动词不定式.doc

动词不定式 (The Infinitive)动词不定式有两种形式，带to的不定式和不带to的不定式（也称动词原形）。不定式不能作句子的谓语，但它具有动词的一些特征，如：可以带有自己的宾语、状语及逻辑主语。一、不定式的特征 及物动词的不定式可以跟宾语I like to read detective stories.我喜欢读侦探故事。It is important and necessary to master a foreign language and computer skills.掌握一门外语和电脑技能很重要也很有必要。 可以被状语修饰He asked me to say my name aloud.他让我大声说出我的名字。I was told to drive the car carefully and slowly.有人告诉我开车要小心，速度要慢。 没有人称和数的变化：即不受主语的人称和单复数的限定或影响。She likes to play the accordion.她喜欢弹奏手风琴。She liked to play the accordion when she was young.她很小时就喜欢弹奏手风琴。 不定式的逻辑主语用for或of引出Its important for us to look into the world.放眼世界对我们来说很重要。Its impolite of you to visit someone without telling him in advance.不提前告诉别人去拜访是很不礼貌的。二、不定式的时态和语态不定式虽没有人称和数的变化，但所表达的动作仍具有时间先后性，具体形式如表：时态 语态主动式被动式一般式to writeto be written进行式 to be writing完成式to have writtento have been written完成进行式to have been writing 不定式的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生。She seems to know all, which makes her lose many friends.她似乎什么都知道，这使她失去了很多朋友。I hope to see you next week.我希望下周能见到你。 不定式的进行式表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词动作同时发生。Dont pretend to be working hard. Just do what you should.不要假装努力工作，做你该做的事。He seems to be thinking deeply, without noticing me overpassing him. 他似乎陷入了深思，我从他身边经过，他都没注意到。 不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前。Im sorry to have given you so much trouble.真对不起，给你带来这么多麻烦。She is well known to have been to many countries, lecturing about animal protection.大家都知道她去过很多国家做过保护动物的讲座。 不定式的完成进行式表示在谓语动词动作之前一直在进行的动作。She is said to have been writing the novel about New York for years.据说多年来她一直在写这本关于纽约的小说。 不定式的被动形式A 不定式的被动语态一般式通常表示将来动作The car needs to be repaired before we go on a trip to Europe.在去欧洲之前，这辆车必须修理一下。The press conference is to be held tomorrow.新闻发布会明天举行。B 不定式的被动语态完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前The room seems to have been tidied up already.这个房子似乎已经整理过了。三、不定式的语法功能1.做主语：谓语动词用单数，在句中的位置主要有两种： 置于句首To get there by bike will take us half an hour.骑自行车去那儿要一个小时。 用it作形式主语，把真正的主语后置It+be+名词+to do Its our duty to take good care of the old.It takes/took sb+some time+to do How long did it take you to finish the work?It+be+形容词+for sb+to do It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour.It+be+形容词+of sb+to do It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says.It+seems (appears)+形容词+to do It seemed impossible to save money.在句型中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：difficult, easy, hard, important, impossible, necessary等；在句型中，常用careless, clever, good, foolish, honest, kind, lazy, nice, right, silly, stupid, wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is+形容词+to do句式。如：Its kind of you to help me with my English.You are kind to help me with my English.2.作宾语 有些动词只能跟不定式作宾语。如：agree, ask, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, expect, fail, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, wish等，这些词大多可以接that引导的从句。I decided to ask for my money back.我打算要回我的钱。I decided that I would ask for my money back. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用it作形式宾语，把不定式置于补语之后，即“主语动词it补语to do ”句式。We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well.我们认为学好一门外语很重要。He feels it his duty to help the poor.他认为帮助穷人是他的职责。 介词but, except, besides,etc + to do的用法。介词前面有do的变形时，介词后要用不带to的不定式，反之，动词不定式须带to。The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in.敌军别无选择只好投降。On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV.星期天下午，我无事可做，只好看电视。3.作表语：表示具体的动作或将来的动作。To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.4.作定语：置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。The next train to arrive is from Washington.Do you have anything to say on the question?Do you have anything to be taken to your sister?Would you please give me some paper to write on?不定式短语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： 表示将来的动作（）。 与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其他词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系，尽管有被动含义，仍用主动语态（）；如果只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（）。与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（）不定式作定于时，一般可转换为定语从句（）to arrive = that will arrive 作定语时，有些动词不定式只起单纯的修饰作用，这些被修饰的名词有：表示时间的词：time、week等。表示次序的词：first、best、last等。其他名词：wish、promise、plan等。有些动词不定式与被修饰词有逻辑上的主谓关系或同位关系。Its time to go.该走了。He was the first teacher to come.他是第一个来的老师。Do keep your promise to write us.一定要遵守诺言给我们写信。5.作补足语一些及物动词除了接宾语外还需有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、状态、特征，这时意思才完整。 常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow、ask、advise、beg、cause、drive（强迫）、encourage、expect、forbid、force、order、permit、persuade、teach、tell、want、warn、wish等。Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?你想让我替你像玛丽问好吗？I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.我想让你清楚地懂得整篇文章。 感官动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式需省略。I didnt hear anyone say anything about it.我没有听到任何人说这件事。They made the students do too much homework every day.他们让学生每天做很多作业。这种句式在变为被动语态时，要加上to。6.作状语 目的状语I stayed there to see what would happen.Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor.有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。Bob took down my telephone number so as (in order) not to forget it.in order to还可以放在句首，而so as to不行。 原因状语在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后接不定式。如：astonished, glad, happy, laugh, pleased, sad, smile, sorry, surprised等。We are glad to hear the news.I was surprised to see that a three-year old baby could write so well.在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，此句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。The question raised by the students is difficult to answer.The room is really comfortable to live in.常这样用的形容词有：comfortable, easy, dangerous, difficult, expensive, impossible等。 结果状语We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and clean.常用于下列句式： soas to , suchas to Im not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.Im not such stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing. enoughto The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner. only toJane woke up early only to find it was raining. too.