高考英语二轮复习 精品资料专题18 阅读填空教学案（教师版）.doc

2013高考英语二轮复习 精品资料专题18 阅读填空教学案（教师版）【2013高考考纲解读】在2011和2012年英语试卷中多个地区采用“七选五”型阅读理解题，试题模式为：给出一篇缺少5个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。考试说明对该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。如果说通常意义上的高考英语完形填空题是词法和句法范围内的考察，是语言表达的基本单位,属于语言的组织规律,那么阅读填空题就是章法范围内的考查,是语言使用的范畴,属于言语的组织规律,简单地说,前者侧重语言的结构-语法,而后者侧重语言的使用-章法.【重点知识整合】一7选5的考查要点这一考查题型对阅读理解提出了更高层次的要求，即不仅要有阅读速度，要对所读文章的主旨要义、具体信息要有所了解，尤其重要的是要掌握作者的写作意图、观点，区分出论点和论据，并且能够把握文章的写作结构和脉络层次，只有了解了这一切，才能比较准确地确定应该选择哪个选项。不过，只要了解了这种新题型所考查的要点，出题位置，在阅读文章时有意识地加强对文章写作思路和结构组织安排的理解，掌握英语文章常见的几种写作结构，对迅速增强此类新题型的应对能力还是非常有帮助的。1)出题位置往往，段首，段中，段尾 ，缺1句或1个以上的句子。该节分为两个部分：主干部分和选项部分。主干部分的原文约300词，其中有5段空白处，空白处的位置可能在段首、段中、段未，选项部分为7段文字，每段可能是一个句子，可能是两三个短句。其中5段文字分属于主干部分的空白处。要求考生依据自己对文章的理解从选项中选择5段文字放回到文章中相应的5段空白处。2)出题数量非等额选项(题目5道，7个选项)3) 文章结构(a)描述性结构(主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)(b)释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子、比喻、类比、阐述)(c)比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)(d)原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)(e)驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点)二.7选5的解题步骤1)快速阅读全文要点词句，包括首尾段、首尾句以及独立成段的句子和文章中带转折词的句子等，目的是掌握文章的主要内容。2)然后再边读边做题，重点阅读各个问题附近的句子，圈定线索词，然后从选项中寻找相关的特征词，以确定答案。做题时可以采用代入排除法。如果一题做不出或拿不准，可先放过，继续往下读，先做容易的能做出的题，直到读完整篇文章。至此，文章的要点和主旨、各个段落之间的逻辑关系应基本清楚了。3)重新阅读相关词句，重点做刚才没做出的题或不确定的题，此时可将已选出的答案代入原文，利用排除法。同时检查核对已选出的答案，看文章从内容上是否语义连贯合理，语篇结构上是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切。如果所选的答案可以满足上述标准，则表明各个问题的答案基本正确。4）比较两类关键词 ：将7个选项的关键词与5个空的前后句中的关键词进行比较，匹配的是正确答案。具体方法：1 阅读各个空的前后句，标记关键词 在阅读文章的开始部分、明确文章的基本话题以后，要阅读五个空自的前后句，并将前后句中的解题线索，即关键词标记下来。关键词包括句中的核心名词或名词词组（如带有形容词的名词词组），专有名词、时间数字、代词、连词等。2 阅读各个选项，尤其是选项的首句，标记关键词 3 比较并匹配上述两类关键词，确定答案 4 将确定的答案代入原文，看读起来是否通顺。 【例】下面一篇文章51 you dont show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you52.the important position is the one that you go to sleep in if you go to sleep on your back，youre a very open personyou normally trust people andyou are easily influenced by fashion or new ideasyou dont like to displease peopleso you never express your real feelings53 if you sleep on your stomach，you are a rather secretive personyou worry a lot and youre always easily upsetyou always stick to your own opinions or judgment，but you arent very ambitious(上进心)54.this means that you enjoy having a good time if you sleep curled up，you are probably a very nervous personyou have a low opinion of yourself and so youre often delusiveyoure shy and you dont normally like meeting peopleyou prefer to on your own，youre easily hurt if you sleep on your sideyon have usually got a wellbalanced personality55.yonre usually carefulyou believe in yourselfyon sometimes feel anxious，but you dont often get sadyou always say what you think even if it makes people rather angry.a. youre quite shy and you arent quite sure of yourselfbyou know your strengths and weaknessc.normally people seldom change their sleeping positiond .everyone has got two personalitiesthe one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and reale.maybe you dont want to make friends with a person who sleeps curled up.f .you usually live for today not tomorrowg. in a normal night，of course，people frequently change their positions1标记空前后句中的关键词 2标记选项中的关键词 (a) 关键词shy，arent quite sure说明空的前一句可能提到过一种不敢干什么(b) know your strengths and weakness说明一个人性格是好的，优缺点都知道而且能调控。 (c) seldom change their sleeping position说明前后一句可能提到数字，而且是很少的。 (d) two personalities，shown secret (e) dont want to make friends，sleeps curled up.（说明前面或后面肯定提到蜷着身子睡觉的人的各种个性。