高一语法.doc

3. 语法知识与真题解析一.谓语动词在这部分我们将对时态，语态，语气，情态动词，以及主谓一致这些知识点分别进行详细讲解。1.1动词的时态动词的时态指的是作谓语的动词用来表示动作或状态发生时间的各种形式。共有16种英语的动词时态。现在过去将来1. 一般现在时5. 一般过去时9. 一般将来时13.一般过去将来时2. 现在进行时6. 过去进行时10.将来进行时14.过去将来进行时3. 现在完成时7. 过去完成时11. 将来完成时15.过去将来完成时4. 现在完成进行时8.过去完成进行时 12.将来完成进行时16.过去将来完成进行时这部分常考知识点有：1)条件，时间，让步状语从句中的“主将从现”2)一般过去时，现在完成时和过去完成时的区别3)将来完成时(一)、一般现在时1、表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：常和always，usually，often，sometimes，every day, every week等时间状语连用。例：He goes to work every day. 他每天去上班。2、表示普遍的真理。由于是众所周知的客观事实，所以一般不用时间状语。例：The earth is round.地球是圆的。3、有些表示心理状态或感情的动词往往用一般现在时。例：I dont think you are right.我以为你错了。4、在时间、条件状语从句中表示将来的动作，遵循“主将从现”的原则。常用的连词有as soon as，when，until，if，unless。我们在此引用三道真题。例(1)When are you going to visit your uncle in Chicago?As soon as _ our work for tomorrow.A. were completeB. wed completeC. well completeD. we complete(【答案】D)(2003年11月34题)例(2)They will go home for winter vocation as soon as they _their exams.A. have finished B. finish C. finished D. was finishing(【答案】B)(1996年22题)例(3)When the mixture _, it will give off a powerful force.A. will heat B. will be heatedC. is heated D. has heated(【答案】C)(1992年59题)(二) 、现在进行时1、表示此时此刻(说话时)正在进行的动作。例：The teacher is talking with his students. 老师正在与学生们谈话。2、表示现阶段正在进行的动作。例：I am attending a conference in New York. 我正在纽约参加一个会议。(三)、现在完成时1、表示动作刚刚结束(常和just, now, already, yet等词连用)；或表示动作的结果(一般不用时间状语)。例(1)Li Ming has just turned off the light.李明刚刚把灯关上。(说明现在灯已经关上了。)例(2)I have lost my pen.我把笔丢了。(说明过去某时丢的，现在我还没有找到这支笔。)2、表示过去某时开始的动作一直延续到现在，并且可能会继续延续下去(常用since引导的短语或从句，或由for引导的短语连用)。例(1)He has _ the army for ten years and is now an officer.A. gone intoB. joined inC. been inD. come into(【答案】C)(1995年49题)他入伍十年，现为军官。(现在还在军中。)例(2)Theyve known each other since childhood. 他们从小认识。(现在还继续来往)3、非延续性动词和it is +时间+since.(过去时)英语中有些动词不能延续，因此不能和表示延续的时间状语连用(如for ten years)。下题是非常典型的例子。例(1)It is ten years since he left home and joined the army.他入伍离乡已十年。对非延续性动词，表达完成时态时常用it is +时间+since 的句型代替，从句用过去时态。4、have(has)been to和have(has)gone to的区别have(has )been to：去过某地(表示某人的一种经历)，可以和once，twice，often，never，ever连用。have(has)gone to：去某地了(表示某人已经离开此地，在去某地的路途上或已在某地，所以一般来说此句型只用于第三人称)，此句型不能与上述时间状语连用。(1)He has gone to America.他已经去了美国。(现在不在此地)(2)He has been to America twice. 他(曾经)去过美国两次。(四)、现在完成进行时表示从过去某时一直延续到现在的一个动作，这个动作一般会继续延续下去，或是到说话时结束，但是强调到说话时为止一直在做的动作。例(1)I _ on the door for ten minutes now without an answer.A. was knockingB. am knockingC. knockingD. have been knocking(【答案】D)(1998年49题)now一词表示敲门动作持续进行一直到现在。例(2)Since he left the university, he _ in an accounting company.A. has been working B. had worked C. had been working D. was working(【答案】A)(2006年4月16题)表示自大学毕业起一直在会计公司工作。(五)、一般过去时： 1、表示过去的动作或状态：常和具体的过去时间状语连用，如just now, last year, when I was 18 years old等。例：Youve already missed too many classes this term .You _ two classes just last week.A. missedB. would miss C. had missed D. have missed(【答案】A)(1995年59题)2、used to do sth：过去常常做例：I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。(意味着现在不在早晨散步了。)注意： 现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：一般过去时主要表示过去某个时间发生或完成的动作或存在过的状态。这种动作或状态与现在没有任何联系。它只是表示过去发生过(或已完成)，过去存在过。句中往往有明确的表示过去的时间状语。如：just now, last year, when I was 10 years old等。