2014职称英语理工类A级新增文章含译文.doc

2012年职称英语理工类新增A级文章篇目阅读理解（2篇） +四五篇Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety+四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem Engineers完形填空（2篇） +十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells+第十五篇 “Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage注：1、+表示A级文章；*表示B即文章；其他为C级文章；2、完形填空请参见第#页；第四五篇Small But Wise小而聪明On December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Dont let its small size fool you:WISE has大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。你可千万不要轻视这个小东西，WISE可是一款高强数码相机a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known它将在人类已知的宇宙里拍摄任何你所universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets能想到的天体，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天and stars are born.体，以及自行星和恒星诞生以来的巨大尘埃云Im very excited because were going to be seeing parts of the universe that we havent seenNed Wright是主持WISE项目的科学家他说：“我十分兴奋，因为我们就before,said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project.要看到以前从未看到过的那部分宇宙”。Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a到达宇宙空间后，WISE由于受极地轨道重力作用，一直在围绕地球旋转。polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is(这意味着，每转一圈，它就离南极和北极靠近)。它的镜头是向外的，远离地球。pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky每11分钟WISE就会抓拍天空一个不同的部分。六个月之后，它将把整个天空every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky.拍摄完毕。 The pictures taken by WISE wont be like everyday digital photographs,however. WISE然而，WISE拍摄的相片不会像我们日常的数码相片。WISE是Wide-fieldstands forWide-field Infrared Survey Explorer.As its name suggests,the WISE camera takesInfrared Survey Explorer(广域红外戡测探测器)的缩写。正如名字所示，WISE能pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of辐射是波浪状行进的一种能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital看到的光谱就是射线的一个例子。当普通的数码相机给一棵树照相时，它能接收camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off 到树反射回来的、可见的光波。the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens,theyre processed by the camera,which 光波通过镜头进入到相机里，相机对它进行加工，then puts the image together.然后把图像合成Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras红外线的波长比可见光长，所以，普通的数码相机捕捉不到他们，人眼也看dont see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longer不到这种射线。infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.尽管人们看不到，人的皮肤能感受到较长红外线带来的温暖。Thats a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes cant. Not这就是为什么WISE能捕捉到其他望远镜看不到的物体的主要原因。宇宙everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that中，不是所有的东西都以可见光的方式呈现出来。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They dont reflect light,so 的大岩石，但是小行星吸收射到他们表面的大部分光。他们不能反射光，所以要theyre difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will 看到他们很困难。但他们却释放出红外线，所以，象WISE这样的红外线望远镜be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of才能够捕捉到它们的图像。hundreds of thousands of asteroids.WISE的任务就是拍摄成千上万的小行星图像。Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISEs pictures.WISE的另一任务是为另外一种太空深处的天体一褐矮星拍照。这种天体是These objects arefailed stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the“失败的”恒星，它们是一些不够大，不能像太阳的能量那样启动相同的反应。褐same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and矮星只能缩小和冷却。cool down. Theyre so dim that theyre almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the他们发出的光如此之微弱，人们根本看不到，但是在红外infrared spe ctrum they glow.频谱中，它们是发光的。词汇：trashcan / tr,kn/n垃圾箱infrared/infrred/ adj红外线asteroid/strid/ n.小行星dwarf/dw:f/ n. 矮星注释：1.NASA （美国国家航空航天局）是缩写词，全称是National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration2. the wildest objects ：任何你能想象得到的天体。wild 有“未被人驯养的”“荒唐的”“离奇的”意思。3. faint stars, blazing galaxies：指的是那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃烧而无法观察到的天体。4. polar orbit：极地轨道。指轨道平面与赤道面夹角为90。的人造地球卫星轨道。人造卫星运行时能到达南北极区上空，即卫星能飞经全球范围的上空。需要在全球范围内进行观测和应用的气象卫星、导航卫星、地球资源卫星等都采用这种轨道。5. lap：一圈。原指竞赛场的一圈或游泳池的一个来回，如： She overtook the other runners on the last lap. 她最后一圈超过了其他参赛者。6. infrared radiation：红外线辐射7. spectrum of light：光谱，即，光辐射的波长分布区域。8. Brown dwarfs：褐矮星。褐矮星非常暗淡，很难发现它们，要确定它们的大小就更加困难。9.jump start: 启动练习：1 .What is so special about WISE? 什么是特别的聪明？A It is small in size but carries a large camera. 它是规模小，但携带大型照相机。B It is as small as a trashcan. 它是作为一个小垃圾桶。