高三英语暑期微训练 阅读理解+科普知识类(1).doc

科普知识类一（2014年安徽省合肥市高三第三次教学质量检测）escientists in uk have grown a living human brain. the team at aston university created tiny bunch of cells which act like a mini nervous system.they believe it could help find a cure for worse mental conditions like parkinsons disease. professor michael coleman is leading the research program. he explained, we are aiming to be able to study the human brain at the most basic level, using an actual living human cell system. cells have to be alive and operating efficiently to enable us to really understand how the brain works. the experiment involves changing cells from a cancer tumour (肿瘤）and making them behave like brain cells.although far from finished, researchers hope the false brain cells will give them a greater understanding of how real brains work. this, in turn, could significantly further research into conditions which affect the brain. neil hunt, chief leader of the research group, said, it is still very early days, but in the future the research could lead to a useful tool for looking into dementia (痴呆).the technique could also provide a way to carry on animal test and is being supported by the humane research trust (hrt). the scientists predict that over the next ten years a million people will develop dementia. professor coleman believes their findings could change this. he said，we hope our research will provide scientists with a new and highly relational human experimental model to help them understand the brain better and develop new drugs to control the related disease. however, the biggest challenge at present is that we are greatly short of fund, which will slow our research.72. uk scientists grow a living human brain in order to _.a. study the structure of human brain b. make use of living human cell system c. discover how human brain really works d. separate cells from a cancer tumour73. according to neil hunt, research into brain cells _.a. will get finished as early as possibleb. will make people discover dementiac. will affect the brain growth in many waysd. will help to treat some diseases in nerve system74. from the last paragraph，we can know that _a. the technique provided by hrt is immatureb. animal tests are no longer allowed by lawc. a million people suffer from brain diseasesd. the research program lacks financial support75. the text is intended to _.a. tell us about a breakthrough in medical researchb. introduce a research program in humans brainc. introduce the progress of drugs for dementiad. tell us about health problem in nerve system【考点】考察科普类短文【文章大意】本文介绍了英国科学家对人类大脑进行的一项研究，希望能够了解人类大脑的工作原理，为了一些精神疾病找到解决方法。72. 【答案】c 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章第二段2,3行we are aiming to be able to study the human brain at the most basic level, using an actual living human cell system. cells have to be alive and operating efficiently to enable us to really understand how the brain works.可知这个研究的目的在于研究人类的大脑是如何工作的。故c正确。73. 【答案】d 【试题解析】推理题。根据第三段最后2行neil hunt, chief leader of the research group, said, it is still very early days, but in the future the research could lead to a useful tool for looking into dementia (痴呆).可知这样的研究会让我们发现一种有用的工具来研究痴呆这样的疾病。说明d项的说法是正确的。74. 【答案】d 【试题解析】细节题。根据文章最后一句however, the biggest challenge at present is that we are greatly short of fund, which will slow our research可知这个研究的最大的问题就是缺少资金。故d正确。75. 【答案】b 【试题解析】目的意图题。根据文章第一段scientists in uk have grown a living human brain. the team at aston university created tiny bunch of cells which act like a mini nervous system可知本文介绍了英国科学家进行的一项对人类的大脑的研究计划。故b正确。【长难句解析】however, the biggest challenge at present is that we are greatly short of fund, which will slow our research.【翻译】然呢荣，现在最大的挑战是我们的资金短缺，这会减缓我们的研究。【分析】本句中含有一个that引导的表语从句that we are greatly short of fund, which will slow our research，that在句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而已。另外句中还有一个非限制性定语从句which will slow our research，which指代前面缺少资金这件事情，在句中做主语。