食用菌主要病虫害综合防治技术.doc

/ / / / 食用菌主要病虫害综合防治技术食用菌属真菌类，他的生长发育所需要的环境条件，也同样适合真菌病虫害的发生，如果不重视生态环境的控制、不采取必要的预防措施，杂菌和各种虫害便会随之发生。因此，在食用菌的生产与栽培过程中，防治食用菌病虫害应遵循“预防为主，综合防治”的植保工作方针，利用农、化、理、生等进行综合技术防治，以促进食用菌健壮生长，高产优质，基本的综合防治措施如下。Edible fungi, he needed for the growth and development of environmental conditions, also suitable for fungal diseases and insect pests occur, if do not take the control of ecological environment, not take the necessary precautions, mixed bacteria and a variety of pests will ensue. , therefore, in the process of production and cultivation of edible fungi, prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests of edible fungi should follow the prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control of plant protection working policy, agriculture, to make use of born, science, etc. Comprehensive prevention and control technology to promote the growth of edible fungi robust, high yield and good quality, the basic of comprehensive prevention and control measures are as follows. 1治理环境1 the governance environment 在良好的卫生环境条件下，可减少病虫杂菌滋生蔓延，提高食用菌的病虫防治效果，这是实际生产过程中至关重要。In a good health condition, can reduce the miscellaneous bacteria spread of diseases and pests, improve the effect of the prevention and control of diseases and pests of edible fungi, it is crucial in the process of actual production. 1.1保持卫生环境良好食用菌生产场所的选择和设计要科学合理，菇棚应远离库房、养殖场等有可能污染食用菌的地方；食用菌栽培环境要保持洁净，不可堆放废物，保持整洁。整个生产过程中所有有门窗的地方都要有窗纱防护，避免害虫进入与杂菌污染。技术人员进入生产与工作环境时，要着专业工作服装并做好消毒工作，否则不得进入。一旦发现可疑情况，立即进行处理。将可能受到感染的病菇、杂菌、害虫等污染物清理干净。1.1 keep good health environment to scientific and reasonable selection and design of edible fungus production places, mushroom tents should be far away from the warehouse, such as farms where possible contamination of edible fungi; Edible fungus cultivation environment must keep clean, do not pile up waste, keep clean and tidy. The whole production process all have Windows and doors must have window screen protection, avoid vermin and bacterial contamination. Technical personnel entering the production and working environment, want to work with professional clothing and make disinfection work, otherwise not allowed to enter. Once found suspicious circumstances, immediately for processing. Will potentially infected disease mushroom, miscellaneous bacteria, insects pollutants such as clean up. 1.2做好食用菌生产过程中工具与原材料消毒工作食用菌生产过程中工具与原材料都应进行严格的药物消毒。可用1的高锰酸钾溶液洗涤或用3%4%的石碳酸溶液喷雾消毒。需要覆土的菌类，所需要的覆土进入栽培环境前需要经过阳光曝晒或药剂熏蒸消毒。1.2 make edible fungus production tools and materials in the process of disinfection work in edible fungus production tools and materials should be strictly in the process of disinfection. Available washing with 3% 4% or 1% potassium permanganate solution of phenol solution spray disinfection. Need turns the soil fungi, need before turns the soil into the cultivation environment requires sunlight insolate or drug fumigation. 1.3防止培养料受到污染用生料栽培时，可选用5多菌灵抑制霉菌。先用清水将堆料场地冲洗干净，然后用5敌敌畏溶液均匀喷洒，做好食用菌病虫发生的预防工作。1.3 when it is used to prevent the pollution of PeiYangLiao raw cultivation, can choose 5 carbendazim inhibitory. First rinse with water will be stocking yard, and then use 5 evenly spraying dichlorvos solution, completes the prevention work of occurrence of diseases and pests of edible fungi. 2严把菌种质最关2 pass of strains of qualitative most 选用正规菌场、质量好的菌种，并做到适时接种。