初中英语总复习必备学习.doc

美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。新目标七年级英语（上）期末复习手册Unit1-12重点知识梳理Unit1句子：1.初次见面用语课P2. 2CWhats your name? My name is / Im Nice to meet you !2.问电话号码：Whats your phone number?Whats his/her phone number?Its 3272310.词汇：1.family name, first name, last name语法：1. 形容词性物主代词的用法2. 人称代词主格的用法3. 基数词：1至10的读法和写法Unit2句子课P81.Is this / that your pencil? Yes, it is. No, it isnt. 2. Whats this in English?Its a pen/ ruler/ book.How do you spell pen/ ruler/book?P-E-N.核心知识1. 认识26个字母，辅音字母，元音字母2. 认识一般疑问句的句式写作：课P11.3aFound and Lost Unit3句子：1.介绍别人或某物This is That is These are Those are 词汇：课P131a写作：1.学习英语信的格式2.课P17以信的形式介绍相片中人物Unit4句子询问地方Where is / are ？Its / They are 核心知识1. 词汇课P2412. take 与bring 的区别3. there be 的用法 4. on the wall5. 介词：on , in , under , behind , next to , betweenand6. 认识特殊疑问句的句式熟读：P23.3a , P24. 3 , Grammar FocusUnit5句子1. Do you have ？ Yes, I do. No, I dont.2. Does he / she have ? Yes, he / she does. No, he / she doesnt.3. Lets 4. That sounds good / interesting.Thats a good idea.5. Welcome to 核心知识一、there be 与have 的区别二、一般现在时用法1.现阶段经常性习惯性动作2.目前的状态3.客观真理常用时间状语sometimes, often, every day, usually, always 等构成1.动词用原形I like it.2.当主语是第三人称单数时，动词要加-s(-es)She likes it.He likes it.Ann goes to work.3.be 动词用am，is, areI am a teacher.He is a boy.They are girls.否定形式1.dont+动词原形I dont like it.They dont like it.2.当主语是第三人称单数时，则为: doesnt+动词原形He doesnt like it.Ann doesnt go to work.一般疑问句把do 或does 放在主语的前面，后面动词用原形Do you like it?Does Ann like it?Does he like it ?附：动词第三人称单数的构成规则情况方法例词一般情况加sreads, says以ch, sh, x,s或o 结尾的词加esteaches,guessesfinishes以“辅音字母y”结尾的词把y改为i再加esfly-fliestry-triescarry-carries熟读课本：P25 1a , P26 G.F. , P27 3b, P28 1a , P30 1与3Unit6句子 询问所喜欢的东西 1. Do you like.？Yes, I do. No, I dont. 2. Does he like ? Yes, he does. No, he does.核心知识1.一般现在时 2. 可数名词与不可数名词3. lots of4. go on picnic5. health, healthy, healthily6. P36 1熟读课本： P31 1a ,P32 G. F. ,P35 3a,P36 1Unit7句子问价格1. How much is this T-shirt? Its 10 dollars.2. How much are they? They are 100 dollars.问颜色1. What color do you want ?What color is it?购物用语：P393a 1. Can I help you?What can I do for you?2. Yes, please.3. Ill take it . 4. Thank you.5. Youre welcome.6. Have a look.核心知识两位数的基数词读法与写法P40熟读课本P37 1c， P38 G. F.， P 39 3a ，P40 1b， P41 3a ， P42 1与3Unit8句子 1. When is your birthday? 2. My birthday is January fifteenth.3. What year were you born?4. I was born in 1999.5. When were you born?6. I was born in January first,1999.核心知识1.基数词和序数词基变序口决基变序有规律， 词尾加上-th ；一二三特殊记， 单词结尾t d d ；八减t , 九减e ,f 要把ve替 ；ty 把y 改为i ,记住前还有e ；若遇到几十几， 只把个位变序。2.名词所有格3.年、月、日表达法(1)年的读法：用基数词，两位一读(2)月份名称的首字母要大写(3)日期：用序数词表示，前面可加the ,也可省略，但读要读出the(4)年、月、日在英语中的顺序是月、日、年4.