毕业论文诚信声明.doc

毕业论文诚信声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的毕业论文中英民族文化差异中反映的性格差异是本人在指导老师的指导下，独立研究、写作的成果。论文中所引用是他人的无论以何种方式发布的文字、研究成果，均在论文中以明确方式标明。本声明的法律结果由本人独自承担。 毕业论文作者签名： 2006年 5 月 25 日 江西科技师范学院毕业论文（设计）题目（中文）：中英民族文化差异中反映的性格差异 （外文）：Characters Differences Reflected in Cultures between the Chinese and English Peoples 系（院）：外 语 系 03 （5） 班 专 业：英 语 学生姓名：曾 嘉 学 号：20034010 指导教师： 涂 越 华 2007年 05月 25 日Contents1. Introduction12.The Chinese and English Peoples Characters Comparison .22.1. The Character of the Chinese.22.2. The Character of the English.32.3. Characters Comparison.63. The Characters Differences Resulted from the Cultural Differences63.1. Inland Culture and Ocean Culture.73.2. Ethics Culture and Material Gain Culture.73.3. Harmonious Culture and Struggle Culture.8 4. Conclusion.9 Notes9References.10Characters Differences Reflected in Cultures between the Chinese and English PeoplesAbstract：This paper, through the comparison between the Chinese and the English cultures, demonstrates the characters differences of the Chinese and English peoples, mainly studies the reasons of culture difference of both countries: the geographical environment, ideas of value, specific cultural forms, historical backgrounds, stated such a view that the characters differences of the Chinese and the English peoples are build up on the two countries cultural differences.Key words: characters; culture; English; Chinese; difference1. IntroductionOne nation in the world has different characters from another, and the culture of a nation can impact the character of the nation, the cultural differences definitely bring the character differences of the nation.This paragraph comes from Luis Benedict: His experience and behavior are affected with the environment around him as soon as one is born and starts crying from that moment. When he is begins to learn the language, he has already become a young man that this culture edifies. When he is able to participate in public activities, he is growing to manhood. He is accustomed to this specially appointed culture, the person proper concept has also become his concept, his concept becomes proper to himself, so whose is taboo has become his taboo too. 1So, through the Chinese and English cultural differences, it is advantageous for us to understand the society and the social relations mutually. The most important is that through the difference comparison, we can recognize our insufficiency clearly, can learn from other peoples merits in the exchange, and develop our culture.2. The Chinese and English Peoples Characters ComparisonBecause of different geographical, historical and cultural reasons, one nation in the world has the national characters from another, with no exception for the Chinese and English; about 1000 changes of the society have passed, they have formed themselves unique thought and behavior, they have had the quality and characteristic different from people of other countries. The Character of the Chinese 2.1.1 ConservativenessFrom the ancient times until now, most Chinese people still have the conservative point of view. For example, in ancient time, Chinese people thought the women shouldnt smile showing their teeth and shouldnt reveal their arms and feet. Most people thought men are more privileged than women; even in today some people still think the boys are better than the girls.2.1.2. Modesty Modesty is a kind of traditional virtue of China. Chinese people think everyone should be modest. He or she should not be conceited and complacent about himself or herself.2.1.3. No privacyIn China, people can very easily ask others some questions such as “how old are you?”, “how much is your salary?” Most Chinese people think asking others those questions is nothing out of the ordinary. Care for each other, treasure each other plus Chinese, think that the personal thing is an even collective thing of family, others also is ready to bring self out delightful and slow therefore they are ready to know others happy and agony very much.2.1.4. AnimatedThe Chinese people like animated. the Chinese are very familiar at the beginning, they can very easily know the things absolutely clearly in very short time such as family condition and individual accommodating, because the Chinese since many thousands years live all together, get in touch with frequently, their private life known or interfered very easily by others.2.2.5. The Chinese humor The Chinese humor is very different from the English. The Chinese are fond of satirizing on some social problems, specifically for collective problems of the entire society, but not individual.The Character of the English2.2.1. ConservativenessMost English are conservative and unwilling to accept new things .As we all know English are very conservative, the English thought that the way of doing things is the best, the most reasonable. Some said that the English need 20 to 40 years to accept the new things from the United States. Some of the above mentioned exaggerate, unreasonably. So far, England has not adopted the metric system and still uses the mile. England didnt changed currency into decimal system until 1971. England maintains the monarchy but most countries do not, its conservativeness is evident. The Americans invented the central conditioner, England think the central conditioner is harmful to the body, and they refuse to accept new things. They continue to use fireplaces and electric fans from which we can see. 2.2.2. Exclusiveness. Most English are exclusive of character which is the most obvious one of the English. They do not want to talk too much, never talk about themselves, and they are never visibly pleased. Other people are difficult to understand Englishs inner world. It means I am English .You stay away form me. I am exclusive. I am quite happy to be myself .I do not need you. Leave me alone. 