巧用还原法.doc

巧用还原法 解答单选题蔡美锡【引言】 一些单项选择填空题可以直接从时态、语态、固定搭配等轻易地找到答案，但有些单项选择填空题的题干句式比较复杂或特殊，学生不很熟悉，这就增加了答题的难度。要做好这类题目，就必须设法将复杂的、不常见的句式还原成为比较简单的、常见的句式，以便快速地、准确地把握句子结构，理解题目意思，达到准确答题的目的。下面介绍几种常用的还原方法：1. 把疑问句还原成为陈述句，例如： Is this factory _ you visited the other day? A. the one B. that C. where D. when乍看题干，学生很可能把 this factory 当作先行词而错选 B 或 C。其实，只要把句子从疑问句还原成为陈述句：This factory is _ you visited the other day.我们可以发现，该句的主语是 this factory, 系动词为 is, 后面没有先行词，也就没有定语从句。所以我们应在横线上加上表语，同时它作为后面定语从句所修饰的先行词，后面接省略关系代词的定语从句。故答案为：A。再看下面一个句子：Is this the town _ your father was born?A. the one B. that C. where D. when该句子与上述句子貌似相同，但两句相差甚远。同理，我们先还原如下：This is the town _ your father was born.不难看出，该句中 the town 为先行词，它与后面的谓语动词 was born 不是构成动宾关系，而是作为 was born 的地点。因此答案为 C 。2. 插入语的还原，例如： Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _, of course, make the other unhappy. 2000 年高考 A. whoB. whichC. thisD. what题干中由于 of course 是插入语，原句显得比较复杂，只要把它后移，即可看出原句为一个定语从句，由关系代词 which 来引导，先行词为前面整个句子，因而答案为 B。再如：He has made a wonderful discovery, _ of great importance to science.A. which I think isB. which do I think isC. I think whichD. which I think it is要弄清楚该题的题意，必须知道 I think 在句中是插入语。到底插在何处？只要我们把原句还原为：He has made a wonderful discovery.The discovery, I think, is of great importance to science.这里由于先行词 discovery 在定语从句中作主语，因此可用 which 来引导。I think 为插入语，仍放在原处，故可看出答案为 A 。若把插入语放在句末或句首，道理也一样。3. 感叹句还原成为陈述句，例如： _ to travel by boat on a hot summer night! 97 年全国中学生英语能力竟赛 A. How pleasant it is B. So pleasant C. Such a pleasant D. How pleasant is it从句末的感叹号可断定这是一个感叹句，其结构只能用 A 或 D ，而 A 与 D 之别在于语序不同，若把原句还原为：It is pleasant to travel by boat on a hot summer night. 再改用感叹句，则用 How. 开头，然后把形容词 pleasant 前提，后面语序不变，即可得知，A 为正确的答案。再看下面一个句子：What great difficulty I have _ your house!A. found B. finding C. to find D. for finding此题很多学生会误认 have 为助动词，后接过去分词，构成现在完成时而错选 A；或者会误认 have to find 为“不得不作某事”而误选 C 。其实，只要把句子还原为：I have great difficulty _ your house.即可看出，这是“have (great) difficulty (in) doing sth.”的固定结构，故答案为：B。4. 倒装句还原成为陈述句，例如： On the top of the hill _ where the old man once lived. 97年全国中学生英语能力竞赛 A. a temple stands there B. a temple standing C. does a temple stand D. stands a temple这是一个介词短语前提的倒装句，其主语为：a temple，谓语为：stand，先还原为：A temple stands on the top of the hill where the old man once lived.可以看出，where 引导一个分隔式定语从句，修饰先行词 temple，答案应为 D。又如：He arrived in New York in 1996, _ , some time later, he became a writer.A. when B. whereC. thatD. which很明显，some time later 是时间状语提前，是局部倒装的结构，状语后置，可还原为：He arrived in New York in 1996.He became a writer some time later in New York.这样，我们可以看出，定语从句修饰的先行词 New York 为一地点状语，说明“他一段时间后在纽约成为一名作家”，所以答案为 B. where。5. 