现在完成时则是由现在回顾过去的一种时态式，注意的是“是否曾经有过这么一回事，该事完成后遗留下来的影响或结果”。绝对不能使用指定过去某一时点的时间状语。常与下列副词连用：already, recently, yet, before, just, ever, never，since, so far, in (over, during) the past few years等。上面举的例子就能很好的体现这一区别。(六)、过去进行时1、表示在过去某一段时间正在进行的动作。常需用表示过去的时间状语或通过上下文来判断时间。例：He was doing his homework from seven to nine last night.昨天晚上七点到九点他正在做作业。2、when 和while 的用法区别when表示一个特定时间点，其所引导的句子用过去时，while 表示持续的一段时间，其所引导的句子用过去进行时。例(1)I fell and hurt myself while I _tennis.A. was playing B. am playing C. play D. played(【答案】A)(1998年43题)例(2)When you _ this over with her, you should not see her any more.A. talk B. talked C. will talk D. talking(【答案】B)(1999年35题)例(3)One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleeping C. slept D. was sleeping(【答案】D)(1996年23题)3、过去进行时表示过去将来的动作。现在进行时可以表示将来的动作，同样，过去进行时也可以表示从过去某时间看将来要发生的动作。例：He went to see Xiao Li. He was leaving early the next morning.他去看小李。他第二天一早就要离开此地了。(七)、过去完成时1、表示在过去的某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的动作(即过去的过去)。这个过去的某一时间可用by, before等介词或连词引导的短语或一个从句来表示。例(1)When I went to visit Mrs. Smith last week, I was told she _ two days before.A. has left B. was leaving C. would leave D. had left(【答案】D)(2003年11月40题)例(2)About the sixth century A.D. when few Europeans could read, the Chinese _ paper.A. inventedB. had inventedC. have inventedD. had been invented(【答案】B)(1997年35题)2、表示从过去某一时间开始，一直持续到另一个过去的时间的动作。例：The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on(【答案】A)(1995年24题)3、在含有before, after, as soon as 等连词引导的状语从句的复合句中，由于连词本身可以明确表示动作发生的先后顺序，因此，主句和从句都可以用一般过去时表示，而不用过去完成时。例：I called him as soon as I arrived.我刚一到就给他打电话。4、过去完成时常用在no sooner than, hardly/scarcely/barelywhen，一就。句型之中，句子倒装。例(1)No sooner had we sat down _ we found it was time to go.A. thanB. whenC. asD. while(【答案】A)(1997年50题)例(2)Scarcely had he opened the door when a gust of wind blew the candle out.他刚打开门，蜡烛就被一阵风吹灭了。注意：一般过去时和过去完成时的区别:两者都表示过去的动作，但一般过去时表示相对于现在的过去时间，而过去完成时则表示相对于过去某一时刻的过去，即过去的过去。过去曾经做过的事，应该用过去时。过去完成时一般表示两个过去的动作的一先一后。过去完成时单独使用时要用by的时间状语表示(到时候为止)。如：I finished the work yesterday.They had fulfilled their task by the end of last year.(八)、一般将来时1、will(shall)+原形动词：表示将来的动作或状态。例：He will come and help you. 他会来帮助你的。2、be going to +动词原形：表示马上就要发生的事情或打算好要做的事。例：Are you going to attend the lecture? 你打算去听这个讲座吗？3、be to +动词原形：表示安排或计划好了的动作。例：The Five-Ring Road is to be open to traffic before National Day. 五环路将在国庆节前通车。4、be about to +动词原形：表示即将发生的动作。例：The lecture is about to begin.讲座即将开始。5、某些表示开始、终结、往来行动的动词如：go ,come, start, arrive, leave 等的现在进行时可表示将来。(1)We are leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 我们明天动身去北京。(2)The foreign guests are arriving in Shanghai tonight. 外宾今晚到达上海。(九)、将来完成时表示在将来某一时间以前完成的动作。这是近两年来考试的重点。其句型的基本结构就是will have done。我们下面通过几道真题来讲解这一语法点。例(1)By next year he _ in New York for five years. A. has workedB. has been workingC. worksD. will have worked (【答案】D)(2004年11月30题)。补充：如果句子中有by引导的时间状语,句子需要用完成时；by后跟的是将来的时间，句子需要用将来完成时,表示将来某时之前已经完成的动作。如,By next Friday, he will have studied here for three years.到下周五,他在这里学习就要满三年了。本句的意思是：到明年为止，他在纽约已经工作了五年了。例(2)By the end of next year they _ together for twenty years.A. will have worked B. had worked C. would work D. have worked(【答案】A)(2001年48题)。本句的意思是：到明年年底为止，他们已经一起工作了二十年。