博士英语写作.doc

19博士英语 加油！总的原则和规律 一般来说博士的英语作文一般都是给 阐述或陈述问题的文章写摘要，如“吃早餐有利于身体健康”、“吸烟有害健康”、“中国大学生越来越能接受心理咨询”、或“医疗体制的现状”等等这样文章，可使用以下的模版：陈述问题型文章，分三种类型：一、 正面陈述问题 “吃早餐有利于身体健康”就是只从正面陈述问题；二、 负面陈述问题 如“吸烟有害健康”这样的文章，就是一般只说明吸烟是有害的，只说负面影响。三、客观的陈述问题（正负面都有的） 如“医疗体制的现状”等问题，因为这样的文章有好也有坏的方面，也就是有正面也有负面的问题。又如04年的博士论文，就是对医院问题的陈述，文章分别从洋医院、民营医院和公立医院几个方面来阐述，分别说明这几种医院各自的优点和缺点，所以这样的文章就是典型的客观陈述事实的文章。 首先看看是什么样的文章，再确定用什么模版来套用。（各个类型我都做一套模版）但是不管是哪个类型的文章都不外乎这几个步骤，切记，不要觉得无所谓啊！步骤一、确定一个好的题目 一般这个题目可以和中文标题的翻译一样， 应该是陈述性的词组， 用“of” 、“and” 或“N 词组加介词短语”(1) 如文章是陈述的一个事情或问题，那就用什么的什么（sth1 of sth2） 如：中国医疗体系的现状： The State of Arts of Chinese Medical Care System 或医疗制度的改革： Reform of Chinese Medical Care System (2) 讲到一个负面的问题，一般都是和健康有关系的，就可以说 sth1 and Health 如：吸烟和健康，早餐和健康等等（3）如果本文只讲到了一件事情，那么可以用介词短语如A Blind Zone in Child-nutrition, (小孩营养问题的盲区) 等等注意：1、第一个词和所有的实词大写，介词和冠词（The, a an）等虚词小写 2、最好要是陈述性的词组，除非原文的标题本来是疑问句步骤二、浏览全文， 把要点在试卷上划记下来既然是写文章的总结（summary），那么首先需要浏览全文，我感觉这些文章都已经把条理给整理清楚了，那么基本可以确定大概的几条，在试卷上把重要的部分用笔划出来；还可以把序号打上，说明一共有几点。注意：1、不用划记细节描写的语句，而用文章中陈述性的语句。一般来说主题句都是陈述性的语句。 如讲到公费医疗体系的问题，你不要去划记那些中国的公立医院有多少，增长了多少的句子，而应该着重看陈述性的主题句是怎么说的， 如果说有了大幅度的增长你就要知道这句话是最重要的句子。(切记：除非本文就是讲数据，而且目的在于测试考生们数据增长、减少等句型的话，那么就要用数据说明问题了)步骤三、确定一个全文的主题句这个问题是最重要的，也就是文章讲了什么步骤四、确定每个段落的主题句步骤五、最后有个小小的总结文章的框架：文章字数是200，那么大约是11-13句左右的样子。标 题全文的主题句（1句）。重复解释主题句的句子（1句）。过渡句（1句）。1段落主题句（1句）。重复解释段落主题句的句子（1-2句）。2段落主题句（1句）。重复解释段落主题句的句子（1-2句）。3段落主题句（1句）。重复解释段落主题句的句子（1-2句）。总结句（1句）。注意：段落的分布要根据文章的要点来，我假定是三个要点就分了三个小段落。逻辑和结构很重要。对某个生活或卫生习惯的告戒或提示类的文章一、 正面陈述问题一、第一段的第一句， 也就是全文的主题句（topic sentence of the whole summary）： 用中文总结出来一句： 本文揭示了/说明了一个问题 This article reveals that _ has become one of the prominent issues which are closely related with peoples health/ of the modern Chinese society/in the area of antibiotics alone. 如早餐问题已经成为了与人们健康息息相关的突出问题；或也可以说成了社会问题；也可以说成了某个领域的问题(抗生素领域)。Most people take it for granted that _ should _. However, it is not always the case. 很多人都想当然地认为什么应该怎么样。然而事实并非如此。 （这几个句子要看情况，并不是都有用的，如果文章中出现了这样的句子“很多人都想当然觉得早餐不是那么重要- Most people take it for granted that breakfast is not significant”，但是实际上不是这样的，那么就可以用到这个句子） Scientists found that these problems are actually caused by irrational diets and eating habits. （科学家们发现这些问题是由什么引起的，如老年人的心脏血管等问题，然而实际上是因为不当饮食习惯造成的） This is indicated in a survey recently made in shanghai by two reports.（该观点由谁在上海做的一个调查报告中可以得出），也就是如果你这篇文章是由卫生部的报告（report）中得出的，或指出的，那么就可以这么写。如果不是的，那么这个句子可以不写。二、第二段 Firstly, balanced /regular . is especially good for the health of 首先，平衡什么的饮食尤其对什么好。In addition, should be suggested to , largely because it helps people to 此外，什么应该多选用于干什么，主要是因为它帮助人们什么。Furthermore, it is helpful to reduce the possibilities of being in the danger of suffering from cardiovascular diseases.再者，它能帮助减少患心血管疾病的危险的几率。Finally, but not the least point is that fat and oily food usually attribute to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is better to take in light food instead of fat and oily food.最后，但并非最后一点就是油腻的食物常导致心血管疾病， 所以应该选用油份较少的食物而不是过分油腻的食物。It commonly leads to cardiovascular diseases.It usually attributes to cardiovascular diseases. 常常导致心血管疾病.三、第三段 In general, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food is of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life. 总而言之，一个平衡的饮食，多吃蔬菜而少吃油腻的食物是对老人来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。In general, a regular habit of work and rest, more high-quality of sleeping instead of staying up late is of the first significance to the health of people and a long life. 总而言之，一个规律的作息，高质量的睡眠而少熬夜是对人们来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。指出现在已经存在的问题，并且指出了解决办法的文章二、 负面陈述问题一、第一段的第一句， 也就是全文的主题句（topic sentence of the whole summary）： 用中文总结出来一句： 本文揭示了/说明了一个问题。： This article reveals that _ has become one of the prominent problems which are threatening peoples health/ of the modern Chinese society/in the area of antibiotics alone. 如吸烟问题已经成了威胁人类健康的一个突出问题, 又如早餐问题等等； 同样的，如果是现有的医疗制度之类的问题， 那就可以统称说 成为了（现代）（中国）社会的突出问题；或可以说成了某个领域的问题。Most people take it for granted that _ should _. However, it is not always the case. 很多人都想当然地认为什么应该怎么样。然而事实并非如此。 （这几个句子要看情况，并不是都有用的，如果文章中出现了这样的句子“很多人都想当然觉得早餐不是那么重要- Most people take it for granted that breakfast is not significant”，但是实际上不是这样的，那么就可以用到这个句子） Scientists found that these problems are actually caused by _. This is indicated in a survey recently made in shanghai by two reports.