省略句补充，还原成为完整的句子，例如： John plays football _ , if not better than, David. A. as well B. as well as C. so well D. so well as题干中一些意思被省略，先还原为：John plays football _ David does, if John does not play better than David does.可以看出，David 不是称谓，而是一个主语，谓语为 does ，前面为一个比较状语从句，再加上后面一个表示假设关系的条件从句，这样可以看出答案为 B。再看下面一个句子： Will you go to attend the evening party? No, _.A. even if invited B. if invited toC. even though invited to D. until invited 在答语中，我们可以从 No, 得知“即使被邀请，我也不愿意去参加晚会”。所以， B 和 D 可以先排除。但 A 和 C 项中 even if 和 even though 的语气又是一样，只不过是 C 项中多了一个 to ，该不该加 to 呢？先把原句还原为： No, I will not go to attend the evening party even though/if Im invited to.这是一般的句型，答语中的 to 应保留，后面其余的部分可以省略，故答案为：C。6. 强调句还原成为陈述句，例如： It was the whole morning that the old man spent _ the old clock at home. A. repaired B. repairing C. to repair D. in repair这是一个典型的强调句，通过还原，变成：The old man spent the whole morning _ the old clock at home.可以看出，这是由：spend + 时间/金钱 + doing sth 的结构，故答案为 B。又如：It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. 97 年全国高考试题A. thatB. untilC. beforeD. when由于受定语从句的影响，不少学生会误认 600 years ago 为一个时间而选 D.when 或误认它为一个时间状语而选 B. until 或 C. before，这都错了。先看还原后的句子：The first clock with a face and an hour hand was made 600 years ago.这是一个强调句的句型，基本形式为：“It is/was + 被强调的部分 + who/that + 其它成分”。该句 600 years ago 是被强调的部分，强调“人”时用 who 或 that 来引导，其余的一律用 that 来引导。该题被强调的部分是一个时间状语，只能用 that 来引导。所以答案为：A。7. 被动句还原成为主动句，例如： The workers are _ to finish the work before Monday. A. wished B. hoped C. agreedD. promised乍看起来，上述四个选项都可以接动词不定式，但只要我们把句子还原成为主动句，即可发现除 A 外，其余都不可接不定式的复合结构，故答案为 A。再看下面一个句子：Nylon is used to _ stockings.A. makingB. makesC. makeD. be made此题因受被动语态的影响会误选 D ，或者会误认 “is used to”为“习惯于某事/作某事”，其中 to 为介词而误选 A，现在我们先还原为：We use nylon to _ stockings.可以看出答案为：C 。因为此题考查的是“use sth. to do sth.”的结构，而不是考查“be used to doing sth.”或“be made（被制造）”的结构。8. 复合句还原为简单句，例如： The managers discussed the plan that theyd like to see _ the next year.2000年高考 A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out这是由 that 引导的定语从句， see 后面应加什么词呢？现在我们把它还原为：The managers discussed the plan _ the next year.They would like to see the plan.从这而个简单句可看出原句的意思为：经理们讨论了下一年度将（被）实施的计划。这里“计划”与“实施”构成被动关系，应用过去分词表被动，故答案为 A。再看下面句子：The TV factory he started _ eight million sets a year.A. producing B. to make C. to produce D. produces按照一般的规律，动词 started 后面应加“to do sth.” 或者“doing sth.”，因此，不少学生会误选 A、B 或者 C。实际上，这里包含一个定语从句，关系代词 that 和 which 均被省略，先行词为 factory ，兼作主语，后接谓语动词 produces 才正确。故答案为：D。此法在解答定语从句中介词与关系代词连用的情况也很有效，请看下面两个句子：1. The village has a very big tree _ which the villagers often have meetings.2. His naughty grandson has taken away his glasses, _ which the old man can see nothing.要知道这两处空格填什么介词，必须先把它们还原成为两个简单句，分别为：The village has a very big tree. The villagers often have meetings under the tree.His grandson h