选种时要注意四点。1）到正规厂家购买信誉度好、知名度高的菌种。2）母种传代最好不要超过三代，栽培种直接由原种转接，由栽培种再次转接的不可作栽培种使用。3）优质菌种应该具备以下特征，菌丝健壮、纯净、无污染。4）选择适合当地、适合栽培时期的主推品种，不可盲目引种。Choose normal bacteria strains, good quality, and timely vaccination. To pay attention to four points when selecting seeds. 1) to the strains of normal manufacturer to buy good reputation and high visibility. 2) mother kind of batches had better not more than three generations, transfer directly by the elite varieties cultivated by transfer cannot be cultivated to use again. 3) high quality strains should have the following characteristics, hyphae, robust and pure and pollution-free. 4) choose to suit the local main varieties, suitable for cultivation period, not blindly introduction. 3促菇抑虫抑病3 for mushroom insect or disease suppression 当环境条件不适合食用菌生长发育时，会导致其生命力减弱，给病虫害的繁育创造了机会。食用菌种类不同，其对环境条件也有不同的要求，要根据不同食用菌所适宜的环境条件对湿度、温度、光线、水分、酸碱度等进行科学管理，使整个环境适合食用菌的生长而不利于病原菌和害虫的繁殖生长。When environmental conditions are not suitable for edible fungus growth, causes its vitality is abate, breeding creates opportunities for plant diseases and insect pests. Edible fungus on the environmental conditions of different kinds have different requirements, according to the different edible fungus is suitable for the environmental conditions of humidity, temperature, light, moisture, ph and so on carries on the scientific management, make whole environment suitable to the growth of edible fungi and against pathogens and insects breeding. 4生物防治4 biological control 从理论上讲，食用菌病虫防治最理想的方法是采用生物防治技术。由于它不使用农药、不污染环境、没有残毒，是防治技术中的首选。而且食用菌栽培范围小，人工控制可操作性强，更有利于生物防治技术的推广应用。但受技术条件水平限制，目前大范围推广难度较大。Theoretically, edible fungi disease and insect control with biological control technique is the most ideal method. Because it does not use, no pollution, no pesticide residues, is the first choice in the prevention and control technology. And small range of edible fungus cultivation, artificial control the maneuverability is strong, more conducive to the popularization and application of biological control technology. But restricted by technical conditions, the current widespread promotion is difficult. 5化学防治5 chemical control 食用菌生产过程中一般不提倡使用化学药剂防治病虫害，但在其他防治病虫害措施失败后，山东太阳能可选择使用化学农药，但尽量少用，大多数食用菌病原菌也是真菌，使用农药也容易造成食用菌药害。杀真菌药剂，多采用多菌灵、托布津、苯菌灵、克霉唑、石硫合剂、波尔多液等；杀细菌药剂，多采用漂白粉、甲醛溶液、链霉素、金霉素、庆大霉素等；杀虫药剂，常用的杀虫剂可针对不同的害虫种类和发生的时间采用不同的药剂三维排水网。Edible fungus production process generally does not advocate using chemical prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests, but in the failure of the other measures for prevention and treatment of plant diseases and insect pests, can choose the use of chemical pesticides, use less as far as possible, however, most of the edible fungus pathogenic bacteria and fungi, the use of pesticides is likely to cause phytotoxicity edible fungi. Antifungal agents, carbendazim, thiophanate, benomyl, clotrimazole, lime sulfur mixture, bordeaux mixture, etc; Kill bacteria agents, with bleaching powder and formaldehyde solution, streptomycin, chlortetracycline, gentamicin, etc; Insecticides agent, commonly used pesticides for different pest species and occurrence of time using different reagent. 值得注意的是，土工格栅厂家据农业部、卫生部有关通知规定在蔬菜、果树、烟叶、茶叶等作物和食用菌上禁用的高毒高残留化学农药品种有甲胺磷、杀虫脒、呋喃丹、氧化乐果、六六六、滴滴涕、甲基1605、1059、苏化203、3911、久效磷、