C Its digital camera can help astronomers to see the unknown space. 其数码相机可以帮助天文学家看到未知的空间。D Never before has a telescope carried a digital camera in space. 以前从未有一个望远镜进行数码相机的空间。2. Which is NOT the synonym for the word snap in the third paragraph? 这不是同义词的单词“卡”在第三段？A make. 使。B shoot. 拍摄的。C take拿走,取走;夺取,占领;抓,捕;吸引D photograph. 照片。3. The camera on WISE相机上的智慧A is no different from an ordinary camera. 没有什么不同，从一个普通的相机。B does not see infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does. 不见红外辐射，而普通摄像机。C catches the infrared radiation while the ordinary camera does not. 有红外辐射，而普通摄像机不。D reflects light that human eyes can see. 反射光，人的眼睛可以看到。4. Which of the following is NOT correct aboutasteroids according to paragraph 7? 下列哪项是不正确的关于“小行星”根据7款？A Asteroids float through space giving off visible light. 小行星漂浮在空间发出可见光的。B Asteroids do not reflect light that reaches them. 小行星并不反映光线到达他们。C It is difficult to take asteroids pictures by ordinary cameras, 它是难采取小行星的照片的普通相机，D The WISE telescope can take pictures of asteroids聪明的望远镜可以拍照的小行星5.What is implied in the last paragraph? 什么是隐含在最后一段吗？A Brown dwarfs give off visible light. 褐矮星发出可见光的。B Brown dwarfs give off infrared radiation. 褐矮星发出红外辐射。C Brown dwarfs are power stars like the sun. 褐矮星是类似太阳的恒星。D Brown dwarfs are impossible to see with the WISE telescope.褐矮星是不可能看到的和聪明的望远镜。答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一和第二段提供了答案。WISE 的特殊之处就在于，虽然体积小，但它的数码相机能拍到任何天体，所以能够帮助天文学家观测到宇宙空间中（ in the known universe ）的未知天文现象。其他选项都不是短文表达的意思。2. A snap 是个多义词，可以解释为“拍照”，更为确切的意思是“拍快照”。这里shoot, take 和photograph 都是snap 的同义词。3. C 短文第六段和第四段提供了答案。人类的肉眼和普通相机看到的光是visible lights ，看不见红外线辐射（ infrared radiation) ，而WISE 的相机能够看到。4. A 短文第七段第二句说并非所有的宇宙中的物体都会发出可见光，比如asteroids ，所以A是正确选项。其他选项的内容都可以在该段中找到。5. B 最后一段的第一句说，褐矮星能出现在WISE 照片中，根据上文对WISE 望远镜的描述只有WISE 望远镜才能拍到红外线射线，所以B是正确选择。第四十六篇Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as Ecosystem Engineers蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”对环境影响巨大Research by the University of Exeter1 has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local 埃克斯特大学所做的研究表明，蚂蚁作为“生态系统工程师”和食肉动物的行environment as a result of their activity as ecosystem engineers and predators. The study,为对当地的环境影响巨大。published in the Journal of Animal Ecology, found that ants have two distinct effects on their 该研究发表在动物生态杂志上，它表明蚂蚁对当地的local environment.环境有两大显著的影响Firstly, through moving of soil by nest building2 activity and by collecting food they affect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups, from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.第一，通过筑巢而挪动土壤或采集食物，蚂蚁影响土壤的营养水平。这可间接影响当地从腐生物到食物链高层的许多动物种群的数量。Secondly, they prey on a wide range of other animals, including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.第二，它们捕食的动物种类很多，包括那些被大量工蚁攻击的大猎物。Dirk Sanders, an author of the study from the universitys Centre for Ecology and Conservation, said:Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. Theyre also very territorial3 and very aggressive, defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.Dirk Sanders是该大学生态和保护中心所做的此项研究的作者，他说：“蚂蚁是高效的食肉动物，而且能大量繁殖。它们具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力对抗其他的食肉动物来保卫自己的领地。所有这些都意味着蚂蚁对周围环境影响巨大。”In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators, their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups4. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment, having a big influence on the grassland food web, Sanders said.“在该研究中，我们第一次对蚂蚁带来的影响程度及微妙程度进行研究。所得的发现是：尽管是食肉动物，蚂蚁的出现能促使其他动物族群在数量和品种上的增长。并对当地的环境起到切实重要的作用，对大草原的食物链影响巨大。”Sanders说。The study, carried out in Germany, studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants, both species which can be found across Europe, including in the UK. It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area, particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect, showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.该研究在德国进行，它对花园黑蚂蚁和一般的红蚂蚁在不同混合程度和不同密度下的影响力进行研究。黑蚂蚁和红蚂蚁在整个欧洲包括英国都能找到。研究发现，一个地区的蚂蚁密度小，而其他动物尤其是食草动物和腐生物的数量和种类会增多。如果蚂蚁的密度大，就不可能产生同样的影响，或者产生相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵消蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。