被动语态讲解.doc

益中学校 九年级 Module 7 学案被动语态讲解1什么是被动语态当谓语表示一个动作时，主语和它可以有两种不同的关系，即主动关系或被动关系。在表示主动关系时，即主语为动作的执行者时，谓语的形式称为主动语态（the Active Voice），我们以前所学过的句子大多数都是使用的主动语态）。在表示被动关系时，即主语为动作的承受者时，谓语要用另一种形式，称为被动语态（the Passive Voice）。在被动结构的句子中，动作执行者可以由介词by引起的短语来表示，如不强调动作执行者时，可省略不用。2被动语态的构成及时态变化被动语态的主语是谓语动词的承受者，实际上就是由谓语动词的宾语转变而来，因此，被动语态的谓语动词必须是及物动词。被动语态由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成；被动语态的时态通过be表现出来。我们在初中阶段学习的动词时态有八个。现将各个时态的被动形式归纳见下表，以动词give为例。一般时态进行时态完成时态现在amis givenareamis being givenarehas been givenhave过去was givenwerewas being givenwerehad been given将来shall be givenwill过去将来should be givenwould例句：1）一般现在时：History is made by the people.历史是人民创造的。I am often asked to do this work.我常常被派做这项工作。Youre wanted on the phone.有人给你打电话。2）一般过去时：The meeting was held in August.这次会议是八月份召开的。When was the building completed?这座大楼什么时候建成的？I was told (that) you were late this morning.我听说你今天早晨迟到了。3）一般将来时：We will/shall be invited to go to Hainan together with them.我们将被邀请和他们一起去海南。Shall we be asked to attend his birthday party?他要邀请我们参加他的生日聚会吗？4）现在进行时：A new railway is being built.一条新铁路正在修建。These machines are being repaired in the school factory.这些机器正在校办工厂修理。5）过去进行时：The road was being widened at that time.那时那条路正在加宽。A lot of tall buildings were being built when I got there last winter.去年冬天我到那里时，很多高楼正在建造中。6）现在完成时：The book has been translated into many languages.这本书已被译成多种语言。Those flowers havent been watered yet.那些花还没被浇过水。7）过去完成时：All the trees had been planted when I got there.当我到那时，所有的树都种上了。The room had been cleaned already when his father came back from work.当他父亲下班回来时，房间已经打扫干净了。8）过去将来时：The teacher told us that the talk would be given by an old scientist.老师告诉我们，一位老科学家将来做报告。He wanted to know whether he would be sent to the front.他想知道他是否将被派去前线。3被动语态的使用被动语态主要在下面几种情况下使用：1）我们不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁（这时不带由by引起的短语）。例如：Such books are written for children.这种书是为儿童写的。When will the road be opened to traffic?这条路什么时候通车？We havent been told about it.没有人通知我们这件事。2）动作的承受者是谈话的中心（这时可带有by引起的短语）。例如：The cup was made by Tom.这杯子是汤姆做的。The song was composed by a student.这首歌是一个学生谱写的。3）出于礼貌措词等方面的考虑，不便说出动作的执行者是谁。例如：You are asked to sing a song.请你给唱首歌。You are cordially invited to a party to be given at the Teachers Club at 4 p.m. Dec. 24.谨订于12月24日下午4时在教师俱乐部举行晚会，敬请光临。4）被动结构能使句子得到更好的安排。例如：They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built right beside the Office Building.他们明年在这里要修建一座住宅楼，就修在办公楼旁。（如果两句都用主动语态，用they作主语，就会使句子显得呆板。）5）在汉语中被动结构的句子也是很多的，有些带有“被”、“受”、“由”等词，译成英语时较易想到使用被动语态。例如：她被派到上海工作去了。She has been sent to work in Shanghai.他因为工作好受到了表扬。He was praised for his fine work.但在更多的情况下却不带这类标记，这种情况要特别注意主语与动作之间的关系。例如：运动会什么时候开？When will the sports meet be held?这个问题正在研究。The problem is being studied.这要修更多公路。More highways will be built here.6）有些汉语句子，虽然形式上像被动结构，但实际上是把主语省略了，这种句子译成英语时，还是应当使用主动结构。例如：今天的报看了没有？Have you read todays newspapers?这事不要告诉他们。Dont tell them about it.这个句子最好这样翻译。Wed better translate the sentence this way.一般地说，在英语中，如果没有必要，最好避免用被动结构。如果在一个情况下，主动结构和被动结构都可以用，还是用主动结构比较自然。4一些特殊的被动结构1）带有情态动词的被动结构：例如：These machine parts may be needed in our work.工作中这些机器零件可能还需要用。Young trees must be watered as often as possible.小树必须要常浇水。2）带不定式的被动结构：例如：All the trees have to be planted at once.所有的树都得马上种。If you do this, you are certain to be found out.如果你这样做，一定会被发现。3）除了单一的及物动词可用于被动结构外，一些相当于及物动词的成语动词也可用于被动结构。常可这样使用的成语动词有下面几类：a.动词+介词例如：Has the doctor been sent for?去请大夫了吗？For this he has been operated on twice.他为此动过两次手术。This question has been much talked about recently.这问题最近谈论得很多。b.动词+副词例如：Lots of new words have to be looked up.很多生词需要查。A short play will be put on at the party.晚会上要演一个短剧。c.其他成语动词例如：The children are taken good care of in the nurseries.