高考英语语法 第三讲 从句.ppt

从句考点归纳 从句 1 名词性从句 2 定语从句 3 状语从句 名词性从句 1 主语从句 2 宾语从句 3 表语从句 4 同位语从句 I 语序问题 在名词性从句中 除了关联词在从句之首外 其它部分应用陈述句的语序 Heasked foraviolin NMET92 A didIpayhowmuchB IpaidhowmuchC howmuchdidIpayD howmuchIpaid II 用it代替主语从句或宾语从句 为了使句子保持平衡 常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句 而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面 尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中 但what whatever whoever whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置 例如 Ihate whenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull MET98 A itB thatC theseD them 解析 答案 A 此题考查了it作先行词代替宾语从句 而把宾语从句放在句末 其它人称代词或指示代词都不能代替从句 2 用it作形式主语的结构 1 Itis 名词 从句Itisafactthat 事实是 Itisanhonorthat 非常荣幸Itiscommonknowledgethat 是常识 2 Itis 形容词 从句Itisnaturalthat 很自然 Itisstrangethat 奇怪的是 3 Itis 不及物动词 从句Itseemsthat 似乎 Ithappenedthat 碰巧 Itappearsthat 似乎 4 It 过去分词 从句Itisreportedthat 据报道 Ithasbeenprovedthat 已证实 Itissaidthat 据说 III 关联词的区分 that从句与wh 从句的区别 that连词在从句中不作成分 不含有疑问意义 而wh 连词在从句中作成分 且含有疑问意义 1 wecan tgetseemsbetterthan wehave NMET96 A What whatB What thatC That thatD That what 解析 答案 A 此题考查了两个名词性从句 因为从句中都缺宾语 所以都应选what不选that that在引导名词性从句时不作成分 2 Doyouremember hecame Yes Ido Hecamebycar NMET94 A howB whenC thatD if 解析 答案 A 根据答语Hecamebycar可知 问句应是提问方式 所以选择A how 再如 hesaidatthemeetingastonishedeverybodypresent NMET93 A WhatB ThatC ThefactD Thematter 另外 在名词性从句的复习过程中 我们还须特别注意以下问题 1 主语从句Whatever whoever whichever引导的主语从句的区分 whatever相当于anythingthat 是what的强调形式 表示 无论什么 例如 Whatevershedoesisridiculous whoever相当于anyonewho 是who的强调形式 表示 无论谁 任何 的人 例如 Whoeverwalksaroundinsuchaheavyrainwillcatchacold whichever 无论哪个 无论哪些 既指人 也指物 可以单独使用 可以修饰名词 也可以后跟of短语 例如 Whicheverofusfulfilshistaskfirstwilllendahandtoothers Whicheverbookyouborrowdoesn tmattertous 2 表语从句reason后面的表语从句只能用that引导 不能用why引导 但reason后面的定语从句可以用why或者that引导 例如 Thereasonwhywedidn ttrusthimisthathehasoftenlied 3 同位语从句 能跟同位语从句的名词 idea fact news hope belief thought doubt等名词后面 可以跟that或者连接代词 连接副词引导的同位语从句 同位语从句只是对前面的名词作进一步的解释 说明前面的名词的具体含义 例如 Wearesurprisedatthefactthatthechildrendiditontheirown TheyexpressedthehopethatwewouldgoandvisitGermanyagain 同位语从句和定语从句的区别 that作为关系代词 可以引导定语从句 充当句子成分 在从句中作宾语时可以省略 that引导同位语从句时 起连词的作用 没有实际意义 不充当句子成分 一般不能省略 试比较下面两个例句 Thesuggestion that heraisedatthemeetingisverygood that引导定语从句 作宾语 可以省略 Thesuggestionthatthestudents should haveplentyofexerciseisverygood that引导同位语从句 Ihadnoideathatyouwerehere that引导同位语从句 不能省略 Haveyougottheidea that thisbookgivesyouoflifeinancientGreece that引导定语从句 作宾语 可以省略 名词性从句的两点注意 注意一引导词that的省略引导宾语从句时 that可以省略引导主语 表语和同位语从句时 that不能省 注意二 名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致 1 宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致 但如果从句中表示提示的是客观现象 虽然主句是过去时态 从句仍用一般现在时 如 Hello Ididn tknowyouwereinLondon Howlonghaveyoubeenhere Theteachertoldusthatlighttravelsataveryhighspeed 2 主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语 谓语动词用单数 如果由and连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时 谓语动词用复数 由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句 谓语动词用单数 如 Whenthemeetingwillbegin notbeendecidedyet hasnot Whentheywillstartandwheretheygo notbeendecidedyet havenot Whenandwherethemeetingwillbegin notbeendecided hasnot 名词性从句例题 P22 31上P22 34上P23 36上P23 39上P23 40上P23 37下 定语从句 一 引导定语从句的关系词 指代人who whom that指代事物which that所属关系whose ofwhich指地点where指时间when指原因why 二 关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换 但下列情况只用that All canbedonehasbeendone Doyouhaveanything youdon tunderstand Thereislittle canbebelievedaboutit Thebookdoesn tsaymuch amuseschildren that that that that 先行词是all everything nothing anything something much little none等不定代词 引导定语从句用that something有时可用which Hamburgisthemostbeautifulcity I veeverseen ThisisthebestTV ismadeinChina Thefirstmuseum hevisitedinChinawastheHistoryMuseum that that that 先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时 引导定语从句用that I vereadallthebooks youlentme Nosample wenavereceivedissatisfactory Pleasesendusanyinformation youhaveaboutthesubject Heistheonlyperson waspresentatthetime that that that that 先行词被any some no much few little every all very only last修饰时 引导定语从句用that Thefamouswriterandhisworks