（该观点由谁在上海做的一个调查报告中可以得出），也就是如果你这篇文章是由卫生部的报告（report）中得出的，或指出的，那么就可以这么写。如果并是的，那么这个句子可以不写。二、第二段 （一般是由段落主题句+1-2个深入解释的句子就可，有时候句子太长，没必要解释也可以的）What people do not know is that . 。The second blind zone concerned with this issue is that 。 In addition/ Additionally /Furthermore, the third misunderstanding is . Finally, the last but not the least point is (注意这些连接词， 这些都可以任意使用的，如可以先用了In addition/ Additionally 后，再后面那点用Furthermore, 或反之也可)。 三、第三段 （对这些问题的解决办法的套语）It is not easy to identify the solutions，for it involves several complicated factors. (要找到解决的办法不容易，因为有些复杂的因素-也不一定需要这个句子，如果文章中间没有很难的因素,那么就不需要说了。) Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem is to provide（然而，很显然最好的解决办法就是。）如果是有很多的解决办法那么就Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem mainly lies on the following three aspects. 再用前面讲到的连接词， 把文章中讲到的解决办法写上。客观反映某个问题的文章三、正负问题先将文章浏览一下，再列出几点后写下来了：以04年博士作文为例子：本文为我们展示了中国现代医院的几种模式，值得人们思考和老百姓去掂量。一般而言可以分为以下三种：洋医院、民营医院和公家医院。而他们各有其有缺点。洋医院的优点在于，然而尽管它有这么多优点：，也有这些不容忽视的缺点：民营医院尽管有这些缺点：，但是有其优点：公家医院是我们常常选择的，因为它有这些优点，但是已经受到了威胁，因为本身存在着这些弊病：。如何选择好医院对于老百姓来说是个关键的问题。其实其他的类似的文章都可以这么写的。那么要注意的就是句型的使用。有些套话可以学习。一、第一段本文为我们展示了中国现代医院的几种模式，值得人们思考和老百姓去掂量。This article reveals that it has become a hot phenomenon currently that more and more people are concerned about how to select a proper hospital. 或者也可以说This article reveals that there are several models/types of Chinese modern hospitals which deserve people to distinguish and select properly. There are mainly three types of modern hospitals in China, foreign hospitals, people-run hospitals and public hospitals, which have their own advantages and disadvantages respectively.二、第二段Overall speaking, its advantages overwhelm its disadvantages. 总的来说，它的优点比优缺点突出。The biggest advantage lies on 最大的优点在于什么方面。Despite its advantages, it still has its shortcoming, that is, 尽管有这些优点，但是仍然有它的缺点，在于什么方面。Furthermore/in addition/ Additionally, it also has 除此之外，它还有什么优点。On the other hand, it 而另外一方面，它却。Identically, it has the same problem is that 同样的是，它也有同样的问题是。Compared with the former one, it has its unique merits which lie on 和前者比较起来，它有其独特的优点就是。Nevertheless, it has unavoidable demerit that 然而，它却有不可避免的缺陷，就是。三、第三段 可以给出一个总结性的句子，如果有必要，就是说在选择何种医院的时候要三思。In general, a second thought before the final decision of types of hospitals is of the first significance to the health and pursuing better services. 有用的句型1、 This article reveals that _ has become one of the prominent issues which are closely related with peoples health.2、 This article reveals that _ has become one of the prominent issues of the modern Chinese society.3、 This article reveals that _ has become one of the prominent issues in the area of antibiotics alone.4、 This article reveals that _ has become one of the prominent problems which are threatening peoples health/ of the modern Chinese society/in the area of antibiotics alone.5、 This article reveals that it has become a hot phenomenon currently that more and more people are concerned about how to select a proper hospital. 6、 This article reveals that there are several models/types of Chinese modern hospitals which deserve people to distinguish and select properly. 7、 There are mainly three types of modern hospitals in China, foreign hospitals, people-run hospitals and public hospitals, which have their own advantages and disadvantages respectively.8、 Most people take it for granted that _ should _. However, it is not always the case.9、 Most people take it for granted that breakfast is not significant.10、 This is indicated in a survey recently made in shanghai by_.11、 Scientists found that these problems are actually caused by _irrational diets and eating habits_.12、 What people do not know is that . 13、 The second blind zone concerned with this issue is that 14、 In addition / Additionally /Furthermore, the third misunderstanding is . 15、 Finally, but not the least point is 16、 It is not easy to identify the solutions，for it involves several complicated factors.17、 Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem is to provide18、 Nevertheless, apparently the best way to solve the problem mainly lies on the following three aspects.19、 Firstly, balanced /regular . is especially good for the health of 首先，平衡什么的饮食尤其对什么好。In addition, should be suggested to , largely because it helps people to 此外，什么应该多选用于干什么，主要是因为它帮助人们什么。