孩子们在托儿所受到很好的照顾。For this he was often made fun of.为此人们常和他开玩笑。4）有些动词可以带双宾语，用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语动词之后，称为保留宾语。在把含有双宾语的句子变为被动结构时，多数都把间接宾语（指人）变为主语，而把直接宾语（指物）作为保留宾语，这样句子显得自然。例如：They were given a lot of help by the teachers.=A lot of help was given to them by the teachers.5）不带“to”的不定式到被动结构中加“to”例如：He heard a child cry last night.= A child was heard to cry last night.5被动结构和带表语的结构的区别动词be+过去分词这个结构并不一定都是被动结构，有时它可能是be+过去分词（作形容词使用）作表语。例如：The door was locked when I went back.我回来时门锁上了。The streets are lined with trees.街旁都种了树。这两种结构的主要区别是：被动结构表示一个动作，带表语的结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。比较：带表语结构的句子带被动结构的句子The library is closed now.图书馆关门了。It is usually closed at 6.它通常六点关门。The glass is broken.玻璃杯破了。It was broken by my sister.它是我妹妹打破的。The book is well written.这本书写得好。The book was written by a woman.这本书是一位妇女写的。The street is crowded.街上很拥挤。They were crowded into one room.他们被塞到一间屋里。The bridge is completed.桥已修好了。It was completed in 1968.它是1968年建成的。这一区分可以帮助我们决定使用什么时态。如果是被动结构，它的时态一般要与相应的主动结构一致。如果是带表语的结构，用一般时态的时候比较多。例如：“玻璃杯破了。”表示的是状态，因此可译为The glass is broken.这时用的是一般现在时。如果说“杯子是妹妹打破的。”表示的就是一个动作，这时就不能用一般现在时，而应与相应的主动结构一致使用一般过去时。6主动语态与被动语态的互变当主动语态变成被动语态时，把主动语态中的宾语变为被动语态的主语，如果是人称代词时，代词的宾格要求变成主格。如果要指明动作的执行者时，可把主动语态的主语用by引出。例如：People use knives for cutting things.（主动语态）Knives are used for cutting things.Mr Wu asks you to finish your homework.（主动语态）You are asked to finish your homework by Mr Wu.（被动语态）三、随堂监测A组. 单项选择：1._a new library _in our school last year?A. Is; builtB. was; builtC. Does; buildD. Did; build2.An accident _on this road last week.A. has been happendB. was happenedC. is happenedD. happened3.Cotton_in the southeast of China.A. can be plantedB. are plantingC. plantsD. planting4.A talk on Chinese history _in the school hall next week.A. giveB. has been givenC. will be givenD. gives5.How many trees _this year?A. are plantedB. will plantC. plantedD. have been planted6.A lot of things _by people to save the little girl now.A. are doingB. will be doneC. are being doneD. has been done7.Either English or French _in that country.A. speaksB. spokenC. is spokenD. are spoken8. When _this kind of computers_? Last year.A. did; useB. was; usedC. is; usedD. are; used9.The Great Wall _all over the world.A. knowsB. knewC. is knownD. was known10.I_in summer.A. bornB. was bornC. have been bornD. am born11.He says that Mr. Zhang _to the factory next week.A. is sentB. would sentC. was sentD. will be sent12.Mary_show me her new dictionary.A. asks toB. is askedC. has asked toD. was asked to13.A story _by Granny yesterday.A. is told usB. told usC. was told to usD. was told us14.The monkey was seen _off the tree.A. jumpB. jumpsC. jumpedD. to jump15.The school bag _behind the chair.A. putsB. can putC. can be puttedD. can be put16.Older people _well.A. must look afterB. looks afterC. must be looked afterD. looked after17.Our teacher _carefully.A. is listenedB. be listened toC. should be listened toD. should be listen18.The PRC _on October 1,1949.A. was foundB. foundC. foundedD. was founded19.Something must _to make the river clean.A. doB. doneC. be doneD. to do20.We find the door_.A. closeB. closingC. closedD. to close21.When she saw me, she was_.A. surpriseB. surprisingC. surprisedD. to surprise22.The college building_400 years ago.A. was builtB. was put onC. put onD. put up23. She is badly ill. She must _to hospital at once.A. sendB. is sentC. are sentD. be sent24. Cant they_? I think so.A. mendedB. are mendedC. be mendD. be mended25.When was the League_?A. foundB. foundedC. builtD. build四、随堂监测B组.将下列句子变为被动语态：1He gave me a present.2My sister made the soup.3My brother will repair my bike for me.4You must clean your w