大学通用学术英语视听说教程(理科)unite3 Psychology原文及答案.doc

Unit 3 PsychologyC. Listening ExerciseListen to a conversation and choose the best answers to the questions you hear.1. What do you know about Harrys dog Fido? A. He doesnt like his master any more. B. He has just moved to a new place. C. He gets up late every morning. D. He has been quite nervous and restless.2. What does Jenny suggest Harry should do? A. He should take Fido to the vet. B. He should put Fido on medication. C. He should take Fido for a walk. D. He should let Fido play fetch.3. What do you think Harry will do to his dog? A. He will take his dog for a walk everyday. B. He will consult a scientist for a test on his dog. C. He will try his best to perk up his dog. D. He will put his dog on medication.4. What does the scientific research tell us? A. Dog emotions are quite similar to the emotions of humans. B. Dogs should be put on medication whenever they are ill. C. The brain of humans is more complicated than that of dogs. D. Antidepressants cannot be used as medication for dogs.5. Which of the following is NOT true according to the conversation? A. Jenny may have a different idea towards pet treatment from Harry. B. Some pet-owners may overdo the treatment when their pets are ill. C. Harry is an expert on brain science of humans and dogs.D. Magnetic Resonance Scanner can be used in analyzing dog emotions.Script:Jenny: Hello, Harry, you look pale. Whats wrong?Harry: Hi, Jenny. Its just Fido, my beloved dog. Hes been acting kind of lazy these days. Ever since we moved, hes just been like this.Jenny: Oh my! Do you take him for a walk everyday?Harry: I used to, but now he doesnt even want to play fetch. He loved that so much before.Jenny: If I were you, Id take him to the vet. Probably hes ill.Harry: Well, I did so yesterday. The vet says the reason hes been so down is that hes depressed, and he recommends we put him on medication.Jenny: Are you sure you want to take his suggestion?Harry: Yeah, I think so. Were hoping that the medication will cheer Fido up. If it doesnt, maybe well consider upping his dosage until he seems back to normal.Jenny: Oh, no! I dont know whether its good or not I have a friend who put her dog on antidepressants, but I dont think its fair to make an animal take drugs when he has no say.Harry: I agree sometimes pet-owners might go overboard, but they just want their pets to be happy and healthy. Oh, if only my Fido becomes his normal playful self again!Jenny: But is it ridiculous to spend so much money on an animal when there are people going hungry everywhere?Harry: Ill tell you what. Some scientists have been using a Magnetic Resonance Scanner to learn about dog emotions. The research shows that they are quite similar to the emotions of humans. Jenny: Really? Its unbelievable!Harry: Yes. They have now confirmed what many dog owners already knew. Dogs can understand our feelings! Researchers say that the finding is not just important to dogs and the people who love them, but it establishes a new type of comparative brain science and expands the possibilities for research.Jenny: Wow, seems that you know a lot about scientific research!Harry: Well, for Fido, I have made myself become an expert!Exercise 1 Global UnderstandingListen to the text for the first time, focus on the global idea of it and complete the summary.Psychology is the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and of their mental processes. Some of the personal factors are known as dispositional factors, while external things are known as situational factors. Modern psychology began in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in Germany. In 1890, William James published Principles of Psychology. Exercise 2 Listening and Note-takingListen to the first part of the text and take necessary notes with symbols and abbreviations with the prompts of the following words.Psychology scientific study of individual behavior & and mental processesPsychologists use their research to predict & and (ctrl) control behaviorDispositional factors Genetic makeup, personality traits, attitudes, mental stateSituational factors sensory stimulation, rewards, actions of other peopleExercise 3 In-depth ListeningListen to the second part of the text and complete the table below.WhoWhenWhereWhatWilhelm Wundtin 1879in GermanyFounded the first experimental psychology laboratoryG. Stanley Hallin 1883at the Johns Hopkins University in the USFounded the first American psychological laboratory like WundtsWilliam Jamesin 1890in the USpublished the most important psychological text of all time, Principles of PsychologyScript:What makes us similar to other people and yet so uniquely different? Why do we think, feel and behave as we do? Are we molded more by heredity or shaped by experience? How can the same brain that gives us the capacity for creativity, rationality and love also become the crucible for mental illness? Psychology is formally defined as the scientific study of the behavior of individuals and of their mental processes. Psychologists then try to