例(3)I _ writing the article by the time you get back.A. shall finishB. must have finishedC. have finishedD. shall have finished(【答案】D)(2000年24题)本句的意思是：到你回来的时候，我会完成这篇论文。(十)、将来完成进行时这一语言点在最近的考试中也有所考察。句型结构为will have been doing.例：By the time you arrive this evening, _for two hours.A. I will study B. I will have been studiedC. I had studied D. I will have been studying (【答案】D)(2004年11月41题)。本句的意思是：“到今晚你来的时候，我们就已经学习了两个小时了。” 1.1配套练习1. Mary _ in the garden when it began to rain.A. was walkingB. walkedC. walkingD. had walked2. English _ in a new way at my college in the past few years.A. has been teachingB. was being taughtC. has been taught D. had been taught3. Smith is to study medicine as soon as he _ military service.A. will finish B. has finished C. finishD. would finish 4. Please be sure to telephone me the next time you _.A. will come B. would come C. shall come D. come5. When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun _.A. shone B. shines C. has shone D. was shining6. Return the book immediately to the library as soon as you _ with it.A. finish B. are finishedC. have finishedD. are finishing7. -How are you feeling?-I have been feeling better since_A. the doctor has come B. the doctor will come C. the doctor had come D. the doctor came8. The chemistry class _ for five minutes when we hurried there.A. had been onB. was onC. has been onD. would be on9. By the time Juan gets home, he aunt _.A. will leave B. leavesC. will have leftD. is leaving10. Youve already missed too many classes this term. You _ two classes just last week.A. missed B. would miss C. had missed D. have missed11. One of the guards _ when the general came in, which made him very angry.A. has slept B. were sleepingC. slept D. was sleeping12. Dr. Robert went to New York, bought some books and _.A. visiting his daughter B. to visit his daughterC. visit his daughter D. visited his daughter13. I _ writing the article by the time you get back.A. shall finishB. must have finishedC. have finished D. shall have finished.14. There is a knock on the door. It is the second time someone_me this evening.A. interrupted B. has interrupted C. would interrupt D. interrupt15. “Is there anything wrong?”“No, so far I _ no trouble.” A. have had B. had C. have D. had had 16. No one can be sure if the car on display fits him or her until he or she _ them.A. tries B. will try C. are trying D. has tried 答案与解析1. 句意为：下雨时，玛丽正在花园里散步。“散步”这个持续动作是“开始下雨”这个瞬间动作发生的背景。应该用过去进行时。选A。2. 和 in the past few years 时间状语连用的是现在完成时，而且英语是“被教”应该用被动语态，所以选C。全句意为：在过去的几年里，在我的大学，老师用新的方法教英语。3. as soon as +现在完成时表示将来完成。选B。句意为：史密斯服完兵役后要学医。4. next time在这里引导一个时间状语从句，表示“下次你来的时候”。选D。5. 句意为：当我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。“阳光灿烂”是持续动作，作为一种背景，应该用过去进行时。选D。6. as soon as +现在完成时表示将来完成时。选C。句意为：你读完这本书后请立即把它还给 窗体顶端窗体底端图书馆。7. since的用法：主句用现在完成时，从句则用一般过去时。故选D。8. 句意为：我们赶到的时候，化学课已经开始五分钟了。“开始五分钟”应该在“赶到那”动作之前，也就是过去的过去，应该用过去完成时，选A。9. 句意为：娟到家时，她的阿姨已经走了。从时间状语从句by the time Juan gets home (gets,一般现在时)可以看出，“娟到家”应该是发生在将来的动作，而且是她到的时候，她的阿姨应该已经走了，所以要用将来完成时。选C。10. last week 是过去的时间状语，应该用一般过去时。选A。 11. 句意为：将军进来的时候，一个士兵正在睡觉，这让将军非常生气。“睡觉”为持续性动作，要用过去进行时，选D。12. went，bought和visited应该是并列谓语。选D。13. 从时间状语从句by the time you get back用一般现在时能看出，“你回来”应该是发生在将来的动作。