二（2014届河南省郑州市高中毕业年级第二次质量预测）cscientists have been puzzled by the phenomenon that migrating birds fly not just in groups all the time, but in v formations and they have tried to figure out what benefit birds get from this particular formation. now, a research group from university of london may have found the answer migrating birds fly in a v to save energy, according to a study published in the journal nature.when a bird flaps(振翅) its wings, it stirs the air around it and causes it to move indifferent directions. scientist found in the study that the air creates an upward-moving wave at the tips of the wings, which means that if a bird flies around the wingtips of another bird, it can get a boost（抬高） from the rising air and therefore use less energy to stay in the air.apart form the free ride strategy, scientists were also surprised to observe that migrating birds timed their wing beats and adjusted their positions in a very precise way to maximize the lifting effect while avoiding areas where the air move downward.theyre able to sense whats going on from the bird in front, where this good air is coming from and now how to position themselves perfectly in it, lead researcher steven portugal told bbc.in fact, the v formation has long thought to help birds fly more efficiently(效率搞地). a previous study showed that birds heart rates went down when they were flying together in a v formation. jet fighters were also found to be able reduce their energy use by up to 18% by staying near the wingtips of other jet fighters. both of these findings led scientists to suspect that the v formation had an efficiency purpose, but until now they still lack proof.for scientists, the new study provides an insight into an interesting natural phenomenon. but it could mean even more for aircraft companies helping them understand how they can imitate that with their plane formations to save fuel, said portugal.28. what is the authors purpose in writing this article?a. to explain how birds benefit from migration.b. to introduce how migrating birds find their way.c. to tell some applications of migrating birds v formations.d. to report new findings about migrating birds v formations.29. according to the recent study, when birds migrate .a. they dont change their lead birds during the whole journeyb. they fly in v formations to protect themselves against enemiesc. they form the shape of a v to make best use of the lifting effectd. the air they stir around makes it hard for the birds behind to fly fast30. what is the significance of the new study according to this article?a. it might inspire aircraft companies to think of ways to improve efficiency.b. it has proved that the v formation can improve in efficiency in many fields,c. it has led scientists to discover that birds heart rates go down when they fly in a v.d. it shows that the best formation of jet fighters in battle should be a v formation.31. the underlined word imitate in the last paragraph most probably means .a. useb. copyc. changed. learn【考点】考察科普知识类短文【文章大意】本文介绍的是一项新的研究，是关于候鸟使用v字形飞行的原因。以此对我们的飞机制造有些启发作用。28. 【答案】 d 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章主题段第一段最后一句now, a research group from university of london may have found the answer migrating birds fly in a v to save energy, according to a study published in the journal nature.可知本文是对候鸟使用v字形飞行的原因的研究的新的发现。故d正确。29. 【答案】 c 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章第三段apart form the free ride strategy, scientists were also surprised to observe that migrating birds timed their wing beats and adjusted their positions in a very precise way to maximize the lifting effect while avoiding areas where the air move downward.可知候鸟按照v字形飞行是为了更好地利用鸟儿拍打翅膀带来的lifting的影响，让飞行的效率更高。故c正确。30. 【答案】 a 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章最后2行. but it could mean even more for aircraft companies helping them understand how they can imitate that with their plane formations to save fuel, said portugal.可知飞机制造商可以利用这一研究结果来提高飞机飞行的效率。故a正确。31. 【答案】 b 【试题解析】猜测词义题。根据本句but it could mean even more for aircraft companies helping them understand how they can imitate that with their plane formations to save fuel, said portugal.可知这一新发现能够帮助那些飞机制造商，更好地理解他们如何模仿鸟儿的这一飞行特点来改造飞机以节省燃料。该该词是指“模仿”，故b正确。【长难句解析】scientists have been puzzled by the phenomenon that migrating birds fly not just in groups all the time, but in v formations and they have tried to figure out what benefit birds get from this particular formation.【翻译】科学家对于这一现象感觉很困惑，候鸟飞行的时候不仅仅是一直都是一群鸟儿一起飞而且是按照v字形在飞行。他们一直都想知道从这种特殊的飞行模式中鸟儿能够得到什么样的好处。【分析】本句中有一个同位语从句that migrating birds fly not just in groups all the time, but in v formations，对前面的名词the phenomenon进行解释说明，that在这个同位语从句中不充当任何成分，只是一个引导词而已。同时动词figure后面还有一个由what引导的宾语从句，what在宾语从句中做主语。