vocabulary Chap1~12.doc

Vocabulary of Chapter 1注：表中未标出词性的词均为名词。microorganisms微生物microbiology微生物学bacteria细菌 (single: bacterium)fungi真菌 (single: fungus)algae 藻类 (single: alga)protozoa原生动物 (single: protozoan)virus病毒micrometer微米plasma membrane质膜metabolism新陈代谢unicellularadj. 单细胞的multicellularadj. 多细胞的prokaryoticadj. 原核(细胞)的prokaryote原核细胞eukaryoticadj. 真核(细胞)的eukaryote真核细胞ribosome核糖体organelles细胞器nucleus细胞核eubacteria真细菌 (single: eubacterium)archaebacteria古细菌 (single: archaebacterium)acellularadj. 无细胞结构的、非细胞的antibiotic抗生素vaccine疫苗Leeuwenhoekinventor of microscopeVocabulary of Chapter 2taxonomy分类学morphology形态学physiology生理学kingdom界genus属species种endosymbiotic theory 内共生理论viroid类病毒virusoid (viroid-like)拟病毒 (类类病毒)prion朊病毒capsid衣壳envelope被膜Bacteriophage (phage)噬菌体binomial name双名ATCC (American Type Culture Collection)美国典型菌种中心rod杆菌cocci球菌 (single: coccus)helical spiral螺旋菌curved rod弧菌Actinomycetes放线菌纲substrate substratum基内菌丝aerial mycelium气生菌丝asexualadj. 无性的spore孢子conidiospore分生孢子sporangiospores孢囊孢子hyphae菌丝 (single: hypha)mycelium菌丝体budding出芽plasmogamy质配karyogamy核配meiosis减数分裂Ascomycete子囊菌纲ascospore子囊孢子Basidiomycete担子菌纲basidiospore担孢子Zygomycetes结合菌纲zygospore结合孢子Deuteromycetes半知菌纲slime mold粘霉WhittakerProposer of five-kingdom classificationEscherichia coli大肠杆菌Streptomyces grisius灰色链霉菌Saccharomyces cerevisiae酿酒酵母Penicillium chrysogenum 点黄青霉菌Vocabulary of Chapter 3fermentation发酵Theory of Spontaneous Generation 自生说pasteurization巴斯德消毒法microscopy显微镜学microscope显微镜magnification放大magnifying power放大倍数resolution (resolving power; resolving distance)分辨率、分辨距离ocular (lenses)目镜objective (lenses)物镜numerical aperture数值孔径immersion objective油浸物镜、油镜staining染色fixation固定Gram staining革兰氏染色acid-fast staining抗酸性染色primary stain初染mordant媒染decolorizing脱色endospore内生孢子、芽胞bright-field microscope亮视野显微镜fluorescence microscope荧光显微镜dark-field microscope暗视野显微镜phase contrast microscope相差显微镜interference microscope干涉显微镜scanning electron microscope扫描式电子显微镜、扫描电镜transmission electron microscope透射式电子显微镜、透射电镜pure culture纯培养reproduction繁殖binary fission二等均分agar琼脂media培养基 (single: medium)Petri plate培养皿sterile无菌的sterilization灭菌aseptic technique无菌操作autoclave高压灭菌锅colony菌落streak plate method平板划线法spread plate method平板涂布法pour plate method平板倾注法incubator培养箱obligate aerobes专性需 (好) 氧菌fastidious microorganism需复杂营养微生物complex / undefined media复合天然培养基synthetic / defined media 合成组合培养基selective media选择培养基differential media鉴定培养基Louis Pasteura pioneer microbiologistVocabulary of Chapter 5ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)三磷酸腺苷cytoplasm细胞质ribosome核糖体cytosol细胞溶胶、胞质溶胶hydrophilicadj. 亲水的hydrophobicadj. 疏水的integral protein整合蛋白peripheral protein外周蛋白sterol甾醇、固醇diffusion扩散passive diffusion被动扩散facilitated diffusion促进扩散osmosis渗透active transport主动运送group translocation基团移位cytosis细胞摄入permease渗透酶osmotic pressure渗透压plasmolysis质壁分离endocytosis胞吞作用exocytosis胞吐作用phagocytosis吞噬作用peptidoglycan肽聚糖cellulose纤维素chitin几丁质glycan聚糖penicillin青霉素cephalosporin头孢菌素spheroplast球形体protoplast原生质teichoic acid磷壁酸porin孔蛋白periplasmic space壁膜间隙、周质间隙lipopolysaccharide (LPS)脂多糖capsule荚膜polysaccharide多糖slime layer粘液层glycocalyx胞外多糖pili菌毛 (single: pilus)flagella鞭毛 (single: flagellum)polar flagella端生鞭毛peritrichous flagella周生鞭毛flagellin鞭毛蛋白basal body基体chemotaxis趋化现象cilia纤毛 (single: cilium)microtubule微管chromosome染色体genome基因组gene基因genotype遗传型phenotype表型nucleus细胞核nucleoid region类核区plasmid质粒nucleolus核仁nuclear envelop核膜nucleoplasm核质、核浆chromatin染色质histone组蛋白transcription转录translation转译protonmotive force质子动势chemiosmosis化学渗透mitochondria线粒体 (single: mitochondrion)cristae嵴chloroplast叶绿体photosynthetic光合的inclusion body包含体poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)羟基丁酸glycogen糖原cytomembrane细胞膜endoplasmic reticulum内质网Golgi apparatus高尔基体lysosome溶酶体vacuole液泡cytoskeleton细胞骨架phagolysosome吞噬溶酶体phagosome吞噬体microfilament微丝vegetative cell营养细胞trophozoite营养体Vocabulary of Chapter 6enzyme酶substrate底物coenzyme辅酶substrate-level phosphorylation底物水平磷酸化chemiosmosis化学渗透metabolic pathway代谢途径catabolism分解代谢anabolism合成代谢precursor前体autotrophicadj. 