时间介词in, on , at 5.how old6.be born 7.basketball game熟读课本 P47 1a ,P48 2a 2d ,P52 1写作自我介绍(姓名、年龄、生日、爱好、出生地等)Unit9句子 1. Do you want to ? Yes, I do .No, I dont.2. Does he want to ? Yes, he does.No, he doesnt.3. What kind of movies do you like?I like action movie.核心知识1. 并列连词and , but 2. on weekends3. want to do sth.4. look at5. a lot 6. in a word7. act,actor8. in fact9. 一般现在时10.名词复数形式写作谈论自己爱好的电影类型课本P5657熟读 课本 P54 G.F.,P55 3aUnit10句子 1. Can you play the guitar? Yes, I can. No, I cant2. Can he/ she sing? Yes, he/she can.No, he / she cant.3. What can you do ?4. What club do you want to join?核心知识1. 情态动词can 表能力2. play the guitar / drums / piano3. play chess4. help sb. with sth.5. be good with6. music-musician7. talk to 熟读 课本P60 G.F. , P63 3a对话 P643Unit11句子 问时间1. What time do you go to school?I go to school at 7a.m.2. What time does he / she go to school? He / She goes to school at 8a.m. 感叹句what 引导核心知识1.一般现在时2.时刻读法3.on TV4. go to bed 5. go to school6. go to work 7. get up8. get home9. thanks for10. take a shower 11. eat breakfast / lunch / dinner12. do homework13. listen to14. and then15. like to do16. a little17. put on 18. take 搭车19. all night20. in the morning / afternoon / evening写作记一天所做的事情课本P67 3a , P69 3a熟读 课本P381a2a2bUnit12句子 1. Whats your favorite subject?My favorite subject is English.2. Why do you like ? Because it is interesting.核心知识1. 名词所有格 2. 星期3. have math / Chinese4. then , next写作 课本P753a, P76 3介绍自己一天所上的科目以及自己最喜爱的科目，为什么？熟读 课本P72 G.F. , P 75 3a , P 76 3UID 749394 帖子 7388 精华 71 积分 547465 阅读权限 90 来自 地球 在线时间 511 小时 注册时间 2008-11-24 最后登录 2010-3-27查看详细资料TOP 新目标英语 初一年级上期词组总复习词 组汉语词 组汉语whats your name?你叫什么名字？alarm clock闹钟Nice to meet you见到你很高兴video cassette录象带first name名字betweenand在和之间last name姓氏tennis racket网球拍telephone number电话号码soccer ball英式足球phone number电话号码Lets= Let us让我们ID card身份证That sounds good那听起来不错family name姓氏watch TV看电视Thanks a lot非常感谢sports collection运动收藏品You are welcome.不用谢play sports做运动in English用英语every day每天computer game电子游戏French fries薯条lost and found失物招领ice cream冰淇淋a set of一套，一副have breakfast (lunch, dinner)吃早(午、晚)饭thanks for为而感谢play soccer(basketball, tennis)踢足球(打篮球、网球)family photo全家照play chess下国际象棋pen friend笔友lots of许多，大量I dont know.我不知道go to a movie去看电影healthy food健康食品(an) action movie(一部)动作片how much（价格）多少kind of种类what color什么颜色Beijing Opera京剧want to do想做某事learn about学习Can I help you?有什么可以效劳的？join=be in参加，加入What can I do for you?同上play the guitar (piano, drum)弹吉他(钢琴)，（打鼓）fromto从到speak (in) Chinese用中文说have a look (at)看一看，看一眼on Sunday(Monday, Tuesday, Friday)在周日(一、二、五)the date of birth生日a little少量，稍许how old多大年纪，几岁what time几点，什么时候speech contest演讲比赛go to school去上学school trip(学校组织的)郊游get up起床basketball game篮球赛take a shower淋浴、洗澡volleyball game排球赛after school (work)放学后(下班后)school day学校上课日go to work去上班Art Festival艺术节get to到达year(s) old岁（年龄）go to bed上床睡觉do homework做家庭作业go home回家UID 749394 帖子 7388 精华 71 积分 547465 阅读权限 90 来自 地球 在线时间 511 小时 注册时间 2008-11-24 最后登录 2010-3-27查看详细资料TOP 新目标七年级英语下期重点词组与句型Unit 11 What time do you go to school?1.time: a . 