Furthermore, it is helpful to reduce the possibilities of being in the danger of suffering from cardiovascular diseases.再者，它能帮助减少患心血管疾病的危险的几率。Finally, but not the least point is that fat and oily food usually attribute to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, it is better to take in light food instead of fat and oily food.最后，但并非最后一点就是油腻的食物常导致心血管疾病， 所以应该选用油份较少的食物而不是过分油腻的食物。It commonly leads to cardiovascular diseases.It usually attributes to cardiovascular diseases. 常常导致心血管疾病.18、 In general, a balanced diet, more vegetable food instead of fat food is of the first significance to the health of the aged and a long life. 总而言之，一个平衡的饮食，多吃蔬菜而少吃油腻的食物是对老人来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。In general, a regular habit of work and rest, more high-quality of sleeping instead of staying up late is of the first significance to the health of people and a long life. 总而言之，一个规律的作息，高质量的睡眠而少熬夜是对人们来说是保持健康长寿的最重要的因素。19、Overall speaking, its advantages overwhelm its disadvantages. 总的来说，它的优点比优缺点突出。The biggest advantage lies on 最大的优点在于什么方面。Despite its advantages, it still has its shortcoming, that is, 尽管有这些优点，但是仍然有它的缺点，在于什么方面。Furthermore/in addition/ Additionally, it also has 除此之外，它还有什么优点。On the other hand, it 而另外一方面，它却。Identically, it has the same problem is that 同样的是，它也有同样的问题是。Compared with the former one, it has its unique merits which lie on 和前者比较起来，它有其独特的优点就是。Nevertheless, it has unavoidable demerit that 然而，它却有不可避免的缺陷，就是。图表概述或描述中常用的句型概述图表1. As is shown by / can be seen in the graph (chart, table), 2. This is a table / chart / diagram / graph which describes .3. This is a table / chart / diagram / graph of .4. This table / chart / diagram / graph points out / indicates / shows / illustrates that .(the situation of)5. As we can see from / in the table / chart / diagram / graph,6. From the table / chart / diagram / graph we can see that .正如曲线所示，最近5年来该国人口飞速增长。As is shown by the graph, there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years.As is shown by the graph, there has been a rapid increase in the private-owned houses and a rapid decrease in the state-owned houses in the past five years.得出结论1. It can be seen / concluded from the table that 2. This table / chart / diagram / graph gives us a general idea of the changes / the grave situation of .A. 从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从1985年到1990年中国的人均收入迅速提高。From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew ,rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.B. 从曲线图可以得出结论，最近5年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降。It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years.3. amount to （数量总计）add up tocome to sum up to全部费用合计200美元。All the expenses (costs) amount to (add up to) $ 200.4. increase from to （数量增减）decreaserisefalldropA. 这个工厂生产的彩电已由1986年的5000台增加到1990年的21000台。The number of colour TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose, grew, climbed) from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.B.参加者的人数增加到30万。The number of participants grew up to 300000 persons. C. 这个学校的教职工人数已减少到700人。The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons.5.（be）three times as + 形容词 + as A.钢的年产量上升17%。 The annual output of steel rises by 17 per cent. B.现在我们地区的粮食产量相当于1970年的3倍。The grain production (output) in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970.6.Compared with , 与去年相比，今年13项主要产品的产量都有大幅度增长。Compared with that of last year, the output of 13 main products (items) this year has increased to a great extent.7.There is (was, has been) a rapid rise in be on the rise / be on sharp increase / on the increase (sudden decrease, the decline, steady decline, gradual fall, slow or slight drop)最近几年来这个地区的棉花产量有了迅速增长。The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years.The cotton output in this area has been on rapid rise (increase) in the past few years.