Dr Frank van Veen, another author on the study, said:What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels, but as the number of ants increases, their predatory impacts have the bigger effect thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.Dr Frank van Veen是本研究的另一作者，他说：“我们的发现是：如果蚂蚁的数量少，其对土壤的营养水平的影响会对动物族群产生积极的效果。但是如果蚂蚁的数量增加，其捕食的影响会达到最大化，因此会抵消蚂蚁通过生态工程给环境带来的积极影响”。Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass5 but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity6 is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact, which obviously reduces its richness. However, it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem Ants are important in below ground processes8 through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants, microorganisms, and other soil organisms.蚂蚁是生态系统的重要组成部分，不仅因为它占有很大部分的生物量，而且因为其作为生态系统工程师的角色。蚂蚁具有难以想象的多样性，但极易受人类的影响，这就使它的多样性有显著的减少。然而，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。蚂蚁通过变动物理的和化学的环境，通过对植物、微生物和其他土壤生物的影响而对生态环境起至关重要的作用。词汇：predator / predt/ n食肉动物nutrient/ nju:trint/ n 营养物；adj营养的decomposer/,di:kmpuz/ n腐生物；分解体prey/prei/ v捕食；n被捕食的动物subtlety/ stlti/ n ，微妙，精妙herbivore/ h:biv: / n 食草动物注释：1.the University of Exeter ：埃克斯特大学。1851 年建校，位于英国西南部重要商业中心埃克斯特市，是英国著名的传统大学之一。2. nest building ：筑巢3. territorial ：领地的。在此用来形容蚂蚁的本性，即具有很强的领地意识，并且会竭尽全力保卫自己的领地。4. an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups ：其他动物群体在数量和品种上的增长。5. biomass ：物质名词，由bio和mass 两部分组成，意为“生物量”“生物质”。6. biodiversity ：物质名词，由bio和diversity 两部分组成，意为“生物多样性”。7.the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem ：蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用。8. below ground processes ：土壤下面的（工作）过程，即影响生态环境的过程。练习：1 .Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers? 为什么蚂蚁叫生态系统工程师？A Because they build their own nests. 因为他们建立自己的巢。B Because they collect food. 因为他们收集食物。C Because their activity affects the environment. 因为他们的活动影响环境。D Because they are predators. 因为它们是掠食者。2. As predators, ants作为食肉动物，蚂蚁A prey on small as well as large animals. 捕食小型以及大型动物。B collect nutritious food from the soil收集的土壤营养食品C collect food as decomposers. 收集食物分解。D prey on species much higher up the food chain. 捕食物种更高的食物链。3. Dir Sanders study centered on how ants迪尔桑德斯的研究集中在如何蚂蚁A can manage to thrive in huge numbers. 经营蓬勃发展，大量。B defend their resources and territory against other predators. 捍卫自己的资源和领土对其他食肉动物。C attack those invading animals for survival. 攻击入侵的动物生存。D produce such a big impact on the environment. 产生这样一个大环境影响。4. What does paragraph 6 tell us? 6段告诉我们什么？A Ants bring about a negative influence to an area when their population is small. 蚂蚁带来负面影响的地区时，他们的人口小。B Ants bring about a positive influence to an area when their population is small. 蚂蚁带来积极影响的地区，其人口的小。C Ants predation counteracts the positive influence they may have on an area. 蚂蚁捕食抵消了积极的影响，他们可能对一个地区。D At higher density, ants produce a positive influence on an area. 在高密度，蚂蚁产生积极影响的地区。5. What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph? 什么仍然不清楚蚂蚁，根据最后一段？A What roles do ants play in the ecosystem in which they live? 做什么样的角色打蚂蚁在生态系统中生活B How do ants affect the animal diversity in a given ecosystem? 蚂蚁是如何影响动物的多样性在一个特定的生态系统？C How do human activities affect ants influence on a given ecosystem? 人类活动怎样影响蚂蚁的影响某一特定的生态系统？D How do ants alter the physical and chemical environment? 蚂蚁是如何改变的物理和化学环境？答案与题解：1. C 短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是正确答案，因为并不是因为蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师，而是因为它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平，为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境（见第二段）。2.A答案能够从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们，蚂蚁的掠食范围很广，甚至包括比它们体积更大的动物（ larger animals) 。 prey 在这里的意思是“捕猎，捕食”，作为动词，后面跟介词on或upon。3.D Dirk Sanders说：“In this research, we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it.”（第五段）所以，D是正确选择。句中the subtleties of it 的意思是：蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处。4.B 短文第六段第二句的大概意思是，蚂蚁数量小（a low density of ants）的话，能使其他动物的品种和数量增加（increased the diversity and density of other animals），从而给环境带来积极影响；第三句说，如果蚂蚁的数量大（At higher densities），就不可能产生同样的影响，或者是相反的影响，这表明，蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段Dr Frank van Veen 表达了大体相同的内容。