2 It is very difficult to know such a man who does not talk much, never says anything about him does not show much emotion and hardly ever gets excited. Why do the English have the proud and aloof character? There are two causes, the first one is, that United Kingdom is an island country, the English Channel cuts the communication of the outside world. The English do not even see themselves as Europeans. Secondly, English feel proud of their history. Among them, James Bible (King made by imperial order James Authorized Version of the Bible) and Shakespearean drama had a tremendous impact on the world. The English Parliament is the oldest European Parliament; England was the worlds first industrial revolution. The special geographical location and unique history of civilization has formed of the present English character. 2.2.3. Privacy The English love living alone and freedom in nature. Perhaps it is due to lack of space considerations, such well-known a sentence says in United Kingdom people “My home is my castle. The wind can come in, but the Kings and Queens and human beings can never come in without my permission.”3 When an English man moves to a new house, he will erect a fence around the house to separate with the neighbors. 2.2.4. Reserve To other Europeans, the best known character of the English, and in particular of the English, is their reserve. A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited. It is difficult to get to know a reserved person: he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that.If they are making a journey by bus, they will do their best to find an empty seat; if by train, an empty compartment. If they have to share the compartment with a stranger, they may travel many miles without starting a conversation. If a conversation does start, personal questions like how old are you” or even what is your name are not easily asked.This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English (except perhaps in the North) are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down. We may also mention at this point that the people of the North and West, especially the Welsh, are much less reserved than those of the South and East. 2.2.5. The English HumorThe starting-point famous English sense of humor is self-dispraise, and its great enemy is conceit. Its object is the ability to laugh at oneself at ones own faults, ones own failure, even at ones own ideals. The criticism, “He has no sense of humor. is very commonly heard in Britain, where humor is highly prized. A sense of humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. This attitude is never cruel or disrespectful or malicious. The English do not laugh at a cripple or a madman, or a tragedy or an honorable failure.Since reserve, a show of modesty, and a sense of humor are part of his own nature, the typical Englishman tends to expect them in others. He secretly looks down on more excitable nations, and likes to think of himself as more reliable than they. He doesnt trust big promises and open shows of feelings, etc. If they are expressed in flowery language. He doesnt trust self-praise of any kind. This applies not only to what other people may tell him about themselves orally, but to the letters they may write to him. To those who are fond of flowery expressions, the English man may appear uncomfortably cold.Finally, sportsmanship like a sense of humor, this is an English ideal which not all Englishmen live up to. It must be realized that sport in its modern form is almost entirely a British invention. Boxing, rugby, football, hockey, tennis and cricket were all first organized and given rules in Britain. Rules are the essence of sport, and sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to ones opponent and good temper in defeat. The high pressure of modern international sport makes these ideals difficult to keep, but they are at least highly valued in Britain and are certainly achieved there more commonly than among more excitable peoples. Moreover, sportsmanship as an ideal is applied to life in general. This is proved by the number of sporting terms used in ordinary speech. Everybody talks of fair play and playing the game or playing fair. Borrowed from boxing, straight from the shoulder is used to describe a well-aimed, strong criticism and below the belt is used to describe an unfair one. One of the most elementary rules of life is never hit a man when hes downin other words, never take advantage of a persons misfortune. English schoolboys often show this sense of sportsmanship to a surprisingly high degree in their relations with each other.2.3. Characters ComparisonThe Chinese are thought to be as conservative as English. Both countries people also think their way is the best, and refuse the new things. The reason is that their nations all have had the great time. The difference is the English keep old things and refuse new things which are good for them, even the new emerging things and science from technology. The English citizen referendum voted against the government proposal joining Euro