云南省楚雄市高考英语一轮复习 完形填空阅读理解基础训练1.doc

云南省楚雄市2015高考英语完形填空、阅读理解一轮基础训练（1）及答案议论类和说明类完形填空复习考前冲刺指导【考纲解读】新课标考纲解释单项填空“主要考查学生对英语基础知识的掌握程度及运用能力，旨在检测考生对英语基础知识的理解、掌握和运用情况”。试题的命题原则是“突出语境、强调应用、注重实际、体现能力”。命题范围主要包括：名词、代词、冠词、形容词和副词、动词短语、动词时态及语态、非谓语动词、情态动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、强调句型、倒装、省略句和情景交际等。【命题特点】一、突出重点，覆盖考点。从语言知识的分布点上看，试题一直保持着“覆盖面广、重点突出”的特点。内容涉及交际、时态、语态、冠词、形容词、副词、动词（词组）、非谓语动词、定语从句以及状语从句等，其中围绕动词及其变化的考查一直是单项填空测试的重点。二、突出语境，活用语法。从测试的内容上看，试题重视在语境中考查学生的语言实践能力。即考查语法现象的规则性又体现其实践中的灵活性；即尊重语法知识的规范性又不拘泥其语境使用中的合理性。 三、突出交叉，综合踩点。从测试的体位上看，试题不只是单纯地考查某一个点，而是全面、立体地展示中学阶段所学的基础知识。四、突出实词，加强辨析。从词汇考查的角度来看，除湖北题全部考查词汇外，越来越多的省份逐渐加大了词汇测试的考查力度，这是全国高考试题变化的一个新趋向，也是高考英语和大学英语接轨的一个切入点。五、突出创新，贴近生活。从题干的形式上看，单句的测试题渐渐让位于篇章测试题，语言知识测试题渐渐让位于语言运用测试题，用对话创设情景的题目所占比例越来越多。试题的题干不再拘泥于陈腐的句型、句式，而是以前置句、后置句、省略句、插入句、变化句等创新句型来增加语境和句子结构的复杂性。从话题的选材上看，试题关注社会生活的变化和发展，点缀和折射时代热点，极具“生活化”和“时代感”。【题型分类】议论文是高考完形填空中较难的一种文体，一般由三个要素组成：论点、论据、结论。要做好议论文类的完形填空最重要的是抓住作者的论点。不同的议论文论点的提出方式往往不同，大体有以下三种情况：（1）开门见山地提出论点。有些议论文在文章的一开始就提出论点。然后再通过具体的论据去说明论点，论据有时候既有正面的论据，也有反面的论据，最后总结全文。（2）导入式提出论点。有些议论文会先通过叙述生活中的一件具体的事情或描述生活中的现象，然后根据事情或现象所反映的问题提出自己的论点，再用具体的论据去说明自己的论点。（3）最后提出论点。有些议论文一开始作者仅仅是列举生活中的现象，而不表明自己的观点，而是通过对具体现象的分析，自然得出一种结论，这种结论往往就是作者的论点。对于纯议论形式的完形填空，要在掌握全文主旨的情况下，抓好每段的首句。抓住了每段的主旨句也就是把握了文章的脉络，理解文意就容易了。说明文往往围绕一个问题从不同的侧面来加以说明，通常结构严谨，句子结构复杂，因此是高考完形填空中较难理解的一种文体。说明文一般有三类：一是实体事例说明文。包括说明书、广告、解说词、人物介绍、知识小品、知识注解等（实体事物是指国家、城市、人物、山水、树木、花草、虫鱼、鸟兽、建筑、文化古迹、科技成果及各种工农业产品）；二是事理说明文。包括理论性解释、文书简介、教材等（事理是指观点、立场、名词概念、学术流派等）；三是文艺性说明文。即把说明对象拟人化，进而编成故事，对其进行介绍。具体特点为：（1）开头点题。做说明文完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是什么，是具体实物还是理论性概念。因此，明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在近年的说明型填空中，作者一般在文章的首句直接提出说明的对象。（2）结构清晰。把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时问顺序(指先后顺序)，空间顺序(从局部到整体，从上到下、从内到外)，逻辑顺序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次)；认识顺序(由此及彼，由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质)。说明文型完形填空短文层次清晰，整体性强，所以，递进性词汇和名词的设题往往出现得较多。说明文往往较直白，写作脉络清晰，又没有很多感情因素的掺入，所以就不会有过多的情感词汇，自然不会有钻不出的“迷宫”。据此特点，我们便可以顺着作者的思路，理清整篇文章的思路，从而顺利答题。阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（a、b、c和d）中，选出最佳选项。 nowadays, people in china are increasingly interested in celebrating foreign festivals, especially those western festivals. a survey conducted recently by sina. com. showed that among the 18,222 people surveyed 63.90% said celebrating christmas is just another way of recreation, nothing serious while 17.85% surveyed considered the festival as a fashion act, showing they were not “out”. these two parts clearly indicate the general opinion of the young. 10.45% people involved said the celebration of a religious western festival with so much enthusiasm is absolutely ridiculous pursuit of foreign goodness. only 7.80% of people define christmas as a kind of festival colonization(殖民).the arising of celebrating foreign festivals clearly has something to do with the advancement of chinas economy. in my point view, christmas and other festivals celebrated in china have difference from the origin. they have lost their religious background and turned into a big occasion to have fun and enjoy life. shop owners pockets are filled, the publics hunger for happiness is filled, and that is enough. foreign festivals in china are more like carnivals giving people pleasure and enjoyment. the crisis of traditional chinese festivals that are losing their attraction may be linked to the culture tradition and background of the festivals. most chinese festival culture is related more or less to real life. “the country is based on its people while the people are relied on their food”. but the western culture shows much of romance. some festivals have their religious background while others have much to do with culture and people. at this point, food seems to be too plain. flowers and chocolates are more welcomed.foreign festivals in china are celebrated for fun. they give people opportunities to