重点单词扩充讲解.doc

重点单词扩充讲解：1. organizational: a 组织上的由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织； organization: n 组织； organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空：1). Last week, our school _ a spring outing.2). The task calls for the highest _ skill.3). China has joined World Trade _.4). He is the _ of the speech contest.Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的3. predict: v 预言、预示；由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言； predictable: a 可预测的； predictor: n 预言家4. simplify: v 简化由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的； simply: ad 简单地，仅仅地； simplification: n 简化； simplified: a 被简化的。Exercises for the above words:1). The machine is _ in operation but complex in structure.2). Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while _ edition is quite easy.3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _ a question of procedure.4). The _ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor.Answers: simple; simplified; simply; simplification5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于， tend to do sthe.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter.Or old people tend to get fatter.6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的；由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营； management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论； argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth说服某人不要做某事。e.g. 1. The young couple always argue with each other over their childseducation.2. I argued him out of going on such a dangerous journey.8. define: v 给下定义； definition: n 定义9. profitability: n 赚钱， 获利由此我们可以联想到：profit: n 利润； profitable: a 有利可图的, 有好处的；profitless: a 没有利润的。1). He has made a _ from running a small restaurant.2). The deal was _ to all of us.3). They valued _ differently, which led to disagreement as to the correctness of decision.Answer: profit, profitable; profitability.10. correctness: n 正确性； 字根：correct: a 正确的； v 纠正， correction: n 纠正； incorrect: a 不正确的。11. unintended: a 非计划中的，由此我们可以联想到：intend: v 打算，计划；intention: n ； intended: a 计划中的课文难句讲解、分析1. A decision is a choice made from among alternative courses of action that are available.(p1)译：决策就是从几种可以选择的做法中作出选择。分析：该句是主系表结构。made from among alternative courses of action that are available是过去分词短语做定语修饰a choice; 其中that are available是定语从句修饰courses of action.像这样一环修饰一环的句子结构在英文中很普遍，因此为了看懂句子大家必须学会分析。这是整个英语学习过程中很重要的能力！2. The reason for making a decision is that a problem exists, goals or objectives are wrong, or something is standing in the way of accomplishing them. (p1)译：做出决策的原因是因为存在问题，目标或目的有错误，或者有某种东西防碍着它们的实现。分析：该句又是主系表结构。That引导三个并列的表语从句，a problem exists，goals or objectives are wrong；something is standing in the way of accomplishing them。 短语：make a decision:做出决策；stand in the way: 阻挡、防碍3. Often managers must make a best guess at what the future will be and try to leave as little as possible to chance, but since uncertainty is always there, risk accompanies decisions. (p2)译：通常管理者必须对未来的情况做出最佳预测，从而使偶然性尽可能少地发生，但因为不确定性总是存在，所以决策常伴随着风险。分析：前半句是主谓宾结构。what the future will be是at的宾语；as little as possible做leave的宾语；since引导原因状语从句，相当于because.4. If there is no choice, there is no decision to be made. (p3)译：如果没有选择，就不会有决策。