可数名词 (次数) b.不可数名词 (时间)2.对时间提问用：a.When (何时) b.What time (几点) 3.go to(去.)get to.(到达.) 4.usually(通常) = always (总是)= often(经常) 5.take a shower = have a shower(洗澡)6.an hour (一个小时) 7.work (不可数)= job (可数)(工作)8.start = begin to do sth. (开始做某事)9.时间表达法：(一)顺读法:先读整点，再读几分，遇见0读作“O”；遇到整点可直接读数字，也可在数字后面加“oclock”.(二)逆读法：先读分钟数，再读整点；a.分钟数小于30分钟的用：分钟数+past(过)+整点;b.分钟数等于30分钟的用：half +past+整点 (几点半);c.分钟数大于30分钟的用：（60分钟）+to(差)+下一个整点;d.15分钟常常用a quarter（一刻钟）来表示；10.在几点几分用介词 “at”; 11.What time is it now?=Whats the time now? (现在几点了？)Its +时刻12.get up (起床)13. go to bed (睡觉)14.get on (上车)15.get off (下车)16.eat/have breakfast/lunch/dinner (吃早饭/午饭/晚饭)17.in the morning/afternoon/evening(在早上/下午/晚上)18.do homework = do ones homework(做家庭作业)19.go home(回家)20.all day(整天) 21.all night(整晚)22.around (大约)= about (大约；有关)23.listen to.(听)hear (听见) 24.look at. (看.)see (看见)25.put on (穿上；戴上)26.take off (脱下)27.he (主格)him (宾格)28.they (主)them (宾)29. she (主)her (宾)30.it (主/宾格) 31.we (主)us (宾) 32.I (主)me (宾)33.you (主/宾格)34.tell sb. about.(告诉某人有关.)35.write to.= write a letter to.(写信给.) Unit 12 My favorite subject is science.1.Why.? (为什么.?)Because(因为)2.because (因为),so(所以)两者不能同时用于一个句子中。3.Whats ones favorite ?Ones favorite.is.4.Who (谁) +动词 (三单式)+ 其它?eg: Who has a computer?(谁有电脑?)5.在星期几用 “on”. 6.be busy (忙的)be free (有空)7.对星期几提问用: What day is it today?(今天星期几?)(Its) + 星期几.8.对日期提问用: Whats the date today? (今天是几号?)(Its) + 日期.9.have + 科目(上.课) 10.after class(课后)11.after school (放学后)12.be tired(疲倦；累的)13.play with(和.玩)14.like doing sth. (喜欢做)15. some (一些) 常用于肯定句中，但也可用于表请求语气的句型中。eg: Can/May/Could I .？和 Would you like.?16.any (一些) Unit1Wheres your pen pal from?1.pen pal = penfriend (笔友)2.be from = come from (来自于.)3.the United States = the USA = America (美国)4.the United Kingdom = England = Britain(英国) 5.city (单)cities (复)6.speak + 语言 (说某种语言)7.same (相同的) 8.different (不同的) 9.too (也) = also (也) 10.too (太) 11.Where is/are sb. from?Sb. am/is/are from.。12.Where do/does sb. come from?Sb. come(s) fromUnit2Wheres the post office?1.There is/are (有) + sth.(某物) +sw. (某处) (有某物在某处)2.Sb. have/has + sth. (某物)(某人有某物)3.next to.（贴近；靠近）4.between.and.(在两者之间)4.across from= on the other side of.(在对面)5.in front of.(在.外面的前面)6.in the front of(在.里面的前面)7.turn right/left (向右/左转) 8.on the right/left (在右/左边)9.on ones right/left (在某人的右/左边)10.near here = in the neighborhood(在附近)11.in the picture (在图中) 12.go straight(直走)13.Go/Walk along/down.(沿着.走)14. 问路: a.Wheres the.,please? (请问, 在哪儿？)b.Is there a/annear here/in the neighborhood?(这儿附近有.吗？)