具体的事物，重要的东西，重要的人物等确定意义时，它是名词，关系代词用that 或which均可。例如：There was the mysterious something which/that they had worked so hard to find: radium.5、先行词是人和物时，要用that 而不用which/who引导定语从句。例如：He talked about some writers and books that were unknown to us all. （正）He talked about some writers and books which/who were unknown to us all.（误）6、先行词本身是that 时，一般用which引导定语从句。例如：The predicate is that which is said of the subject.7、在who开头的疑问句中，若还要用关系代词引导定语从句时，用that引导定语从句。例如：Who is the girl that is singing in the hall?8、当关系词后面有插入语时用which引导定语从句。例如：Here is the English grammar book which, as I have told you, will help to improve your English.III. 定语从句要用关系词引导。 例如：I have three friends, none of whom can speak French.（正）I have three friends, none of them can speak French.（误）注：若把逗号“，”改为分号“；”误句也就变为正确的句子了。IV. as 做关系代词的用法1 关系代词常出现在the sameas, suchas, soas, asas 等结构中This is not such a book as I expected.I live in the same building as he (lives in).Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.As many children as came here were my fathers pupils. the samethat和the sameas的区别I have bought the same watch as you have.我买了一块和你一样的手表。（我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一块。）This is the same watch that I lost.这就是我丢的那块手表。（这手表和我丢的手表是同一块）2 as引导非限制性定语从句，指代逗号前的整个句子（即先行词），可置于句首或句末。This elephant is like a snake, as anybody can see.Mary was late for school, as often happened.As is known to all, the earth is round. as 指代一句话和which 指代一句话的用法区别as 的这种用法通常出现在一些固定短语之中如：1as has been said before 如上所述2as may be imagined 正如可以想象出来的那样3as is well known 众所周知4as was expected 正如预料的那样5as has been already pointed out 正如已经指出的那样6as we all can see 正如我们都会看到的那样which则不需要，例如：The man died last night, which is a lie.as 替代一句话即可放句首也可放句末，而which只能放句末。VI. 用关系代词还是关系副词先行词是表时时间、地点、原因的名词，引导定语从句是用关系副词还是用关系代词，关键在于关系词在从句中充当的成分。如果充当状语，就用关系副词引导定与从句；如果充当主语或宾语，则用关系代词。例如：This is the school where Mr Cheng works.This is the school that Mr Cheng set up ten years ago.I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.I will never forget the day that I spent with Mr Isaak.That was the reason that he gave me yesterday.That was the reason why he gave me a note yesterday.注：1 关系副词一般可以改为“介词+which”。例如：The reason why/for which I didnt come this morning is that it rained hard.October, 1st 1949 was the day when/on which the Peoples Republic of China was founded.This was the city where /in which he was taken away by the enemy.注：2 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。注：3 关系代词that 有一种特殊的用法。That 在限制性定语从句中可以作状语，表示时间、地点、原因和方式,代替when , where, why,或“介词+which”。例如：We will never forget the year that(= when)SARS broke out in China.That is the place that(=where)the health workers fought against SARS.This was the reason that(=why)there were over 2000 SARS cases in Beijing.That was the way that (=in which) we fought against SARS.注：4 from where中的where 为关系代词。例如：He stood near the north window, from where he could see the whole garden.He climbed up to the top of the temple, from where he could see nothing but trees.VII. 易与定语从句混淆的其他复合句1 定语从句与同位语从句定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰的关系“。的（名词）”。而同位语从句是用来说明前面名词的内容。与that从句同位的名词必须是一些表事实或概念的抽象名词，如fact, news, belief, truth, reply等。that在定语从句中作成分，可用which 或who/whom代替；而that在同位语从句中不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用。试比较： We all have heard the news that our team won. (同位语从句，that从句表示news的内容，that 在从句中不作任何成分) We dont believe the news that/which he told us yesterday.(定语从句，that 作told 的宾语)2 定语从句与状语从句。试比较： He left the key where he had been an hour before.(where引导地点状语从句，相当于in the place where) He left the place where he lived for many years.(where 引导定语从句，修饰the place) He is such a good teacher as all of us love and respect.(as 引导定语从句) He is such a good teacher that we all like him.(that引导结果状语从句,suchthat “如此以致”3 定语从句与主语从句。试比较： As is known to us all, paper was first made in China.(as 引导定语从句，指代整个主句内容，可置于句首) It is known to us all that paper was first made in China.(it 做形式主语，代替that 引导的主语从句)4定语从句与强调结构。试比较： It is the house where I met the young man.(where 引导定语从句，修饰house，where在定语从句中作地点状语) It was in the house that I met the young man.(本句为强调结构，可还原为I met the young man in the house.)下面咱们一起来分析几道定语从句的难题。例1 It is the young man _ looked for _ caught the murderer.A. that who B. that they C . they that D theywhich分析：答案是C。本题考查了定语从句和强调句式。强调句式的结构是“It is + 强调部分 + that/who.”。they looked for前省略了关系代词that,因为先行词the young man 在从句中做looked for的宾语。强调句为It is the young man who/that caught the murderer.本句意思是“是那个他们寻找的年轻人抓住了杀人犯”。例2 Is this factory _ we visited last year?A. where B in which C the one D at which分析：做这题首先要明白一个概念。被定语从句修饰的名词前一般都有the，因为它已被限定。所以此题还原成陈述句应该是this factory is_ we visited last year. 而不是this is factory _ we visited last year.知道这一点后做题容易了，不能选A, B, D。因为句子没有先行词。所以答案是C。从句前省略了关系代词that/which。题目如改为Is this the factory _we visited last year? 空格处应该用which 或 that。例3 The book, the cover _ is broken, is not mine.A. of it B for C whose D of which分析：答案是D。先行词the book 代入从句应该是 the cover of the book is broken.相当于whose cover。例4 This is Mr Smith, _ I think has something interesting to tell you.A . who B whom C. that D. x分析：此题同学们容易错选B，认为先行词Mr. Smith做think 的宾语。I think , you think, do you think 等表明某人观点的短语是插入语。插入语的特点是去掉不影响句子表达。所以做题时遇到插入语，先去掉，This is Mr.Smith, _ has something interesting to tell you。很容易得到答案A.例5 Who _ has seen the TV film doesnt admire i