分析：这是一句很简单的条件状语从句，但它有一个很重要的考点：to be made。这是动词不定式做定语修饰decision，有将来意味。比如：The last question to be discussed today is how to divide the work among ourselves.5. For managers, every decision has constraints based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like. (p3)译：对于管理者而言，每次决策都受到政策、程序、法律以及惯例等因素制约。分析：这句话的考点是based on policies, procedures, laws, precedents, and the like。同样是过去分词短语做定语修饰constraints。其中词组：baseon以为基础。 如：The film is based on s short story by Jack London.6. But the tendency to simplify blinds them to other alternatives. (p4)译：但是这种简化的倾向使得他们看不到其他可供选择的方法。分析：该句主语the tendency to simplify，谓语blinds; them是宾语。to simplify是定语，修饰the tendency；to other alternatives是宾补。其中短语：blind sb to sth:使看不见；we shouldnt let our prejudices blind us to the facts.7. Because individuals (and organizations) frequently have different ideas about how to attain the goals, the best choice may depend on who makes the decision. (p6 line 4-6)译：因为个人（和组织）关于如何达到目的常有不同的观点，哪种是最优的选择可能要看是谁做出决策。分析：这是一个由because引导的原因状语从句。其中how to attain the goals做介词about的宾语，who makes the decision做介词on的宾语。8. Some of these objectives are more important than others, but the order and degree of importance often vary from person to person and from department to department. (p7 line 2-4)译：其中有一些目标比其它的更重要，但其顺序和重要程度因人和不同的部门而异。分析：请注意比较级more important than，词组：vary from person to person译成中文：因人而异，可以推出：因季节而异vary from season to season.9. When presented with a common case, sales managers tend to see sales problems, production managers see production problems, and so on. (p7 line 5-7)译：当面对同一件日常事情时，销售经理倾向于看销售问题，而生产经理则会看生产相关的问题，等等。分析：前半部分为常考内容，它是when + 过去分词短语，构成时间状语部分。其中词组：be presented with = be faced with当面对When faced with difficulties, we should be brave.10. People often assume that a decision is an isolated phenomenon. (p9)译：人们经常假设一项决策是孤立的现象。分析：句子结构简单：主谓宾（从句）。其中assume: = imagine; isolated: adj 孤立的。phenomenon: n 现象；复数变化较特殊：phenomena|考试大收集整理重点单词、词组详讲1. interview: n/v 采访、面试；interviewer: n 采访者； interviewee: n 被采访者e.g. 1. Whos the most famous person youve ever interviewed on TV?2. In a TV interview last night, she denied she had any intention of resigning.2. criticism: n 批评，评论； criticize: v 批评； critical: a 批评的、挑剔的、关键的；critic: n 评论家, 请填填看。1 He is a literary _.2 We are at a _time in our history.3 He cant take _.4 The boy was _ by his father for being late for school.Answers: critic, critical, criticism, criticized3. indifference: n 冷漠、漠不关心；indifferent: a 冷漠的，反义词：enthusiastic: 热情的cf: different: a 不同的，名词：difference; 反义词：same.4. inefficiency: n 无效，由此联想得到：efficient: a 高效率的； efficiency: n inefficient: a 低效率的5. conservative: a 保守的、保存的； conserve: v 保存； conservation: n 6. apply to sb for sth: 向某人申请某物e.g. The student applied to the embassy for a visa.7. take the trouble to do sth: 不辞劳苦、费力地做某事e.g. If you took the trouble to listen to what I was saying, youd know what I was talking about.8. put oneself in somebodys place: 设身处地If you put yourself in your mothers place, you will understand why she is so worried about you.9. in hand: 手头上有，进行中Ive got enough money in hand to buy a new car.10. turn down: 调小，降低，拒绝Turn down the TV, for the baby is sleeping.He turned down the job because the pay isnt good enough.