5.C 最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们，蚂蚁极易受人类的影响（these organisms are highly responsive to human impact），第三句告诉我们，科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用（”it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem.”）。完形填空第十三篇 Solar Power without Solar Cells太阳能的太阳能电池A dramatic and surprising magnetic effect of light discovered by University of Michigan1 researchers could lead to solar power without traditional semiconductor-based solar cells.戏剧性的和令人惊讶的磁光效应发现michigan1大学研究人员可能导致太阳能没有传统的半导体太阳能电池。The researchers found a way to make an optical battery, said Stephen Rand, a professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Physics and Applied Physics. 研究人员发现了一种使“光电池，说：”史蒂芬兰德，系教授电气工程与计算机科学，物理和应用物理。Light has electric and magnetic components. Until now, scientists thought the effects of the magnetic field were so weak that they could be ignored. What Rand and his colleagues found is that at the right intensity, when light is traveling through a material that does not conduct electricity, the light field can generate magnetic effects that are 100 million times stronger than previously expected. Under these circumstances, the magnetic effects develop strength equivalent to a strong electric effect.光的电场和磁场组成部分。直到现在，科学家认为磁效应很弱，可以忽略。什么兰德和他的同事们发现，在适当的强度，当光线穿过一个材料，不导电，光场可以产生磁效应，强100000000倍，比原先预期。在这种情况下，磁作用发展实力相当强的影响。This could lead to a new kind of solar cell without semiconductors and without absorption to produce charge separation, Rand said. In solar cells, the light goes into a material, gets absorbed and creates heat. Here, we expect to have a very low heat load2. Instead of the light being absorbed, energy is stored in the magnetic moment3. Intense magnetization can be induced by intense light and then it is ultimately capable of providing a capacitive power source.What makes this possible is a previously undetected brand of optical rectification4, says William Fisher, a doctoral student5 in applied physics. In traditional optical rectification, lights electric field causes a charge separation, or a pulling apart of the positive and negative charges6 in a material. This sets up a voltage, similar to that in a battery.“这可能导致一种新的太阳能电池的半导体和不吸收不产生电荷分离，”兰德说。”太阳能电池，光进入材料，吸收和产生热量。在这里，我们期望有一个非常低的热3。相反的光被吸收，能量储存在磁moment3。强磁化可诱导强烈的光，然后最终能够提供一个电容电源。”是什么使这可能是一种以前未被发现的品牌“光rectification4，”威廉说，student5应用物理学博士。在传统的光学矫正，光的电场使电荷分离，或撕裂的积极和消极charges6材料。这建立了一个电压，类似于一个电池。Rand and Fisher found that under the right circumstances and in right types of materials, the lights magnetic field can also create optical rectification. The light must be shone through7 a material that does not conduct electricity, such as glass. And it must be focused to an intensity of 10 million watts per square centimeter8. Sunlight isnt this intense on its own, but new materials are being sought that would work at lower intensities, Fisher said.兰德和渔民发现，正确的情况下，对各类材料，光的磁场也可以创造光整流。光线一定要照through7材料，不导电，玻璃等。它必须被集中到一个强度为10000000瓦每平方centimeter8。阳光不强烈的自己，但新材料被要求将工作在较低的强度，费雪说。In our most recent paper, we show that incoherent light9 like sunlight is theoretically almost as. effective in producing charge separation as laser light is, Fisher said.“在我们的最新文件，我们表明，非相干light9理论几乎像阳光。有效地产生电荷分离激光光，”。This new technique could make solar power cheaper, the researchers say. They predict that with improved materials they could achieve 10 percent efficiency in converting solar power to useable energy. Thats equivalent to todays commercial-grade solar cells.这种新技术可以使太阳能更便宜的，研究人员说。他们预测，提高材料可以达到百分之10的效率，把太阳能转换成可用的能源。这相当于今天的商业级太阳能电池。To manufacture modern solar cells, you have to do extensive semiconductor processing, Fisher said. All we would need are lenses to focus the light and a fiber to guide it. Glass works for both . Its already made in bulk10, and it doesnt require as much processing. Transparent ceramics might be even better.制造现代太阳能电池，你必须做广泛的半导体处理，”他说。”所有我们需要的镜头集中光源和光纤引导它。玻璃工程为。它已经在bulk10，而且不需要尽可能多的处理。透明陶瓷可能会更好。词汇：optical / ptikl / adj光学的 incoherent /, inkuhirnt/ adj非相干的capacitive / kpsitiv/ adj. 电容（量）的 semiconduc