定语从句讲解.doc

二语法讲解：定语从句I.定义1. 什么叫作定语从句？定语从句（Attributive Clauses）由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。2. 什么叫作关系词？引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：引导定语从句。代替先行词。在定语从句中担当一个成分。注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。3.什么叫作定语？定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用的表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。4. 什么叫作先行词？先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。II关系代词引导的定语从句举例 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致1. who(主格，在定语从句中做主语), whom(宾格，做宾语)，两者“代替的是人”。(1) Is he the man who wants to see you? 他就是想见你的人吗？（ who在从句中作主语）(2) He is the man (whom) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom在从句中作宾语，可省略）2. whose是所有格，用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）(1) They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。(2) Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3. which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。(1) Tom lost his favorite book, which made him very upset.汤姆丢了他最喜欢的书，这让他很不开心。 在非限制性定语从句中，which可指代前面讲到的整件事。(2)This is the book (which) I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。(作宾语，可省略)4. that指人或物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。(1) A prosperity that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（that指物，在句中作主语）(2) The package (that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。( that指物，在句中作宾语，可省略）(3) Everyone that knows him likes him. 认识他的人个个都喜欢他。(that指人，在句中作主语)5. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略。注意：不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词，英语中不定代词有：some（something，somebody，someone），any（anything，anybody，anyone）， no（nothing，nobody，no one）， every（everything，everybody，everyone），all，each，both，much，many，（a）little，（a）few，other（s），another，none，one，either， neither等。例如: A wise man thinks all that he says, a fool says all that he thinks. 智者思其所言，愚者言其所思。Is there anything that I can read? 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.例如：Its the best movie that I have ever seen. That was the first steamship that crossed the Atlantic.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which或who时,都只能用that例如：They are talking about the schools and the teachers that they have visited. Who is the person that is standing in front of the school library?III 关系副词引导的定语从句举例 关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=in/ at/ on/ . which (介词同先行词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ . which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. When 引导定语从句，在从句中作时间状语 Ill never forget the day when I met you. 2. where引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语On April 1 they flew to Beijing, where they stayed several days.The police asked the villagers if it was the place where they found the lost child.3. why引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词，在从句中作原因状语The reason (why/for which/that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them.This is the reason why I am in fovor of investing in this city.The reason which/that she gives for not coming is that her mother will leave for New York tomorrow. IV as 引导的定语从句1. 限制性定语从句as 多和such或the same连用，构成“suchas”或“the sameas”结构，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 (1) I have never heard such a story as he tells. (2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.2. 非限制性定语从句 as 作为关系代词代替整个主句，as引导的定语从句位置可在主句前、中或后，一般用逗号与主句隔开，译为“（正）如一样”或“正像一样”等as 与which 在这种用法上的区别 Which引导的从句只能放在主句之后，as 引导的从句既可在前，也可在后 as 引导从句是，有“为人所熟知，显然之意”，which则不然 as 引导的从句往往表示一种附加说明，which则为较主要的评说。(1) As might be expected, Sam was admitted to Cambridge University.(2) More American troops are being sent to Middle East, as/which I have learned from the newspaper and TV.(3) As is often the case, one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan.常见的as的结构 As is well known 众所周知 as is often the case情况常常如此As may be imagined 可以想象的出 as often happens 这种情况常常发生As has been said before 如前所述 as has been pointed out 正如已经指出的As is hoped 正如所希望的 as is natural 很自然As is supposed 如所料想的 as is anticipated 正如所预料的As is the custom with 习惯如此 as is usual with somebody 某人经常如此As will be shown in 将在中指出 as the saying goes 正如一句谚语所说的V. 非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别类型关系限制性定语从句从句与先行词之间没有逗号从句与主句密不可分，如省去，主句的意义就不完整非限制性定语从句有逗号隔开，关系词不用that 或who松散，只起补充说明的作用，省略也不影响主句意义的完整Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。The children who wanted to play basketball were disappointed when it rained. 那个想要打篮球的小孩看到天下雨非常的失望。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。VI 介词+关系代词引导的定语从句（1） 介词是从句谓语动词本身所要求的，是不能省去的This is the room in which Chairman Mao once lived.（2） 介词后面只能用which/whom，不能用that.The days on which you could travel without a passport are gone.（3） 介词的选择 根据所要表达的意义来决定 Work is the product of a force and the distance through which it acts. 功是力和在该力作用下经过的距离的乘积。 受其从句动词本身制约 A liquid takes the shape of the container in which it is placed. 受其所修饰的先行词的制约The speed at which the coding can be done depends on the speed at which the operator works.（4） 名词（代词）+介词+关系代词 引导的定语从句 The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors. Our department has a large collection of books, many of which are in English.（5） 介词+which+名词 引导的定语从句 It rained all night and day, during which time the ship broke into pieces.VI练习1. 判断正误，如有错误，请改正(1) This is the mountain village where I visited last year. (2) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(3) H