课文难句分析1. The key words here are preparation and confidence, which will carry you far. （p2）译：这里的关键词是准备和自信，它们将使你前程远大。分析：which will carry you far非限定性定语从句，修饰preparation and confidence。另外请注意：key关键的；preparation是prepare的名词；confidence: n 信心。Confident: a 有信心的；self-confidence: 自信心。2. Find out all you can about the job you are applying for and the origination you hope to work for. (p4)译：了解你所申请的工作和你希望为之工作的组织。分析：you are applying for定语，修饰the job; you hope to work for定语修饰the origination。词组：apply to sb for sth向某人申请什么。3. It shows an unattractive indifference to your employer and to your job. (p6)译：它表明你对雇主和你的工作的态度冷漠，不感兴趣。分析：it主语；shows谓语；an unattractive indifference宾语；to your employer and to your job间接宾语。Show sth to sb=show sb sth.另外，请注意：indifference: 冷漠，漠视。4. He wants somebody who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job. (p7)分析：who is hard-working with a pleasant personality and a real interest in the job全部都是定语，修饰somebody。注意介词with表示带有。； have interest in sth对有兴趣。5. Anything that you find out about the prospective employer can be used to your advantage during the interview to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for. (p8)译：你找到的任何有关未来雇主的信息在面试中都能为你所用，以表示你费了心思去掌握一些关于你希望为其工作的人的事实。分析：从这个句子的长度大家也能看出这是一个复杂句。主体结构为：anything can be used to your advantage. that you find out about the prospective employer是定语从句；during the interview状语；to show that you have bothered to master some facts about the people who you hope to work for是目的状语；who you hope to work for是另外一个定语从句修饰the people. 词组：to your advantage: 对你有利；work for sb为某人工作。6. Do not be afraid to ask for clarification of something that has been said during the interview if you want to be sure what was implied, but do be polite. (p10)译：面试中如果你想确切地知道某些话的含义，不要害怕请对方解释清楚，但一定要有礼貌。分析：基本句型：not be afraid to do sth; 不要害怕去做某事；ask for clarification要求澄清；that has been said during the interview定语，修饰something; what was implied宾语；do be polite: 其中do为了强调，如：do be careful! I do love you! He does lie to us!7. Have the letter inviting you for an interview ready to show in case there is any difficulty in communication. (p16)译： 拿着邀请你面试的通知书，以防万一交谈出现困难时显示。分析：这是一个祈使句。Have动词，拿着；the letter宾语；inviting you for an interview现在分词做定语；ready to show状语；in case there is any difficulty in communication条件状语从句；词组：there is some difficulty in sth/doing sth在方面有困难。如：We have some difficulty speaking English fluently.8. There is little likelihood that a panel of five wants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn. (p20)译：由五个人构成的专门小组几乎不可能轮流与你握手。分析：这句话的重点在于that a panel of five ants to go through the process of all shaking hands with you in turn是一个同位语从句，是对little likelihood的解释。其中：likelihood: n 可能性，相当于possibility; go through经历； in turn:轮流。9. Would you mind rephrasing the question, please? (p23)译：您介意换个说法来问这个问题吗？分析：考点mind doing sth. 如： Would you mind turning down the TV?语法：介绍as的相关用法as是一个乍一看简单，但实际在英语中用法很复杂的小词。从词类上讲，可以用作介词、副词、连词以及关系代词；从语法功能角度来看，可以构成介词宾语，引导原因状语从句，时间状语从句，方式状语从句，让步状语从句，比较状语从句和定语从句。此外as还出现在很多固定搭配中，如： as if, as though, as long as, as to, as for, so as to, etc.请看下列例句,并请分析出as的具体用法。