zone, which can explain the idea of the English. But Chinese People can accept enormous new things if they are really good for them. The “Reform and Opening to the outside world” and “one country, two systems policy” can demonstrate this point.Different from the English, the Chinese are very familiar at the beginning, they can very easily know the things absolutely clearly in very short time such as family condition and individual accommodating, because the Chinese since many thousands years live all together, get in touch with frequently, their private life known or interfered very easily by others. Caring for each other, the Chinese think that the personal thing is also a family thing, they also are tell their joy and sadness, and they are ready to know others happiness and pain very much. But to the English, if a stranger asks about questions about their pay, age, marital status, religious belief, they may possibly feel awkward.3. The Characters Differences Resulted from the Cultural Differences The reason that to the Chinese and the English people cultural differences can lead to the diversity national character, what is cause of the difference culture?3.1. Inland Culture and Ocean Culture On the basis of the geographical difference, we can sum up the Chinese and English cultures to inland culture and ocean culture, which can also be called “yellow civilized and blue civilized . The Chinese civilization originated from the reaches of Yellow River, the occluding geographical environment nearly led China to be secluded from the world. Thus the very strong stability and historical continuity were maintained in Chinese culture. This kind of unique natural environment has accomplished the cultural tradition and the social psychology of which the Chinese nation are in sole possession. “The Oriental do not have westerners bustling about the competition consciousness, they always appear to be serious, never worry, and lack the idea of time is faint. The word efficiency represents in the thought of people in Western society, the word careless the Chinese often says also indicates their attitude toward life. Living in the narrow circle, in order to live in harmony, the Chinese people pay great attention to the ways of communication. The Chinese natural environment lets people become introverted.”4 As one source of English culture, the ancient Greece and Rome were peninsula countries, facing the sea, with developed maritime communications, and flourishing maritime trade which enabled them to form an open society. Therefore, the English like doing something unorthodox, reforming the past, and having the spirit of adventure and challenge. The Western traditional cultures have developed English open character. 3.2. Ethics Culture and Material Gain CultureAccording to the Chinese and English different idea of value, we can summarize that the Chinese and English cultures to ethics culture and material gain culture. The Chinese traditional ethics attaches importance to morality but not advantage. The basic idea of Chinese traditional society is that moral can explain all the things when there is contradiction between the benefit and morality. In the West, although in the process of social and historical development, its social values are complicated and varied, the English society is based on individual, the value of the personal goals is to seek fame and wealth, and they think the interests of the individual is sacred and it is peoples inherent in nature. In the English history, utilitarianism and the pragmatism were in vogue and became the English mainstream value. The rationalism and the scientific principle are extremely developed in the West. In real life, the English show innovative utilitarian. Scientific concepts and technology awareness have constituted an important source of English character. 3.3. Harmonious Culture and Struggle Culture According to the different of the Chinese and English culture form, we can sum up the Chinese and English culture to harmonious culture and struggle culture. On the relation between human being and the nature, the Chinese traditional culture emphasizes respect to the nature, obeying the natural law, pursuing the harmony between the human and the nature. The Chinese culture always seeks the harmory of the people, the harmony nature and sowety which becomes a theme of life. It opposes to the independence and brings up the collective concept. It is looking for a moderate and conciliatory way. The harmony concept of Chinese culture has also embodied and fostered the national consciousness being with obedient, submissive, conservative and inert. Therefore the Americans and Europeans generally believe that there is no difference between 1990s China and the Confucius times China. All the old things that are very valuable; and all the new things that are utterly meaningless.5 This brings up the modest, reserved, introverted character. In the West, ancient Greece and ancient Roman philosophers who studied the nature form at the beginning. They explored the mysteries of nature and conquered nature. The English cultures exploration and natural conquest have never stopped. When they deal with the interpersonal relations, the English advocates personal freedom and the will of personal independence; it emphasizes the value of life and dignity, but they overlook the collective consciousness. “So, China has Chen Jingrun who is carefully proofing, but the West has Praises Bach who is boldly