广东省深圳科学高中高二英语上学期期中试题（国际体系）新人教版.doc

深圳科学高中2013-2014学年第一学期期中考试试题年级：高二 科目：英语（国际体系）考试时长：90分钟 卷面总分：100分注意事项：答案写在答题卡指定的位置上，写在试题卷上无效选择题作答必须用2b铅笔，修改时用橡皮擦干净解答题作答必须用黑色墨迹签字笔或钢笔填写，答题不得超出答题框第一节 托福阅读（共一节，满分60分）阅读下列文章，根据文章内容回答问题，每个选项2分，共60分。the telegraphas properties of electricity became better understood in the early nineteenth century, and as it became easier and easier to manipulate, american and european scientists alike experimented with various devices for sending messages as electric signals over wire. although the first electrical telegraph was created, patented and put into use in the united kingdom in 1837, a second, and much more effective, electrical telegraph was independently developed in the united states during the same period. patented by samuel mores, and thus named the mores code(a system for sending messages, using combinations of long and short sounds or flashes of light to represent letters of the alphabet and numbers), it was this second american version that was quickly deployed across the globe over the next two decades.though morse claimed most of the recognition for this innovative device, in actuality it was made possible through the collaborative effort of several great thinker of the time. in 1830, another american- joseph henry- first demonstrated the potential of using electricity as a communications medium when he sent an electric current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet, which caused a bell to strike. morses modifications successfully transformed henrys invention into a commercially exploitable technology. morse used pulses(a single short increase in the amount of light, sound or electricity produced by a machine,etc.) of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper. although he completed his first working prototype in 1837, he was unable to send messages over long distances; the current could only be made to travel for 40 feet. however, after applying some of the specifications joseph henry had outlined some years before, he was able to transmit messages through ten miles of wire. thus the problem of distance had seemingly been overcome.much to the dismay of morse, his potentially ground-breaking invention was unappreciated by a short-sighted american public. only after five years of insistent persuasion did morse succeed in procuring government funding by convincing congress of the revolutionary potential of the telegraph. in 1838, congress approved usd 30000 to construct an experimental telegraph line from washington d.c. to baltimore, a distance of forty miles. upon completion of this line, morse provided congress and the american public with a demonstration by transmitting the words “what hath god wrought?” from washington to baltimore. even more to the dismay of morse, congress was unmoved by this success and they were unwilling to devote public funding to further the development of the telegraph. samuel morse and his associates had no alternative but to obtain private funding for the extension of their line to philadelphia and new york.private enterprise did not wait for public sanction to move forward and capitalize on the new technology. telegraph businesses were established in the east, south and midwest. dispatching trains by telegraph started in 1851, the same year western union began operations. western union set up the first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861. thereafter, the network was extended with remarkable speed. and the system evolved as it expanded. the original morse telegraph was printed code on tape, however, it soon became common practice to send by key and receive by ear. a trained telegraph operator could transmit 40-50 words per minute. the telegraph monopolized long distance communication for almost 20 years, at which point a rival technology was developed that would once again change the face of communication- the telephone.even with this new competitor forcing its way onto the scene, the telegraph held its place as an essential communication tool. in fact, the competition pushed the telegraph to new levels of efficiency. in 1892, edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph that could transmit and receive simultaneously. soon after, multiplexing allowed for the telegraph transmit up to 8 messages over a single wire, thus increasing the efficiency and strengthening the competitive edge of the telegraph. these improvements not only meant that the amount of information relayed could be increased, but more importantly, that the cost of sending messages was also significantly decreased. this evolutionary advancement allowed the telegraph to hold its own as a key communication tool for both the public and private good despite that challenge posed by emerging new technologies.paragraph 1: as properties of electricity became better understood in the early nineteenth century, and as it became easier and easier to manipulate, american and european scientists alike experimented with various devices for sending messages as electric signals over wire. although the first electrical telegraph was created, patented and put into use in the united kingdom in 1837, a second, and much more effective, electrical telegraph was independently developed in the united states during the same period. patented by samuel mores, and thus named the mores code, it was this second american version that was quickly deployed across the globe over the next two decades.1. the passage focuses mainly on what aspect of electricity?a. problems associated with using long wires to conduct electric currentsb. its use as a medium for telecommunicationc. adapting electrical lines as phone linesd. using electrical lines to provide remote areas with power2. the