relax and celebrate, to show appreciation and gratefulness. the acceptance of foreign festivals generally depends on the openness of the public, the familiarity with the western culture, and most importantly, on peoples economic status.1from the survey we know that among the people surveyed _. amost think celebrating foreign festivals is ridiculous bmany fear that traditional chinese festivals will disappear soon csome think that celebrating foreign festivals is a sign of foreign goodness chasing dhalf think celebrating foreign festivals makes people not go out of fashion2the writer thinks that foreign festivals celebrated in china _.ahave lost their religious backgroundbare the same as those celebrated in the westccan give more fun than traditional chinese festivalsdmay reduce the hunger of public people3what is the main difference between foreign festivals and traditional chinese ones?aforeign festivals can make chinese shop owners pockets full quickly.bthe food at foreign festivals is too simple.cchinese festivals always have something to do with culture.dforeign festivals are romantic while traditional chinese ones are connected with reality.4which of the following may not be the reason why so many people accept foreign festivals? apeople can relax themselves.bpeople can show their thanks to others. cforeign festivals have longer histories than chinese ones. dpeople have known more about the western culture.【参考答案】14、c a d c。阅读下列四篇短文，从每小题后所给的a,b,c或d四个选项中，选出最佳选项。plants cant communicate by moving or making sounds, as most animals do. instead, plants produce volatile compounds, chemicals that easily change from a liquid to a gas. a flowers sweet smell, for example, comes from volatile compounds that the plant produces to attract insects such as bugs and bees. plants can also detect volatile compounds produced by other plants. a tree under attack by hungry insects, for instance, may give off volatile compounds that let other trees know about the attack. in response, the other trees may send off chemicals to keep the bugs awayor even chemicals that attract the bugs natural enemies. now scientists have created a quick way to understand what plants are saying:a chemical sensor(传感器) called an electronic nose. the“e-nose” can tell compounds that crop plants make when theyre attacked. scientists say the e-nose could help quickly detect whether plants are being eaten by insects. but today the only way to detect such insects is to visually inspect individual plants. this is a challenging task for managers of greenhouses, enclosed gardens that can house thousands of plants. the research team worked with an e-nose that recognizes volatile compounds. inside the device, 13 sensors chemically react with volatile compounds. based on these interactions, the e-nose gives off electronic signals that the scientists analyze using computer software. to test the nose, the team presented it with healthy leaves from cucumber, pepper and tomato plants, all common greenhouse crops. then the scientists collected samples of air around damaged leaves from each type of crop. these plants had been damaged by insects, or by scientists who made holes in the leaves with a hole punch(打孔器). the e-nose, it turns out, could identify healthy cucumber, peper and tomato plants based on the volatile compounds they produce. it could also identify tomato leaves that had been damaged. but even more impressive, the device could tell which type of damageby insects or with a hole punchhad been done to the tomato leaves. with some fine-tuning, a device like the e-nose could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. a device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says natalia dudareva, a biochemist at purdue university in west lafayette, ind. who studies smells of flowers and plants. hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future. 1. we learn