如何有效提高高三学生的书面表达能力.doc

如何有效提高高三学生的书面表达能力 贵阳市白云区兴农中学 康金梅一 高考对高三学生书面表达能力的要求1 高考大纲要求考生根据提示进行书面表达。考生应能：(1)准确使用语法和词汇；(2)使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。2 新课程标准对写的七级要求是：（1）能用文字及图表提示信息并进行简单描述；（2）能写出常用体裁的应用文；（3）能描述人物或事件，并进行简单的评论；（4）能填写有关个人情况的表格；（5）能以小组形式根据课文改编短剧。3 高考英语书面表达的评分标准第五档的给分范围和要求：完全完成了试题规定的任务。 覆盖所有主要内容；应用了较多的语法结构和词汇；语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽力使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；完全达到了预期的写作目的。有较强的语言运用能力。 二 高三学生的书面表达存在的问题 尽管高三学生学英语至少有五年了，但由于缺乏使用英语的环境和其它原因，他们运用英语进行书面表达的能力低下，多数学生不能自由地流畅地用英语表达。高三学生的英语作文存在各种问题。 1 汉语式英语普遍有些学生的作文整篇都是汉式英语，如：I very like football. He is a come from Beijing student.甚至有些英语基础好的学生也会时而写出像There are many people think we should protect the animals.的句子。 2 句子简单单调比如有些学生写介绍自己的作文：Im Li Hua. Im 18 years old. I go to No. 1 Middle School. I like sports. 3 词汇缺乏有的学生连常用的单词都不会拼写。如：beatiful(beautiful), exerse(exercise), builded(built), waitting(waiting)等。有的学生找不到恰当的词来表达意思,就用拼音代替，有的学生不管英语词汇的用法，只要其汉语意思相同就用上，如，I took three hours to finish it. 4 不会用多种词汇和句型表达同一意思例如：some people think that, other people think that, I think that。再如：50% like to read. 30% like to watch TV. 20% like to listen to music.。其实，表达“观点”和“喜欢”的句型有很多种：in my opinion, I hold the opinion that, I support the idea that, Im for/in favor of the opinion, like, enjoy, be interested in, be fond of, prefer等。 5 刻意追求复杂句式有些学生则走向另一极端，一味追求复杂句式，他们写的作文从头到尾都是长句和复合句，叫人喘不过气来。三 教师训练书面表达存在的问题 1 没有计划有些教师随意布置书面表达作业，既没有做到从易到难，也没有分类训练。或者有的教师干脆不训练书面表达，学生只是碰到考试才写一次作文。 2 轻视批改 由于班级人数多和学生作文质量差，有的老师批改作文时只打个分数，有的老师虽然在学生作文中作了各种批注，但没有归纳统计学生的共性优缺点，所以讲评时只是凭印象。3 忽视讲评有的教师讲评书面表达只是把范文抄给学生，然后叫学生背。结果，学生写了作文也背了范文，却仍不知道怎样写作文。四 有效方法 1 写作基本功训练 近几年英语高考书面表达题紧扣大纲，话题贴近学生生活，体裁变化多样，强调语言的实用性和应用性，逐步加大了考生自由发挥的空间，对考生运用语言的能力的要求也不断提高。以2007年高考英语书面表达为例，全国各地的试题话题涉及竞选班长、创办英语刊物、捐赠用过的书、学生的偶像、慰问老人、体育活动、大学生活的打算、理想中的笔友、是否愿当免费示范生、高考后暑期安排、保护视力、课堂用英语还是英汉兼用、写信给患病女孩、毕业留言等，这些话题无一不和学生的生活息息相关。再看体裁，有书信（写信和回信）、发言稿、演讲稿、倡议书、征文等，无一不体现了语言的应用性。更值得注意的是，越来越多的试题给考生留了自由发挥的余地，如陕西卷、天津卷、全国卷、湖南卷、安徽卷等等，这就需要考生既有较强的想象能力和思维能力，又要具备扎实的写作基本功。研究高考书面表达命题趋势，我们应该重视学生的写作基本功训练，而不能靠背几个写作模式，更不能存在侥幸心理猜题押题。 (1) 词汇量的积累 学生只有具备了充分的英语词汇量，才能满足写的需要。教师要帮助督促学生每天背单词，教给学生记忆单词的方法，如，根据读音记、根据构词法记、阅读记忆、联想记忆、分类记忆等。师生还要共同坚持，持之以恒。（2） 简单句的训练英语简单句共有六种句型，即：（1）主谓结构；（2）主系表结构；（3）主谓宾结构；（4）主谓双宾结构；（5）主谓宾宾补结构；（6）there be结构。这六种基本句型是复杂句子的基础，任何复杂的结构都是由简单句组成的。所以，我要求学生首先会写简单句。具体做法是：第一步，给学生几个例句，如：He looks happy. The flower smells nice. The food tastes delicious. The girl seems excited.等，并归纳句型（主系表结构）。第二步，给学生汉译英练习，如“他显得有些疲倦。”“苹果味道甜。”“春天树叶变绿。”“他仍是农民。”(He seems a little tired. The apple tastes sweet. Leaves turn green in spring. He remains a farmer.)。第三步，给学生一个词，让他们用这种句型造句。如，给他们smell, 他们可以造很多句子：The dead animal smelt terrible. His clothes smell strange. The flowers smell great.等等。再如，给他们the boy, 他们造句：The boy looks sad. The boy remained silent. The boy got angry.等等。经过以上练习之后，学生的汉式英语大大减少，基础差的学生也对写作有了兴趣和信心。 （3） 时态语态训练英语句子离不开时态和语态，这是中英文的一个不同。很多学生受中文影响，常常忘了考虑谓语动词的形式。我的训练方法是分类型各个击破，比如，一般现在时的主动和被动，一般过去时的主动和被动。训练的方法和步骤同简单句的训练。 （4） 固定句型训练英语教材中有许多固定句型，熟练运用这些句型能使自己的作文更具文采。例如，中学阶段学了无数个it作形式主语和形式宾语的句型，再如，教材中的 make和with 的句型： 1. With so many people communicating in English every day, it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.2. Tiananmen square is the largest square in the world with an area of about 40 hectares.3. Ceylon, with its central position, was the place where Chinese merchants met with Arab merchants.4. People of the Han dynasty had a book with descriptions of the kindoms on the coast.5. There is a large star with seven points on the flag.6. Todays advertisements often start with a question, with the purpose of attracting the readers attention. 