三（2014年山东日照市高三校际联合检测）ethe preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive(抢先)methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread，and thus, maintain ecological balance and protect resourcesclose monitoring of forest fires caused by natural factors can help prevent their spread to a large extentto contain forest fires，fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants(抑制剂)that can be dropped from planes and helicoptersto control the spread of a wildfirefirefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across itcontrolled burns are often employed by government authorities to reduce fuel buildup，and clean up the fallen leaves，and thus，prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast arearegular controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity(生物多样性)，as the smoke and heat produced in the process can facilitate(促进)the growth of seeds of certain plant speciesapart from these，responsible human behavior can help reduce the number of forest fires to a great extentin fact，we can reduce the number of wildfires dramatically by not leaving behind any source of fire in the forest.forest fires can affect climate and weather to a great extent，besides causing severe damage to valuable treeswildfires can increase the level of greenhouse gases(water vapor, carbon dioxide，etc)，and therefore increase pollution and global warminghowever, they are also an important part of the ecosystem，and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproductionbut large wildfires can cause extensive damage to the ecosystem，which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires61what may be the best title for this passage?acontrol and prevention of forest firesbhow to keep ecological balanceceffects of forest firesdmethods of fire spread control62firefighters get rid of all fuel in all area in order to _akeep close monitoring of forest firesbprevent the forest fire from occurringcprotect the animals theredstop the wildfire from spreading63the government arranges some controlled burns to_aburn the rubbish and keep the forest cleanbhelp keep ecological balance of naturecreduce fuel buildup and limit forest fires spreaddprovide reasonable conditions for some plantsgrowth64a controlled forest fire may play a positive role because _.aa new forest will appear soonbit promotes the development of some seedscnature keeps its balance only by wildfiresdit makes the trees grow faster than before65the last paragraph tells us that _athe greenhouse gases are caused mainly by wildfiresbwildfires have both positive and negative effectscpeople should be aware of the necessity of wildfiresdall the valuable trees disappear owing to wildfires【考点】考察科普知识类短文【文章大意】森林火灾预防有助于减少损失，确保生态平衡。森林火灾的危害不言而喻，但控制的燃烧既有助于控制火灾损失，还有助于保持生物多样性。61. 【答案】a 【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据文章主题段第一段the preventive measures for forest fires include some preemptive(抢先)methods that can help reduce the risks of fires and control their severity and spread，and thus, maintain ecological balance and protect resources可知文章从对林火的预防和发生后如何控制两方面做了介绍，所以a项最能全面概括文章内容。62. 【答案】d 【试题解析】细节理解题。从文章第一段最后一句“control the spread of a wildfire, firefighters usually create a control line by removing all fuel from an area so that the fire cannot travel across it.”得知消防人员清除掉所有的可燃物是为了阻止火势的蔓延。故d正确。63. 【答案】c 【试题解析】 细节理解题。从第二段“and thus, prevent the spread of forest fires to a vast area”得知政府这样做是为了阻止森林大火向其他地区的蔓延。故c正确。64. 【答案】b 【试题解析】细节理解题。从第二段“controlled burns can also help maintain biodiversity”以及最后一段“and many plants depend on the heat and smoke generated by wildfires for their growth and reproduction”得知在某种程度上很多植物从大火中得到了一定的好处。故b 正确。65. 【答案】b 【试题解析】推理归纳题。该段介绍了林火的危害：affect climate and weather，increase the level of greenhouse gases，cause extensive damage to the ecosystem等；但也有积极的一面：they are also an important part of the ecosystem。所以b项客观得对forest fires做了表述。【长难句解析】1.to contain forest fires，fire departments usually use water and chemical fire retardants(抑制剂)that can be dropped from planes and helicopters【翻译】为了控制森林火灾，防火部门经常使用水火灾从飞机或者直升飞机上喷洒的化学物质大火抑制剂。【分析】本句中的不定式to contain forest fires在句中做目的状语，另外本句中有一个定语从句that can be dropped from planes and helicopters修饰前面的先行词chemical fire retardants。2. but large wildfires can cause extensive damage to the ecosystem，which again highlights the importance of effective control and prevention of forest fires【翻译】但是猛烈的野火会对生态系统带来更深层次的破坏，这又一次说明了控制与预防森林火灾的重要性。【分析】本句中的定语从句较为特殊，which指代前面一句话的内容，在后面的非限制性定语从句中做主语，是不能省略的。