word “deployed” in the passage is closest in meaning toa. positionedb. plannedc. testedd. operatedparagraph 2: though morse claimed most of the recognition for this innovative device, in actuality it was made possible through the collaborative effort of several great thinker of the time. in 1830, another american- joseph henry- first demonstrated the potential of using electricity as a communications medium when he sent an electric current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet, which caused a bell to strike. morses modifications successfully transformed henrys invention into a commercially exploitable technology. morse used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper. although he completed his first working prototype in 1837, he was unable to send messages over long distances; the current could only be made to travel for 40 feet. however, after applying some of the specifications joseph henry had outlined some years before, he was able to transmit messages through ten miles of wire. thus the problem of distance had seemingly been overcome.3. according to the passage, why was morses prototype telegraph inadequate?a. it could not send complex messages.b. it was very time consuming to use.c. it could not be used over long distances.d. it would quickly become obsolete.paragraph 3: much to the dismay of morse, his potentially ground-breaking invention was unappreciated by a short-sighted american public. only after five years of insistent persuasion did morse succeed in procuring government funding by convincing congress of the revolutionary potential of the telegraph. in 1838, congress approved usd 30000 to construct an experimental telegraph line from washington d.c. to baltimore, a distance of forty miles. upon completion of this line, morse provided congress and the american public with a demonstration by transmitting the words “what hath god wrought?” from washington to baltimore. even more to the dismay of morse, congress was unmoved by this success and they were unwilling to devote public funding to further the development of the telegraph. samuel morse and his associates had no alternative but to obtain private funding for the extension of their line to philadelphia and new york.4. according to the passage, why did morse have to get private support for the telegraph?a. the government failed to see the potential of this device.b. the amount of money morse needed kept increasing.c. the government would not allow him to do a demonstration.d. the public misunderstood the purpose of the device.5. according to paragraph 3, how did morse try to convince congress to fund further development of the telegraph?a. he explained how strong the need was for his project.b. he demonstrated the capability of his invention.c. he modified his invention to comply with government regulations.d. he reduced the amount of funding requested.6. the word “dismay” in the passage is closest in meaning toa. disappointmentb. indifferencec. inabilityd. encouragementparagraph 4: private enterprise did not wait for public sanction to move forward and capitalize on the new technology. a telegraph businesses were established in the east, south and midwest. dispatching trains by telegraph started in 1851, the same year western union began operations. b western union set up the first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861. cthereafter, the network was extended with remarkable speed. and the system evolved as it expanded. d the original morse telegraph was printed code on tape, however, it soon became common practice to send by key and receive by ear. a trained telegraph operator could transmit 40-50 words per minute. the telegraph monopolized long distance communication for almost 20 years, at which point a rival technology was developed that would once again change the face of communication- the telephone.7. which of the following was a major contribution to the development of the telegraph that extended its life as a useful communications technology?a. a way was found to send messages over longer distancesb. a way was found to train operators to send and receive messagesc. a way was found to make messages visible as marks on paperd. a way was found to send multiple messages on a single wire8. the word “sanction” in the passage is closest in meaning toa. awarenessb. supportc. oppositiond. ambivalence9. which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.a. twenty years after the telegraph was developed, the telephone was invented and effectively made the former obsolete.b. the telegraph dominated the communication industry for a significant period of time and led to the development of the telephone the next step in long distance communication.c. after dominating communications technology for two decades, the telegraph was succeeded by the telephone, which would further revolutionize telecommunicationsd. the telephone was a revolutionary piece of modern technology that would not have been possible had it not been for the telegraph.10. look at the four squares a b c d that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.as is often the case smaller, regional companies showed the greatest flexibility and initiative.even with this new competitor forcing its way onto the scene, the telegraph held its place as an essential communication tool. in fact, the competition pushed the telegraph to new levels of efficiency. in 1892, edison received a patent for a two-way telegraph that could transmit and receive simultaneously. soon after, multiplexing allowed for the telegraph transmit up to 8 messages over a single wire, thus increasing the efficiency and strengthening the competitive edge of the telegraph. these