use their research to predict and in some cases control behavior. Ideally, out of their basic research will come solutions for the practical problems that plague individuals and society. Whatever type of behavior psychologists look at, whether its laughing, crying, making war, or making love, or anything else, they try to make sense of it by relating the observed behavior to certain aspects of the individual involved and the situation in which the behavior occurred. For example, my genetic makeup, personality traits, attitudes and mental state are some of the personal factors involved in my behavior. Theyre known as dispositional factors. Theyre internal, characteristics and potentials inside me, while external things such as sensory stimulation, rewards or the actions of other people are known as situational factors. They come from the outside, from the environment in which my behavior takes place. Modern psychology began in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt founded the first experimental psychology laboratory in Germany. Wundt trained many young researchers who carried on the tradition of measuring reactions to experimental tasks such as reaction times to sensory stimuli, attention, judgment and word associations. The first American psychological laboratory like Wundts was founded at the Johns Hopkins University in 1883 by G. Stanley Hall. Hall, the first president of the American Psychological Association, introduced Sigmund Freud to the American public by translating Freuds General Introduction to Psychoanalysis. But 1890 may stand as the most significant date in psychologys youth. Thats when William James published what many consider to be the most important psychological text of all time, Principles of Psychology. James was a professor of psychology at Harvard University, where he also studied medicine and taught physiology. James was interested in all the ways in which people interact with and adapt to their environment, and so he found a place in psychology for human consciousness, emotions, the self, personal values and religion. But the Wundtian psychologists like G. Stanley Hall rejected James ideas as unscientific and soft. They argued that psychology should be patterned after the model of the physical sciences, so they focused their study on topics like sensation and perception-on psychophysics, measuring mental reactions to physical stimuli. Later they added investigations of how animals acquire conditioned responses and how humans memorize new information. These differences among psychologists in what should be studied and how one should go about it are still with us a century later. Text B LiespottingExercise 1 Global UnderstandingListen to the text for the first time, focus on the global idea and then choose the right answers to the questions you hear.1. Which of the following is NOT a sign to show that Bill Clinton was a liar? A. He used a non-contracted denial. B. He used “that woman” to refer to Miss Lewinsky. C. He tried unconsciously to distance himselffrom his subject. D. He peppered his account with a little too much detail.2. What can you learn from the text? A. Only trained liespotters can detect lies. B. A fake smile will betray a liar. C. Liars dont dare to look people in the eyes. D. Liars rehearse their words and gestures.Exercise 2 Listening for detailsListen to one part of the text and decide whether the following statements are true (T), false (F) or not given (NG).1. Attitude is the most important indicator in detecting lies. (NG)2. A persons enthusiasm may indicate his dishonesty. (F)3. An honest person will keep silent since he believes in his innocence. (F)4. An honest person is eager to help you get to the truth. (T)5. An honest person will not be infuriated during the interview. (F)Exercise 3 Compound DictationListen and complete the summary below with the missing words from the text.People deceptive may be withdrawn,look down, (1) lower their voice,(2) pause, or herky-jerky.They are going to (3) pepper their story with too much (4) detail and in strict (5) chronological order.A trained interrogator will ask them to tell the story (6) backwards,and then track the deceptive tells.People rehearse their (7) words,but not their (8) gestures.Script: Trained liespotters get to the truth 90 percent of the time.The rest of us, were only 54 percent accurate.Why is it so easy to learn?Well, there are good liars and there are bad liars. There are no real original liars.We all make the same mistakes. We all use the same techniques.So what Im going to dois Im going to show you two patterns of deception.And then were going to look at the hot spots and see if we can find them ourselves.Were going to start with a speech.Bill Clinton: I want you to listen to me.Im going to say this again.I did not have sexual relationswith that woman, Miss Lewinsky.I never told anybody to lie,not a single time, never.These allegations are false.And I need to go back to work for the American people.Thank you.Pamela Meyer: Okay, what were the telltale signs?Well first