1. I work as an English teacher in a middle school.2. Run as fast as you can.3. Young as he is, he knows more than I.4. Just as I was leaving, the telephone rang.5. Please do as I have told you.6. As I am the oldest child in my family, I must take care of the other children.7. Such people as you have described are rare now|考试大收集整理1. 强调句 It was lightening that caused the forest fire last year.正是闪电引起了去年的那场火灾。 2. 虚拟语气 We hurried back to school lest/ for fear that it （should） rain. 我们匆匆忙忙地赶回学校，生怕天会下雨。3. 比较级the morethe more The more time a person spends on his work,the less time he has to play. 一个人花在工作上的时间越多，花在玩耍上的时间就越少。4. This subject is far more difficult than everybody has previously expected. 这门课程比每个人以前预料的还要难得多。5. more than/rather than A political figures success depends more on external factors than his own characteristics. 一个政治人物的成功与其取决于他个人的特点，不如说取决于外部因素。6. 让步状语 Whether you believe him or not， you have to make the decision. 无论你是否相信他，你都必须做出决定。7. no matter what/ who/when/how,No matter how hard he tried,he couldnt persuade his friends to give up the adventure. 无论他怎么努力，都不能说服他的朋友们放弃冒险。8. despite/in spite of ,He decided to carry out the plan in spite of the protest from his parents. 他决定不顾父母的反对执行他的计划。9. 结果状语 I broke my glasses so that I couldnt see clearly what happened. 我打破了眼镜，以至于看不清当时发生了什么事。10. The density of the star has become so great that it may explode at some time. 这颗恒星的密度如此之大，以至于它会在某一时刻爆炸。11. 非限定性定语从句 As we expected正如我们所预料的那样/ As is well known众所周知， the project was finished successfully on time. 项目成功地提前完成。12. 形式主语 Its no doubt that correct decisions made today will have a good effect on future. 毫无疑问，今天做出的正确决策将对未来有很好的影响。13. 形式宾语 Many people find it important to keep a good living habit. 很多人认为保持一个良好的生活习惯非常重要。14. 宾语补足语 The new electronic techniques make possible the effect that has never been created before. 新的电子技术使得一种从未有过的音响效果成为可能。15. 倒装句 Not until recently did we realize that language was closely related to culture. 直到最近我们才意识到语言与文化密切相关。16. Under no circumstances should you hesitate to offer your opinion as it is. 在任何情况下你都应毫不犹豫地说出你真实的想法。17. 比较状语such as Such people as you described can hardly succeed in nowadays. 像你描述的那种人在当今社会很难取得成功。18. 原因状语be different/ similar in thatRobots are different from automatic machines in that they can be reprogrammed to do another job.机器人和自动化机器的不同之处在于它能被重新编程完成其它的任务。19. 宾语从句people hold different attitudes as to 人们对于是否应该用动物做实验持不同的态度。people hold different attitudes as to whether animals should be used in experiments.20. 并列句 not onlybut also Sports can not only benefit our body,but also contribute immensely to mental health. 运动不仅对我们的身体有益，而且还极大地有助于精神健康。1.intheway挡路，阻碍，妨碍 2.tomakeaguessat对.进行猜测 3.toblindsb.tosth.使某人看不到某物,使某人对某物丧失判断力 4.tocontributetosth.(1)促成，导致（2）有助于，增添（3）捐助，贡献（4）撰稿，投稿 5.toseektodosth.设法做某事 6.inpart部分地；在某种程度上 7.varyfrom.to.从.变为.；在.与.之间变化 8.andthelike等等，诸如此类 9.pointofview观点，看法 10.toapplyfor申请，请求 11.day-to-day(1)日常的，每日常规工作的（2）逐日的 12.tohavenoidea不知道；无能力 13.totakethetroubletodosth.费力做某事，不辞劳苦做某事 14.toputoneselfinsbsplace设身处地替某人着想 15.toonesadvantage处于不利地位 16.toaskfor要求，请求，要价，讨价 17.inhand（1）在手中（持有）；在手头（随时可用）（2）在控制下（3）正在办理、处理之中 18.tomakesure(of/that)（1）弄清楚，核实查明（2）设法确保，最好 19.toturndown(1)toturnsb./down顶回，拒不理会，拒绝(2)toturnsth.down调节（炉具、收音机等）使热量、音量温度等降低（3）翻下 20.assoonas一.就.，不迟于 21.aimtodosth.或aimatdoingsth计划；打算；以.为目标 22.experimentwith进行实验（试验） 23.incase免得，以防万一，说不定 24.intheory理论上，理论上讲 25.toapplytosth.