自养的autotroph自养生物heterotrophicadj. 异养的heterotroph异养生物chemotrophicadj. 化能的phototrophicadj. 光能的photoautotrophicadj. 光能自养的photoautotroph光能自养生物chemoautotrophicadj. 化能自养的photoheterotrophicadj. 光能异养的chemoheterotrophicadj. 化能异养的respiration呼吸aerobic respiration好氧呼吸anaerobic respiration厌氧呼吸aerobe好氧微生物microaerobe微好氧微生物capnophile嗜二氧化碳微生物aerotolerant anaerobe耐氧微生物facultative anaerobe兼性厌氧微生物obligate anaerobe专性厌氧微生物glycolysis糖酵解Krebs cycle (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle, TCA cycle)克雷伯氏循环, 三羧酸循环electron transport chain电子传递链lipase脂肪酶protease蛋白酶Vocabulary of Chapter 7genetics遗传学heredity遗传nucleotide核苷酸deoxyribose脱氧核糖adenine腺嘌呤thymine胸腺嘧啶guanine鸟嘌呤cytosine胞嘧啶phosphodiester bond磷酸二酯键semiconservative replication半保留复制replication fork复制叉DNA polymeraseDNA聚合酶continuous strand (leading strand)连续链, 前导链discontinuous strand (lagging) strand不连续链, 滞后链Okazaki fragment冈崎片段ligase连接酶Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)聚合酶链式反应denaturating变性annealing退火template模板primer引物mutation突变auxotroph营养缺陷型prototroph原养型spontaneous mutation自发突变induced mutation诱发突变、诱变mutagen诱变剂transition转换transversion颠换frameshift (frame shift) mutation移码突变structural gene结构基因regulatory gene调控基因haploid单倍体diploid双倍体homozygote纯合子homozygousadj. 纯合的heterozygote杂合子dominant gene显性基因recessive gene隐性基因condominant genes共显基因uracil尿嘧啶exon外显子intron内含子split gene割裂基因hnRNA (heterogeneous nuclear RNA)不均一核RNAprimary transcript初级转录物polypeptide多肽triple code (codon)三联体密码，密码子nonsense codon无义密码silent mutation沉默突变missense mutation错义突变nosence mutation无义突变anticodon反密码子constitutive enzyme组成酶inducible enzyme诱导酶repressible enzyme阻遏酶operon操纵子promoter启动子operator操纵基因catabolite repression代谢物阻遏catabolite activator protein代谢物激活蛋白Vocabulary of Chapter 8recombination重组homologous recombination同源重组nonhomologous recombination非同源重组allele等位基因meiosis减数分裂heteroduplex异源双链体insertion sequence插入顺序transposon转座子transposase转座酶F plasmid (fertility factor)F质粒, 致育因子colicinogenic plasmid (col factor)col质粒, col因子colicin大肠杆菌素R plasmid (resistance plasmid)R质粒, 抗性质粒transformation转化transduction转导generalized transduction (abortive transduction)普遍性转导, 流产转导specialized transduction (restricted transduction)特异性转导，局限性转导conjugation接合recipient受体competentadj. 感受态的donor供体defective phage缺陷型噬菌体lytic phag裂解性噬菌体temperate phage温和噬菌体Hfr (high frequency recombinant)高频重组子rolling-circle mechanism滚环 (复制) 过程restriction endonuclease限制性核酸内切酶palindromic sequence回文顺序、回文序列cohesive ends (sticky ends)粘性末端reverse transcriptase逆转录酶cloning克隆protoplast fusion原生质体融合Vocabulary of Chapter 9nucleocapsid核衣壳spike刺突virion病毒粒子plaque噬菌斑lawn菌苔one-step growth curve一步生长曲线eclipse period潜隐期latent period潜伏期burst size裂解量lysogenic conversion溶原转变prophage原噬菌体lysogen (lysogenic bacteria)溶原菌lysogeny溶原性spontaneous lysis自发裂解inducible lysis诱导裂解retrovirus逆转录病毒HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)人类免疫缺陷性病毒、爱滋病毒AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)获得性免疫缺陷综合征, 爱滋病provirus原病毒oncogenic viruses致癌病毒oncogene致癌基因Vocabulary of Chapter 10r