“结尾”段落中常用的句型：1. In my opinion, 2. Personally, I 3. In short (= In brief), 4. In conclusion, 5.As far as Im concerned, 6. To conclude , it seems clear that Health improvement in developing countriesFrom the above charts we can see that developing countries have made great progress (achievements) in heath care (their peoples health).These two charts give us a general idea about the health improvement made by the developing countries during the 30 years from 1960 to 1990.From the above charts we can see that peoples health has been greatly improved in developing countries.The above charts show thatThe life expectancy in developing countries rose (increased) from a little (much) less than (a little more than) 40 years (or so) old in 1960 to 60 years old in 1990.The infant mortality in developing countries dropped (decreased) from nearly (roughly / about / approximately) 200 deaths per 1000 births in 1960 to less than 100 deaths per 1000 births in 1990.From the above charts we can clearly see that developing countries made great / remarkable / tremendous progress in heath care in the period of 30 years from 1960 to 1990.The left chart shows that their life expectancy (the life expectancy of the people living there) rose from less than 40 years old in 1960 to 60 years old in 1990. While the right chart indicates that their infant mortality dropped from nearly 200 deaths per 1000 births to less than 100 deaths per 1000 births in the same period.I think that there are at least two main reasons leading to this improvement during the 30 years. First, with the economic development in most developing countries, (especially in the Asian ones,) their living standards were continuously improving. As a result, people there could live much longer. Secondly, with the progress of medical science and living standard, people there could have better medical care. (The progress of medical science and living standard resulted in better medical care for the people the common people / the ordinary people / the majority of the people.) Consequently, the death rates, especially the infant mortality, dropped greatly (dramatically/ strikingly/ tremendously). In a word, this health improvement is the greatest achievement of all that the developing countries made.In a word, it is not easy for the developing countries to make such an improvement in peoples health.In a word, the developing countries must have overcome a lot of difficulties to achieve such an improvement (progress/advance) in peoples health.In a word, the developing countries must have taken a lot of paintaking (effective) measures (actions / steps) to achieve such an improvement (progress/advance) in peoples health.（413words）Changes in Peoples DietFrom the following figures we can see that peoples diet changed in the past 5 years from * to *. It is clear (obvious / most striking) that people ate (consumed / had) more milk and meat but less grain and fruit & vegetable. The increase of meat in peoples diet was the most obvious. Meat had a 6% increase in 1989. The decrease of grain and that of fruit & vegetable were 4% and 3% respectively in the past 5 years (in the same period).The reason for the changes in peoples diet is that peoples living standard has been improved with the economic development in our society. Better living conditions enabled people to eat better. People had more money to buy (consume) more meat and milk, the kinds of food that were only often consumed by the rich in the past.In my opinion, such changes are generally good. More meat and milk in peoples diet will make people healthier and stronger. (More meat and milk in peoples diet will result in healthier and stronger people.) But the decrease of fruit & vegetable consumption in diet, (however), is not a good thing (will have a negative impact on peoples health). To have a balanced diet, people should eat more fruit & vegetable as well as more milk and meet. (People should not only eat more meat and milk, but also more fruit & vegetable.) (179 words)Sharp Increase in World PopulationThis is a bar chart which describes the sharp increase of world population from the beginning of human race (man) to 1975. According to the figures (statistics) given in the chart, it took at least half a million years, from the beginning to the year 1830, for the human population to reach one billion. Then the world population increased rapidly, adding up to two billion in 1930, only 100 years later. The third billion was added by 1960, only thirty years later. From then on the global population was on a more rapid rise, amounting to 4 billion in 1975, which means an increase of another billion people in only 15 years. There are at least two reasons, I think, for su