八上 阅读理解答题技巧.doc

阅读理解答题技巧知识要点：1.了解中考阅读理解的文章体裁中考阅读理解文章的体裁主要有四类：记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文。1）、记叙文叙述文一般以讲述个人生活经历为主，对于经历的陈述通常由一定的时间概念贯穿其中，或顺序或倒序。2）、说明文说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。3)、应用文所谓应用文是人们在生活、学习、工作中为处理实际事物而写作，有着实用性特点，并形成惯用格式的文章。4）、议论文 议论文是对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。2.中考阅读理解题型分析与解题技巧一般来说，阅读理解题型设计，大致可以分为以下几种题型：A. 主旨大意型；B.细节理解型；C.词义猜测型；D.推理判断型解题步骤一、快速阅读，读懂大意 二、明确要求，理解问题三、带着问题，重读文章 四、复读全文，最后把关阅读理解四种题型的答题技巧根据教育部制定的英语课程标准,初中毕业生应达到五级综合语言运用能力。阅读理解五级的目标部分描述如下：1、能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；2、能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系；3、能找出文章中的主题,理解故事的情节,预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；4、能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；5、能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；6、能利用字典等工具进行学习；7、除教材外,课外阅读量应累计达到15万词以上。考查的主要题型1.主旨题：考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。 主旨题所提问题主要涉及文章的中心思想、主要内容、标题、作者的态度、目的、文章的语气等。 我们首先要找出文章的主题句,我们通常可以在以下几个地方找到：(1)位于一段开头的段首句,演绎型文章的主题句通常能在段落的起始部分找到；(2)位于一段结尾的段末句,归纳型文章的主题句通常能在段落的终结部分找到；(3)若既不在段首,也不在段末,我们就应细心地在这段的中心部分去寻找；(4)有的主题句通过某种表达方式或修辞手段委婉、含蓄地提出来,这称为暗示句。这种暗示句通常难度较大,它可能不是一句完整的话而仅是一个词语,也可能是通过一些具有感情色彩的词语来表达的,还可能是通过字里行间来表达的。 主旨句的提问形式主要有：(1)What s the main idea of the passage?(2)Which is the best title of the passage?(3)Which of the following is this passage about?(4)The passage tells us that_.(5)This passage mainly talks about_.People in different countries have different table manners. Something that is polite in one country may be quite impolite in another. In Britain,you mustnt lift your bowl to your mouth when you are having some liquid(液体)food. But its different in China. And in Japan you even neednt worry about making noises when you have it. It shows that you are enjoying it. But it is regarded as bad manners in Britain. The passage mainly(主要) tells us ( ) A.some table manners in Britain B.some different table manners C.different ways of having liquid food D.to have good manners People in many countries learn English and they learn it in different ways. Some learn it at school. Some learn it by themselves. Others learn English by radio on TV or in films. The main idea of the passage is ( ) A.People in many countries learn English in many ways B.Some learn English at school C.Some learn English by themselves D.Others learn English by radio,on TV or in films. 2.细节题: 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。在做阅读理解题时,除了首先要抓住文章的主旨和大意外,还必须弄清楚文中的一些重要细节或事实。细节题在阅读理解部分占相当大一部分,涉及的内容很广,如时间、地点、人物、数字、原因、结果、文字结构等。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：（1）凡属针对特定细节的考题,其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语,也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子,但句式、用词和表达方式不同。（2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂,正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂,甚至真假混杂。因此,要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目,一要在文章中找出相应的信息点,二要排除干扰项。 细节题的提问形式常见的有:(1) According to the passage, when/where/what / who/how/why?(2) Which of the following statements is TRUE?(3)According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT(4) Which of the following is not mentioned?(5) Which of the following is Not True in the passage?(6) Choose the right order of this passage.(7) From this passage we know _.What do you think of your teachers? Now, American students can say what they think on a new website！ On , students can rate (评定) their teachers. So far, there have been 2 million ratings for 365,000 teachers at 21,000 schools in the US and Canada. Where can the students rate(评定) their teachers according to the passage?( ) A.On a new website B.At the class meeting C.In the classroom. D.Out of the school Years ago, many zoos kept all kinds of animals in small cages Small cages made it easy for people to see the animals, but a small cage is not a good place for an animal to live in. Today zoos keep animals in different kinds of cages. The cages are very big and open.They usually have plants and a little lake. 1.Zoos kept animals in small cages so that people can( ) A.protect them B.see them better C.feed them D.save them 2.Today,zoos keep animals( ) A.in bigger cages B.in the wild C.in smaller cages D.in the field 3.猜测题: 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。 猜测题是阅读理解部分常见的一个测试项目,主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的熟悉或不熟悉的词或词组的意义的理解能力。当遇到不认识的而又是要测试的生词时,要通过上下文去进行猜测。注意与这个词紧密相连的前后几个词语的意思,其次,利用构词法来进行猜测。常用的构词法有派生法,转化法以及合成法。英语中有相当大一部分单词都是由上述三种构词法变来的,这些词的构成一般都有一定的规律,掌握一些常见的规律,对于猜测考试中遇到的生词大有帮助。