15.a. take the + 序数词 +turning +on the right/left b. turn right/left at the + 序数词 + turning.16.Excuse me (打扰一下;劳驾一下)17.Youre welcome = Thats all right. =Not at all. (不用谢)18.clean (干净的)dirty (脏的) 19.new(新的)old(旧的)20.big (大的)small (小的)21.quiet(安静)busy(忙的)22.Welcome to.(欢迎到.) 23.the way to.(去.的路)24.the beginning of (.的开始) 25.go through (穿过)26.take/have a walk = go for a walk(散步)27.take a taxi/bus(坐的士/汽车) 28.with (和一起；有着)29.enjoy doing sth. (喜欢做某事)Unit3Why do you like koalas?1.kind of = a little bit (有几分) 2.a kind of.（一种.）3.all kinds of.(各种各样的.)4.be afraid of.(害怕.) 5.leaf (单)leaves (复)6.at night = in the evening (在晚上)7.smart = clever (聪明)8.during the day (白天期间)9.beautifulugly (丑陋的) Unit4I want to be an actor1.want to be a/an.(想要当.) 2.shop assistant (店员)3.a.What + do/does + sb. +do?b.What + be +sb.?c.Whats + ones +job ?(某人是干什么工作的?)4.give sth. to sb. = give sb. sth. (把某物给某人)5.talk to/with.(与.交谈) 6.TV station (电视台)8.police station (派出所)9.in a hospital (在医院里)10.in hospital (住院)11.go out (出去) 12.go back (回去)13.come out (出来)14.come back (回来)15.in the day (在白天)16.thief (单)thieves (复)17.hard = difficult (困难)easy (简单)18.be in (参加;在家)19.school play (校园剧)20.young (年轻的)old (老的)21.put on (穿上) wear (穿着) 22.listen to.(听) hear (听见) 23.look at.(看)see (看见) Unit5Im watching TV1.现在进行时: a.现在正在发生或进行的动作.b.构成: 主语 + be动词 + 动词的现在分词c.动词现在分词的构成：一般直接在词尾加“ing”;以不发音“e”结尾的，去 “e”加 “ing”;双写最后一个字母，再加 “ing”; eg: begin,get,let,sit,put,run,drop,hit,forget,swim,stop,travel,plan,shop;d.现在进行时的标志词：look, listen, now, Its+ 时刻,2.do ones homework = do homework (做家庭作业) 3.a.看电视/比赛用“watch”; b.看书/报纸/杂志用“read”;4.wait for.(等候.)5.TV show(电视节目)6.at school/home/work(在学校/家/工作)7.Make telephone calls(打电话)a.Hello,here is/its+ 电话号码(你好！这儿是)b.Hello,may/can/could I speak to,please? (你好，我可以与通话吗？)c.Whos that (speaking) ? (你是谁？)d.This is.(speaking) .(我是.)e.Is that.(speaking)?/Is. there ? (你是.吗？)Unit 6Its raining1.cloud (云)cloudy (多云的) wind (风)windy (有风的)sun (太阳)sunny (晴朗的)rain (雨/下雨)rainy (下雨的)snow (雪/下雪)snowy (下雪的)2.询问天气: Whats the weather like? = Hows the weather ?Its+ 气候.3.Hows it going ? (情况怎样了？) 4.pretty (相当) = quite /very (十分)pretty (漂亮) = beautiful5.hot (热)cold (冷)6.cool (凉爽)warm (暖和)7.humid (潮湿)dry (干燥) 8.lie (躺)lying 9.Thanks for sth./doing sth.(因.而感谢)10.on vacation (度假) 11.on the beach (在沙滩上)12.take photos/pictures (照相) 13.a group of(一群)14.beach volleyball (沙滩排球) 15.be surprised (吃惊的)16.have a good/great/nice time = have fun (玩得高兴)17.everyone (每人) someone (某人) everything (一切) something (某物) nobody (没有人) 18.want sb.to do sth. (想要某人做某事)19.in order to(为了.) Unit7What does he look like ?1.short hair (短发)long hair (长发)2.straight hair (直发)curly hair (卷发)3.medium height (中等个子)4.medium build (中等身材)5.What does/do + sb. + look like? (某人长什么样？)