improvements not only meant that the amount of information relayed could be increased, but more importantly, that the cost of sending messages was also significantly decreased. this evolutionary advancement allowed the telegraph to hold its own as a key communication tool for both the public and private good despite that challenge posed by emerging new technologies.11. the word “edge” in the passage is closest in meaning toa. designb. advantagec. adaptationd. limit12. directions: an introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. complete the summary by selecting the three answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.the telegraph was an essential step in the development of long distance communication.answer choicea. by borrowing knowledge gained by european inventors, samuel morse managed to create the first long distance telecommunications systemb. the contributions of both samuel morse and joseph henry resulted in a successful long distance telegraphc. realizing the long-term advantages of the telegraph, congress was eager to subsidize the project.d. after initial government funding, morse and associates obtained private funding to expand telegraph linese. morse code was modified to type written letters and thus greatly increase efficiency.f. though a very influential technology for a time, the telegraph rapidly fell into disuse as the telephone became the popular mode of communication.swimming machines (og)tunas(a large sea fish that is used for food), mackerels(a sea fish with greenish-blue bands on its body, that is used for food), and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even rest are carried out while in constant motion. as a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming machines is adapted to enhance their ability to swim. many of the adaptations of these fishes serve to reduce water resistance (drag). interestingly enough, several of these hydrodynamic adaptations resemble features designed to improve the aerodynamics of high-speed aircraft. though human engineers are new to the game, tunas and their relatives evolved their high-tech designs long ago. tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have made streamlining into an art form. their bodies are sleek and compact. the body shapes of tunas, in fact, are nearly ideal from an engineering point of view. most species lack scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery. the eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all. they are also covered with a slick, transparent lid that reduces drag. the fins are stiff, smooth, and narrow, qualities that also help cut drag. when not in use, the fins are tucked into special grooves or depressions so that they lie flush with the body and do not break up its smooth contours. airplanes retract their landing gear while in flight for the same reason. tunas, mackerels, and billfishes have even more sophisticated adaptations than these to improve their hydrodynamics. the long bill of marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish probably helps them slip through the water. many supersonic aircraft have a similar needle at the nose. most tunas and billfishes have a series of keels and finlets near the tail. although most of their scales have been lost, tunas and mackerels retain a patch of coarse scales near the head called the corselet. the keels, finlets, and corselet help direct the flow of water over the body surface in such as way as to reduce resistance (see the figure). again, supersonic jets have similar features. because they are always swimming, tunas simply have to open their mouths and water is forced in and over their gills. accordingly, they have lost most of the muscles that other fishes use to suck in water and push it past the gills. in fact, tunas must swim to breathe. they must also keep swimming to keep from sinking, since most have largely or completely lost the swim bladder, the gas-filled sac that helps most other fish remain buoyant. one potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down. some species of tuna have specialized grooves in their tongue. it is thought that these grooves help to channel water through the mouth and out the gill slits, thereby reducing water resistance. there are adaptations that increase the amount of forward thrust as well as those that reduce drag. again, these fishes are the envy of engineers. their high, narrow tails with swept-back tips are almost perfectly adapted to provide propulsion with the least possible effort. perhaps most important of all to these and other fast swimmers is their ability to sense and make use of swirls and eddies (circular currents) in the water. they can glide past eddies that would slow them down and then gain extra thrust by pushing off the eddies. scientists and engineers are beginning to study this ability of fishes in the hope of designing more efficient propulsion systems for ships. the muscles of these fishes and the mechanism that maintains a warm body temperature are also highly efficient. a bluefin tuna in water of 7c (45f) can maintain a core temperature of over 25c (77f). this warm body temperature may help not only the muscles to work better, but also the brain and the eyes. the billfishes have gone one step further. they have evolved special heaters of modified muscle tissue that warm the eyes and brain, maintaining peak performance of these critical organs. paragraph 1: tunas, mackerels, and billfishes (marlins, sailfishes, and swordfish) swim continuously. feeding, courtship, reproduction, and even rest are carried out while in constant motion. as a result, practically every aspect of the body form and function of these swimming mach