指代题的提问形式主要有：(1) The word “_” in the passage probably means _.(2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _.(3) In this story the underlined word “_” means _.(4) Here “it” means_.(一)根据生活常识猜测词义 Children are always boasting. They say things like“My Dads car is bigger than your Dads,” “My Mom is smarter than yours.” and “My family has more money than yours.” The word “boasting” means ( ) A. 骄傲 B.吹牛 C.顽皮 D.幼稚 Many plants and animals are going extinct.Mammoths,which are related(有关联的) with Asia elephants,are now extinct.There are no mammoths in the world today. 1.A mammoth is a kind of ( ) A.plant B.bird C.animal D.tree 2.The word extinct means ( ) A.出现 B.危险 C.灭绝 D.诞生Usually people make dumplings at home.If you have no time to make them,you can buy them from any supermarket. Then you take them home and eat them with vinegar. The word“vinegar” means _.(二)根据上下文的意思来猜测 As they go around town, the police help people. Sometimes they find lost children. They take the children home. If the police see a fight, they put an end to it right away. Sometimes people will ask the police how to get to a place in town. The police can always tell the people which way to go. They know all the streets and roads well.In the text, “put an end to” means “_”.A. stop B. cut C. killD. fly(三)根据转折、因果关系猜测词义 通过因果关系猜词,首先是找出生词与上下文之间的逻辑关系,然后才能猜词。有时文章借助关联词(如because , as , since, for, so, thus, as a result , of course , therefore等等)表示前因后果。例如： You shouldnt have blamed him for that, for it wasnt his fault.通过for引出的句子所表示的原因(那不是他的错),可猜出blame的词义是“责备”。 (四)通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词 通过同义词猜词,一是要看由and或or连接的同义词词组,如happy and gay,即使我们不认识gay这个词,也可以知道它是愉快的意思；二是看在进一步解释的过程中使用的同义词,如Man has known something about the planets Earth , Venus, Mars , and Jupiter with the help of spaceships. 此句中的Venus(金星)、Mars( 火星)、Jupiter(木星)均为生词,但只要知道planets,Earth就可猜出这几个词都属于“行星”这一义域。通过反义词猜词,一是看表转折关系的连词或副词,如but,while,however等；二是看与not搭配的或表示否定意义的词语,如：He is so homely, not at all as handsome as his brother.根据not at all.handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思,即不英俊、不漂亮的意思。 (五)通过描述猜词 描述即作者为帮助读者更深更感性地了解某人或某物而对该人或该物作出的外在相貌或内在特征的描写。例如：The penguin is a kind of sea bird living in the South Pole. It is fat and walks in a funny way. Although it cannot fly,it can swim in the icy water to catch the fish.从例句的描述中可以得知penguin是一种生活在南极的鸟类。后面更详尽地描述了该鸟类的生活习性。 4. 推理题：考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解,对文章各段,各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。 推理题是阅读理解部分的一项重要内容。这类题要求考生脱离字面理解的局限,透过文章的字里行间,对作者的话进行推理判断,从而获得对文章的深层理解。推理题的答案往往在文章的字面上不会出现,必须依据已有信息来进行推理,不能脱离原文去主观臆断。因此,在做推理题时,必须从原文里找到推断的依据。其类型主要有以下几种：(1)事实推断这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节,是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断,要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字,然后加以分析,尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。(2)逻辑推断这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景,人物的表情,动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。(3)对作者的意图和态度的推断这类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断,如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对,还是犹豫不定,对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠,还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来,而往往隐含在字里行间。因此,进行这种推断时,我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提,又要注意作者的措辞,尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。推理题的提问形式主要有：(1) We can learn from this passage that(2) We can conclude from the passage that(3) It can be seen from the passage that(4) What is the real meaning of the doctors words?(5) Many visitors come to the writers city to _.(6) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _.(7) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station?A man was looking for things of old times.One day he came to a village and found a blue bowl,which looked very old.The bowl was on the ground and a cat was drinking milk from it.A farmer,the owner of the cat,was lying beside the bowl.In order not to draw the farmers attention to(吸引的注意力) the value(价值) of the bowl,the man said to him in a soft voice,“What a nice cat you have！Wont you sell it to me?”“How much would you give me for it?”the farmer opened his eyes and asked. “Twenty dollars.Would it be enough?” A few minutes later,the farmer agreed.After he paid the farmer,the man said,“My cat will certainly feel thirsty.May I take the bowl so that the cat can have milk?” But the farmer said,“I am sorry I cant give it to you.Thanks to the bowl,I have already sold twenty cats.” Who is much cleverer? ( ) A.the farmer B.the man C.both of them D.neith