a.Sb. + be + 形容词/ b.Sb. has/have + 名词6.look like = be like (看起来像.)7.always (总是)never (决不)8.stop doing sth. (停止做某事) stop to do sth. (停下来做.)9.telljokes/stories (讲笑话/故事)10.remember (记得)forget (忘记)Uuit8Id like some noodles1. Id like = I would likeshed like = she would like2.would like = want to sth./to do sth. (想要某物/做某事)3.clean(干净的) dirty (脏的)/ (打扫) 4.beef and tomato noodles (牛肉西红柿面)5.chicken and cabbage noodles (鸡肉白菜面)6.potato and mutton noodles (土豆羊肉面)7.What kind of.would you like ? (你想要哪种？)What would you like/do you want ?(你想要什么？)8.What size bowl of noodles would you like?(你想要多大碗面？)Id like a small/medium/large bowl of noodles.9.as well as(也；而且)10.green tea (绿茶)11.orange juice (桔汁)12.a. or (或者) b.or (和) Unit9How was your weekend ?1.一般过去时：过去发生的动作或存在的状态。a.构成：由be动词/情态动词/实义动词的过去式构成。b.规则动词过去式的构成：一般在动词词尾加 ed;以“e”结尾的动词，加 “d”构成；辅音字母加 “y”结尾的动词，要先变 “y”为 “i”,再加 “ed”;重读闭音节结尾的动词，先双写最后一个字母，再加 “ed”;eg: stop, plan, travel, drop, shopc.过去式的标志: yesterday (昨天) /last + 单数名词 (上一个.)时间段+ ago (.以前)/just now = a moment ago (刚才)2.help sb. with sth. (在.方面帮助某人)3.help sb. (to) do sth. (帮助某人做某事)4.do some +动词 “ing”(做点.) eg; do some reading5.stay at home (呆在家) 6.have a party (开晚会)7.visit (a person) （拜访.） 8.talk show (访谈节目)9.study for the test(准备.测验)10.How/What about.(怎么样？) 11.practice sth./doing sth. (练习./做某事)12.How was your weekend? (你周末过得怎样？)13.What did you do last weekend?(你周末做了什么？)14.middle school (中学) 15.cookfor sb.(为某人做饭)16.Its time to do sth. /Its time for sth. (是该.的时候了)17.sit down (坐下)18.watch sb. do sth. (观看某人做)19.look for.(寻找.)find (找到;发现) Unit10Where did you go on vacation ?1.summer camp (夏令营) 2.have fun doing sth. (做快乐)3.expensive=dear (贵的)cheap (便宜的)4.两者中的另一个用 “the other”. 5.Sichuan food (川菜)6.in the water/rain/snow/sun(在水中/雨中/雪中/太阳下)7.in the corner (在角落里) at the corner 8.find sb. doing sth. (发现某人做某事)9.make sb. do sth.(使某人做某事) 10.decide to do sth. (决定做某事) 11.walk to (走到.)12.be lost = get lost(迷路；走散)13.the Great Wall (长城) 14.the Palace Museum (故宫)15.Tianan Men Square (天安门广场)Unit11What do you think of game shows ?1.What do you think of/about.?(你认为怎么样？)How do you like?(你觉得.怎么样？)2.think of/about. (考虑.)3.soap opera(肥皂剧) 4.cant mind (不介意，无所谓)5.mind doing sth. (反对做.) 6.game show (游戏节目)7.in fact (实际上)8.ask sb. about.(问某人有关.)9.key ring (钥匙圈) 10.agree with sb. (同意某人)11.show sth. to sb. = show sb. sth. (出示某物给.)12.English Today (今日英语) 13.Sports News (体育新闻)14.Healthy Living (健康生活) 15.Culture China (华夏文化)16.Chinese Cooking (中国烹饪) 17.Animal World (动物世界)Unit12Dont eat in class !1.祈使句；a.以动词原形开头;b.变否定句时，在动词前加 “dont”;2.in class (在课上) in the class (在班上)3.school rules (校规) 4.in the hallways (在走廊里)5.dinning hall (餐厅) 6.be late for (.迟到)7.get to. = arrive in/at.= reach (到达.)8.have to (不得不) must (必须) 9.else (别的，其它的)10.too many