we heard whats known as a non-contracted denial.Studies show that people who are over-determined in their denialwill resort to formal rather than informal language.We also heard distancing language: “that woman”.We know that liars will unconsciously distance themselvesfrom their subject using language as their tool.Now if Bill Clinton had said, “Well, to tell you the truth .”or Richard Nixons favorite, “In all candor .”he would have been a dead giveawayfor any lies potter than knowsthat qualifying language, as its called, qualifying language like that, further discredits the subject.Now if he had repeated the question in its entirety,or if he had peppered his account with a little too much detail -and were all really glad he didnt do that -he would have further discredited himself.Freud had it right.Freud said, look, theres much more to it than speech:“No mortal can keep a secret.If his lips are silent, he chatters with his fingertips.”And we all do it no matter how powerful you are.We all chatter with our fingertips.Im going to show you Dominique Strauss-Kahn with Obamawhos chattering with his fingertips.Now this brings us to our next pattern,which is body language.With body language, heres what youve got to do.Youve really got to just throw your assumptions out the door.Let the science temper your knowledge a little bit.Because we think liars fidget all the time.Well guess what, theyre known to freeze their upper bodies when theyre lying.We think liars wont look you in the eyes.Well guess what, they look you in the eyes a little too muchjust to compensate for that myth.We think warmth and smilesconvey honesty, sincerity.But a trained lie spottercan spot a fake smile a mile away.Can you all spot the fake smile here? You can consciously contractthe muscles in your cheeks.But the real smiles in the eyes, the crows feet of the eyes.They cannot be consciously contracted,especially if you overdid the Botox.Dont overdo the Botox; nobody will think youre honest.Now were going to look at the hot spots.Can you tell whats happening in a conversation? Can you start to find the hot spotsto see the discrepanciesbetween someones words and someones actions?Now I know it seems really obvious,but when youre having a conversationwith someone that you suspect of deception,attitude is by far the most overlooked but telling of indicators.An honest person is going to be cooperative.Theyre going to show theyre on your side. Theyre going to be enthusiastic.Theyre going to be willing and helpful to getting you to the truth.Theyre going to be willing to brainstorm, name suspects,provide details.Theyre going to say, “Hey,maybe it was those guys in payroll that forged those checks.”Theyre going to be infuriated if they sense theyre wrongly accusedthroughout the entire course of the interview, not just in flashes;theyll be infuriated throughout the entire course of the interview.And if you ask someone honestwhat should happen to whomever did forge those checks,an honest person is much more likelyto recommend strict rather than lenient punishment.Now lets say youre having that exact same conversationwith someone deceptive.That person may be withdrawn,look down, lower their voice,pause, be kind of herky-jerky.Ask a deceptive person to tell their story,theyre going to pepper it with way too much detailin all kinds of irrelevant places.And then theyre going to tell their story in strict chronological order.And what a trained interrogator doesis they come in and in very subtle waysover the course of several hours,they will ask that person to tell that story backwards,and then theyll watch them squirm,and track which questions produce the highest volume of deceptive tells.Why do they do that? Well we all do the same thing.We rehearse our words,but we rarely rehearse our gestures.We say “yes”, we shake our heads “no”.We tell very convincing stories, we slightly shrug our shoulders.We commit terrible crimes,and we smile at the delight in getting away with it.Now that smile is known in the trade as “duping delight”.Part IV HomeworkA Listening TaskListen to the passage and fill in the blanks with what you hear.Some colors that people see late at night could cause (1) signs of the condition mental health experts call clinical depression. That was the finding of a study that builds on earlier study findings. They show that individuals who live or work in (2) low levels of light overnight can develop clinical depression.Doctors use the words clinical depression to describe a (3) severe form of depression. Signs may include loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, low energy levels and (4) thoughts of death or suicide.In the new study, American investigators (5) designed an experiment that exposed hamsters to different colors. The researchers chose hamsters because they are nocturnal, which means they (6) sleep during the day and are (7) active at night. The animals were separated into 4 groups. One group of hamsters was kept in the dark during their nighttime period. Another group was placed in front of a blue