7. Now we were on our feet with another 500 miles to go.8. Jeff and flora looked into each others face with a look of fright.9. Harry potter is a boy with a scar on his forehead.10. She married a man with a lot of money.11. I saw a lovely diamond necklace with a big blue stone in the center.12. New Zealand has a beautiful natural landscape with green hills and mountains.13. New Zealand is an important agricultural country, with cattle farming on the north island.14. Living in a country with plenty of space and a good climate, New Zealanders love all kinds of sport.15. The hurricane, with its power to sink ships, had found this little ship in its path.16. New Zealand, with its natural beauty, mountains, rivers, and national parks, also attracts tourists from all over the world.17. The buildings look like boxes with flat roofs, sharp corners and glass walls that act as mirrors.18. The climate of the British Isles is mild with a lot of rain.19. These hills and fields are beautiful, with many small and clear rivers.20. With a better understanding of the human body, scientists and physicians will be able to cure more diseases.21. The ship was on her way from the south to Fuzhou, with Chinese workers in board.22. With a tearing crash, tons of water fell upon the deck.1. Without international cooperation, developing countries cant prosper.2. Often these buildings are pulled down after having stood empty without use for many years.3. The parks are becoming more advanced and new technology allows us to experience almost anything without actually being in danger or risking injury.4. Scientist started to develop new techniques to increase agricultural production without harming the environment.5. Foreign businessmen often come to china without being able to speak Chinese.1. Cells either divide too fast or at the wrong time, making it difficult for the body to function properly. 2. Cellphones make it possible for us to talk to anyone from anywhere.3. The internet makes it easier for companies to keep in touch with customers.4. Most pop singers make music their career.5. In her TV shows she makes it possible to talk about great moments and difficulties in peoples lives.经过训练后，学生大都能准确运用这几个句型，有些学生甚至把它们当成了万能句型。以下是我在一次学生作文中挑选的句子：With the teacher speaking all the time, the students got bored in class.students were busy making notes, with no /without time to think about what they learned.With modern teaching equipment, students enjoy listening, watching and speaking in class.We students get interested in the teaching method with multimedia.Students found it hard to understand what was taught.The class was boring, which made the students uninterested in learning.Modern teaching equipment makes it interesting to learn.Computers make it possible for us to watch while listening. （5） 句型转换和一句多译训练英语中一个意思可用多种不同句式表达。句型转换和一句多译训练可以使学生找到多种表达方式，在考试作文中不仅不会被卡壳，而且还有助于“择优录用”句型。例如，要表示“站在树下的人”可用the man standing under the tree 或the man who is standing under the tree。再如，要表达“看见那个男孩在盒子里我很吃惊” 可用I was surprised to see the boy in the box.What surprised me was to see the boy in the box.To my surprise, I saw the boy in the box.It is surprising to see the boy in the box.I saw the boy in the box, which surprised me greatly.英语教材中有大量可以相互转换的句型，师生要善于发现，勤于总结，学以致用。（6） 作文分类训练 分体裁或分话题训练是有效途径。教师要引导学生归纳整理同类作文的表达方式和框架结构。记叙人物常常要介绍出生时间地点、年龄、教育、职业、成就等等。以“年龄”的表达方式为例，有at the age of, at 5, when as young as 5, when he was 5 years old, as a boy of 5等。写人常常要按时间顺序，所以，表示时间的句型也要胸有成竹。议论文常常要用到表示观点、原因和对比的句型，比如，表示“原因”的句型有：There are three reasons for this The reasons for this are as follows The reason for this is obvious The reason for this is not far to seek The reason for this is that The reason why he was late was that .We have good reason to believe that等等。考试作文涉及各种话题，可能是关于学生学习、健康、环境保护、关心老年人，也可能是交友、旅游、交通等。例如，写“环境”经常要要用到这些词语：plant, animal, forest, river, factory, pollute, air/water pollution, endanger, dangerous, destroy, take measures, prevent from being polluted, environmentally friendly, recycle, waste等。经过分类训练之后，学生熟练掌握了各种类型和话题作文所需的词汇和句型，那么在考试中肯定能写出高分作文。写作基本功的训练要根据学生的不同情况各有侧重，基础差的要重点训练基本句型和词汇，基础好的侧重高级词汇复杂句型和篇章的训练。2 写作技巧训练（1） 列提纲训练 很多学生不愿列提纲，认为耽误时间。实际上恰恰相反。列提纲不仅有助于缩短写作时间，还有助于提高写作精确度。考试中每次都有人审错题、漏写要点、错写要点，如果列提纲的话，这些问题都可避免。列提纲的步骤一般是：（1）定文体和主题；（2）定人称；（3）定时态；（4）列要点；（5）列词汇、句型；（6）列连接词和框架结构。（2） 背范文 背范文