到那时，“我将已经写完这篇文章了”，应该用将来完成时，选D。14. 选B。此题考查it is +第几次that +现在完成时，表示第几次做某事，故选has interrupted. 15. 选A。 so far 用于现在完成时，表示至今为止，同样用法的还有up until now等。16. 句意为：只有试了之后才知道展会上的车是不是适合他。选D。 1.2 被动语态基本形式：状态 时间一般进行完成现在be donebe being done have been done 过去was/were donewas/were being done had been done将来will be donewill be being done will have been done考试重点：谓语动词的被动，情态动词的被动语态；感官动词和使役动词的被动语态；用主动表示被动的含义。一、谓语动词的被动：基本形式见上面表格，多结合时态来考察。例(1)：The goods _ when we arrived at the airport.A. were just unloading B. were just been unloading C. had just unloaded D. were just being unloaded(【答案】D)(2006年4月22题)例(2) He _ when the bus came to a sudden stop.A. was almost hurtB. was almost to hurt himself C. was almost hurt himselfD. was almost hurting himself (【答案】A)(2005年4月33题)二 、 情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+be+过去分词。例(1)I cant find the recorder in the room. It _ by somebody.A. must have taken B. may have taken C. may have been taken D. should have been taken(【答案】C)(2003年11月22题)此题考察的知识点比较综合。首先是被动语态，录音机被人拿走了。另外还考察了情态动词加完成式表示对过去事件的推测。三、感官动词及使役动词(如：see，feel，hear，watch，make，bid)在主动语态中用无to不定式做宾补，改为被动语态时不定式前要加to。例(1)Because of many mistakes, she was made _ these letters again.A. type B. to typing C. typed D. to type(【答案】D)(2006年11月22题)本句的意思是：因为错误太多，她又把字重新打了一遍。例(2)Henry is often seen _ English aloud every morning in the classroom.A. read B. reads C. reading D. to read(【答案】D)(2004年11月31题)四、用主动表示被动的含义。1.need/require +doing sth(=to be done)(此句型主语大多为物)。例(1)It is hot and dry; the flowers need _.A. being watered B. be watered C. to water D. to be watered(【答案】D)(2006年11月23题)本句的意思是：天气又热又干燥，花需要浇水。例(2)：My room is a mess. It needs _.A. to be tidying upB. tidying upC. to tidy upD. tidied up(【答案】B)(2000年47题)本句的意思是：我的房间很乱，需要收拾。2.sell, wash, read, write, run 等动词带状语修饰时。例：This kind of clothes sells well. 这种衣服卖得很好。The pen writes smoothly. 这只笔书写顺利。3.主语 +sound(feel, look, smell, taste)+ 形容词。例：The dish_ terrible! I dont like it at all. A. tastes B. tasted C will taste D is tasted (【答案】A)(2005年11月19题)本句的意思是：这盘菜太难吃了，我一点也不喜欢。1.2配套练习1. The middle-aged man was seen _ out of the house on the afternoon of the murder.A. cameB. come C. to come D. have come2. This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen_comfortably.A. is worn B. wearing C. wears D. are worn 3. This out-of-date teaching method_.A. must do away with B. must have done away with C. must being done away with D. must be done away with 4. A fire _during the night and a large number of houses_to ashes.A. broke out, were burntB. was broke out, were burntC. broke out, burntD. set out, were burned5. English _ in Australia.A. speaks B. are spoken C. is speaking D. is spoken6 A new house _ at the corner of the road.A. is building B. is being built C. been built D. be building7. His new book_ next month.A. will be published B. is publishing C. is being published D. has been published8. _ the watch been repaired yet? I badly need it.A. Does B. Has C. Is D. Are9. The flowers _often.A. must be water B. must be watered C. must watered D. must water10. The pot _ for _ hot water.A. used; keeping B. was used; keeping C. is used; to keep D. are used; keep11.How dirty the tables are! They