theradiobroadcasthavearousedgreatinterestamongthestudents Avictimisaperson animalorthing sufferspain death harm etc that that 先行词中既有人又有事物时 引导定语从句用that Who youhaveeverseencandoitbetter Who youaretalkingtoistheyoungfellow that that Who做先行词时 引导定语从句用that 三 不用that 而用which who whom的情况 Hemadethesamemistakesagain madehisparentsveryangry YesterdayIboughtadictionary costmemorethan100yuan MrSmith gaveatalkseveralmonthsago willcomeagain Myunclehascomebackfromabroad Ihaven tmetforalongtime which which who whom 在非限制性定语从句中 指事物用which 指人用who或whom Herbag in sheputallhermoney hasbeenstolen Thisistheringon shespent1000dollars XiaoWang with Iwenttotheconcert enjoyeditverymuch which which whom 在介词后面 指事物用which 指人用whom 注意 如何判断介词 Thegirl whichhehadfoughtallhislifenolongerseemedimportanttohim Heistheman whomIthinkyoucandepend 1 看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配 for on 2 看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配 Hereferredmetosomereferencebooks whichIamnotveryfamiliar Dolphinsmightbetrainedtocooperatewithfishermenandhelpthembyfindingorevencatchingfish allofwhichactivitiesdolphinsareexpert with in 3 根据先行词判断 所用的介词与先行词搭配 Therate whichwildanimalsarebeingdestroyedhasincreased Thisisourclassroom whichthereisateacher sdesk at inthefrontof Thecommitteeconsistsof20members 5of arewomen Thebookcontains50poems mostof werewrittenin1930s Therearetwoleft oneof isalmostfinished andtheotherof isnotquite Ihaveasentence themeaningof Idon tunderstand whom which which which which 名词 代词 数词 of which whom where引导的定语从句 先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词 用where引导定语从句 在从句做状语 Thisisthetownwhere inwhich Ispentmychildhood Thetablewhere atwhich sheissittingisanewone Canyouthinkofasituationwhereyoumayusethisexpression 注意1 若定语从句缺主语或宾语 用which或that引导定语从句 Thelibrary studentsoftenstudywasonfirelastnight Thelibrary wasbuiltinthe1930s needsrepairing Thelibrary youvisitedyesterdaywasbuiltin1990 where which which 注意2 区分where引导的定语从句和状语从句 where前面有被修饰的地点名词时 是定语从句 否则是状语从句 Whenyoureadbooks youhadbettermakeamarkatthespotwhereyouhaveanyquestions Whenyoureadbooks youhadbettermakeamarkwhereyouhaveanyquestions when引导的定语从句 先行词是表示时间的名词 用when引导定语从句 在从句作状语 I llneverforgetthedaywhen onwhich Imetyou Thiswasthetimewhen atwhich heleftforBeijing Wewillputofftheoutinguntilnextweek whenwewon tbebusy 注意 若定语从句缺主语或宾语 用which或that引导定语从句 I llneverforgettheday wefirstmetinthepark I llneverforgetthetime Isentoncampus I llneverforgetthetime wasspentwithyou when which that which that why引导的定语从句 先行词是表示原因的名词 用引导定语从句 在从句中作状语 Thisisthereasonwhy forwhich Ididn tcomehere Thereason shegavewasnottrue which that whose引导的定语从句 表示所属关系 Theriver banksarecoveredwithtreesflowstothesea whose Thereareinthisclass20students aredifferent A whosebackgroundsB thebackgroundsofwhomC ofwhomthebackgroundsD thebackgroundsofwhose 定语从句例题 P22 36下P23 38上P24 35上P28 33上 状语从句 1 时间状语从句 从属连词有 when while as whenever before after since till until assoonas once 等 注意 1 when as whilewhen既可引导持续性动作 又可引导短暂性动作 它表示动作同时发生 或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前 as引导持续性动作 侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生 e g Hesangashewalked While 指的是 在某一时间里 在 期间 从句里的动作必须是持续性的 它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生 往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比 e g WhilewewerewatchingTV hewaswritingacomposition 由where wherever anywhere everywhere引导 2 地点状语从句 由because as since nowthat引导 区别是 because 表示 因为 直接而明确的原因和理由 语气最强 why提问的句子 一般都用because回答 e g Hedidn tcomebecausehewasill 3 原因状语从句 since 表示 既然 语气比because弱 e g Sinceyouarehere youmustdoit nowthat意思与since相似 表示 既然 e g Nowthatalltheguestshavearrived let shaveourdinner for也表示 因为 但是并列连词 它连接的不是状语从句 语气比较强 Itmustbemorning forthebirdsaresinging 由sothat inorderthat incase 以防 免得 forfearthat等引导 Ihidthebookforfearthatheshouldseeit 4 目的状语从句 由that so that such that引导 注意 so后面跟的是形容词和副词such后面跟的是名词 词组 5 结果状语从句 由if unless aslongas solongas 只要 incase that 如果 万一 onlyif providing that 等引导 IncasethatIforget pleaseremindmeaboutthat 6 条件状语从句 由though although while as 虽然尽管 evenif eventhough引导 7 让步状语从句 1 由连词as as notso as as than等引导 2 the 比较级 接从句 the 比较级 接主句 这一句型也归在