同时这里的which也不能换成that，因为that是不能引导非限制性定语从句的。四（2014届河南省豫东、豫北十所名校高三英语阶段性测试）b caffeine not only gives us a daily jump start, but new research suggests it also can strengthen long-term memory. according to the us food and drug administration, nearly 90 percent of people worldwide consume about 200 milligrams of caffeine each day. that s equivalent to about one strong cup of coffee a day. writing in nature neuroscience , johns hopkins university researchers say their findings show that caffeine strengthens certain memories for up t0 24 hours after being taken in. weve always known that caffeine has cognitive-enhancing effects (促智效果) , but its ,particular effects on strengthening memories and making them resistant to forgetting has never been examined in detail in humans, said senior author of the paper michael yassa. we re- port for the first time a specific effect of caffeine on reducing forgetting over 24 hours. conducting a double-blind trial, the researchers worked with a test group of people who didnt regularly consume caffeinated products. five minutes after studying a series of images, the test subjects were given either a placebo(无效对照剂) or a 200-milligram caffeine tablet. to check the caffeine levels of their test subjects, the research team took saliva samples (唾液样品) from them before they took their tablets and again one, three and 24 hours after- wards. both groups of test participants ( those who took the placebo and those who took the caffeine tablet) were tested the following day to see if they could recognize the images they d seen the previous day. the test included showing the test subjects another series of images that included some new images , those that were shown the previous day, as well as other images that were similar, but not the same as those they had viewed earlier. the researchers found that more members of the group who were given the caffeine tablets were able to correctly identify some of the new images as similar to previously viewed images rather than incorrectly identifying them as the same. we also know that caffeine is associated with health and longevity(长寿) and may havesome protective effects from cognitive decline like alzheimer s disease (阿尔茨海默症). said yassa. 25. the purpose of the new research is a. to survey how much caffeine people consume a day b. to write the paper nature neuroscience c. to prove caffeine has cognitive-enhancing effects d. to examine caffeine s memory-strengthening effects in detail 26. during the research ,the researchers did the following things except a. giving the test subjects placebos or caffeine tablets b. checking the caffeine levels of the test subjects c. encouraging the test subjects to drink more coffee d. showing the test subjects series of images 27. how did the test subjects show the caffeine s memory-strengthening effects? a. by recognizing images they d seen the previous day. b. by taking the caffeine tablets instead of placebos. c. by identifying the new images as the same. d. by telling the differences between new images. 28. what will the next part of the text possibly talk about? a. ways to achieve health and longevity. b. the effects caffeine has on health. .c. the treatment for alzheimer s disease. d. the harmful effects of cognitive decline.【考点】考察科普知识类阅读【文章大意】本文主要叙述了一个实验来证明咖啡因对人的长期记忆的积极影响。25. 【答案】d 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章第三段conducting a double-blind trial, the researchers worked with a test group of people who didnt regularly consume caffeinated products. five minutes after studying a series of images, the test subjects were given either a placebo(无效对照剂) or a 200-milligram caffeine tablet. 可知这次试验只是为了检验咖啡因对于长期记忆的影响。故d正确。26. 【答案】c 【试题解析】细节题。根据文章第二段the test subjects were given either a placebo(无效对照剂) or a 200-milligram caffeine tablet可知a是试验内容。根据文章第4段to check the caffeine levels of their test subjects, the research team took saliva samples (唾液样品) from them before they took their tablets and again one, three and 24 hours after- wards.可知b是试验的内容。根据both groups of test participants ( those who took the placebo and those who took the caffeine tablet) were tested the following day to see if they could recognize the images they d seen the previous day.可知d项是试验内容。只有c项在文章里没有提及。27. 【答案】a 【试题解析】推理题。根据文章倒数第二段the researchers found that more members of the group who were given the caffeine t