(1)把.应用于.（2）致力于.，集中精力（做某事） 26.researchinto研究、探讨、调查 27.toswallowup(1)吞没，淹没，掩盖（2）用尽，耗尽 28.tomakeuseof利用 29.dependon依靠，指望 30.togetherwith和，连同 31.ineveryrespect在各个方面 32.inotherwords换句话说，也就是说 33.toconsistof由.组成，由.构成 34.agreatmany许多，很多 35.toconsistof对.有影响 36.aboveall最重要的，尤其，首先 37.asarule在多数情况下，通常，一般而言 38.tobeaffectedwith感染（疾病），患有.病 39.tocarryout(1)实施，执行，完成，贯彻，落实（2）进行（实验等） 40.inadditionto加之，除.以外 41.inthis(that)case这（那）样的话，既然这（那）样 42.toopenup(1)畅谈（2）开业，开张 43.tocarefor（1）照顾，照看（2）喜欢，喜爱，愿意 44.totakeintoaccount(consideration)考虑，体谅，包括 45.tohave.atheart很关心某事物，极欲支持或维护 46.tooptout(of)决定不参加，退出 47.forshort简称,简写 48.toamountto(1)总计，共达（2）等于，相当于 49.on(the)average平均来讲，按平均数计算 50.tocompetewith与.竞争，对抗 51.toblamesb.for为.责备某人，责怪某人 52.bynature从天性上讲，本性上 53.toberelatedto与.有关 54.tobeworth(doing)sth.值得 55.tobringover把某人带到，改变思想 56.toconvictsb.of宣判某人有.罪 57.besupposedto认为必须，认为应该 58.befeellike(doing)sth.想要（做）某事物 59.toprotectform(against)保护，保卫 60.torisk(doing)sth.冒着.的危险 61.todealwith（1）与.做生意，与.商业交往（2）对待，对付，处理，解决 62.区别，辨别,是.的特征 63.toagreeto(do)sth.同意，愿意，答应 64.threatentodosth威胁要做某事，扬言要做某事 65.accordingto(1)根据，据某人所说(2按照，依照)(3)依.而定 66.todistinguishfrom(1)根据，据某人所说(2) 67.towatchover（1）看护，照料（2）看守，看管，守卫 68.inunison(1)齐唱，齐奏（2）一致地，协调地 69.upto(1)作为最大数量，多达（2）直到；不多于(3)能胜任的，有某种能力 70.callup打电话，使想起，使忆起 71.payback偿还，回报，惩罚，报复 72.agood/greatdealof很多，大量 73.tocleanup(1)洗干净，打扫干净，清理（2）清除坏的影响 74.toreacttosb.(sth)对.作出反应，回应 75.tomakeoneswayto走，行走，前进，去 76.totakeover接管，接任，雇用 77.totakeon披上，戴上，呈现，具有 78.totakeplace发生，举行 79.inotherwords换句话说 80.inasense从某种意义说 81.toserveas起.的作用,被用作,充当 82.tobelongin在.中有适当的地位，处于正确的地位 83.inadvance事先，预先，提前 84.itgoeswithoutsayingthat.不言而喻 .无庸置疑.不用说. 85.forthesakeof(1)为了.起见，看在.的份上(2)为了.的好处，为了.目的 86.toexposesth.暴露，使面临，遭受. 87.plentyof大量的，丰富的 88.inthat在于，因为 89.inbetween在中间，每间隔,在.期间 90.inquestion正被谈论的，正被考虑的 91.toworkon从事.致力于. 92.tosetup设立，建立，提出 93.tobeonthealertagainst/forsth.警惕 94.tobeconcernedwith(1)关于，涉及(2)忙于（3）关心，关切 95.toattachimportancetosth.认为.重要 96.totaketosth/doingsth(1)开始从事(2)养成.习惯(3）培养对.的爱好 97.toputsth.touse使用，利用 98.toberelevanttosth与.有关的 99.onthepartofsb就.而言,在.方面 100toset.asobjective把.作为目标 101tolookaheadto向前看，展望未来 102toallocate.for.to分配.给配合. 103tohangup把.挂起来；延迟，拖延 104tothrowoff扔掉，摆脱 105toworkout作出，制定出 106uptodate最新的，新式的 107odoing欺骗.去做 108tostickwith坚持，继续 109effecton对.的作用 110toblamesth.把.归咎于 111now(that)既然，由于 112toleave/let.alone/be(1)不管，不理，不打扰（2）顺其自然，听任. 113outofstep步伐不一致，不协调 114intime(1)及时，不迟（2）终于，迟早 115todate把.归咎 116toattendtosth.(1）专心，注意（2）照顾，关照 117tofallapart破裂，崩溃 118tobetrueof符合于.，对.适用 119toapproximateto与.接近 120resistancetosth(1）对.的抵抗，对抗（2）照顾，关照 121tocopewith对付，处理 122noother.than(1）除.外没有，只有（2）正是，就是 123totakeadvantageof(1）利用（2）占.的便宜 124tostandno/littlechanceofdoing没有可能，没有希望 125toidentify.as.把.看成；证明/确认.为. 126impacton.对.的影响 127tobreakup打碎；（被）分解；散开，驱散；结束；期终放假，崩溃 128intherunning参赛，参加竞选 129inpower掌权的，执政的 130outofpower丧失权力的，在野的 131infavorof(1）赞成，支持（2）支付给（3）为了；对.有利 132tocomeintopower上台，开始掌权 133tocarryon(1）经营，进行（2）继续 134tosacrificeto向.献祭；为.而牺牲；为.而失去 135becentralto对.极为重要的 136beirrelevantto与.不相干，不切题 137beaimfor瞄准，以.为目标 138inbringout(1）使显现，显示（2）生产，使产生 139toattachto使.与.相关，把.附加到 140totakeforgranted认为真实，视为当然 141atease自在的，舒适的 142pleafor恳求，请求 14