(f) live for today not tomorrow（活在当下，没抱负）(g) frequently change their positions3比较两类关键词 将7个选项的关键词与5个空的前后句中的关键词进行比较，发现匹配的是： 51与d、52与g、53与a、54与f、55与b。 4 代入原文 将确定的选项代入原文，发现意义上与逻辑上都通顺，因此为正确答案。 七选五解题策略七选五解题的关键是能娴熟地利用各种衔接手段。衔接手段分为三种：词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接（具体如下）。一词汇衔接又可以具体分为三种：代词、同义词/近义词、上下义词/同一范畴词对应关系。 1. 代词英语表达中的代词出现的频率极高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，巧妙利用这样的指代关系和根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。例题：the new design was well received by the reception staff of the hotel chain._正确选项句子为：they all believe that its introduction has led to a modern , more professional corporate image and greater confidence among them.例题：it is important, therefore, that we should know what people using our stores want of us._ during the past two years, we have been working hard to improve the standard of our products in both these areas.正确选项句子为： the research made by the company shows that, above all else, customers expect fashion and value.例题分析：空格后的句末in both these areas中both这个不定代词提示考生空格中一定出现两个并列的名词概念，即fashion and value。当然该题也可通过同义词对应解题：选项中的expect对应空格前的want,表“需求”。2. 同义词/近义词英语前言后语之间往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。其实就其本质而言，上文讲的代词和下文将涉及的上下义词和同一范畴词都是特殊的同义/近义词。例题：laura ashley made a fortune by looking back to past centuries, searching for old designs to decorate a variety of clothes and household furnishings. _.例题：51 you dont show your secret personality when you are awake because you can control your behavior, but when you are asleep，your sleeping position shows the real you正确选项为everyone has got two personalitiesthe one that is shown to the world and the other that is secret and real例题分析：空格后句和空格里都出现了personality，secret，在读选项的时候很容易注意到这个同词重复的解题线索。3. 上下义词/同一范畴词什么是上下义词和同一范畴词？举个例子你们就明白了。fruit和apple之间就是上下义词，因为前者包含了后者，或可以说后者是前者的一个子集。apple和orange之间则是同一范畴的关系，都属于fruit。利用前后句中这样的特殊的同义关系常常可以很轻松地解题。 例题：a recently study by american management institute shows that the processing of documents takes up 60% of office works time, 40% of labor costs and up to 10% of business income. _. 例题：certain key products have been subject to a thorough review, most notably menswear, where significant advances have been made in product design and manufacture. _.all of these have reported an increase in market share. 正确的选项是：other areas where product innovation has been particularly effective are in lingerie, （女士内衣） gifts and home ware.例题分析：空格后句开头的all of these 提示我们空格里面肯定出现大于等于三个并列的名词概念，正是选项中的lingerie（女士内衣）, gifts（礼品）and home ware（家居用品），这三个名词与前句中的menswear(男士服装)属于同一范畴类的事物，都是百货商店中的常见商品类别。从这道例题我们还能得出这样一个有用的结论：很多题目的衔接可能不止一个，我们可以从不同的角度来解题或对答案进行验证。4)数字线索包括具体数字以及和数字相关的词汇诸如numbers, rate等等。作者列出数字，除了和其他数字进行对比和比较之外，还可以用数据来说明一个观点。researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores 72 of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruitin addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar正确答案为they found that about 60 percent of them didnt contain any fruit at all从数字60 percent，空后11和空前的28可以推出此空与数字有关。再从空中的them和空后的the 11 products可以推测前面提到了products.二逻辑衔接根据前后句之间的逻辑关系又细分为：解释关系、例证关系、因果关系、顺逆关系。1. 解释关系前后句之间含有解释的逻辑关系，这样的逻辑关系是很隐蔽的。例题_thats why i dont wear a white coat.正确选项：he has tried to create an environment where people are not afraid 例题分析：后面说不穿白大褂，前面则为解释的原因。2. 例证关系前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式多样，但就其本质而言无非是思维上的形象（例子、类比等）和抽象（观点）的辩证关系，用到的思维过程无非就是基本的归纳（从例子到观点）和推理（从观点到例子）。例题：manager should provide regular feedback to their staff._.正确选项：for example, when good work has been done it must be praised.例题分析：选项是对前句举了一个十分明显的例子。3. 因果关系前后句的逻辑是因果关系，常见的逻辑表达有：because, for, since, as, the reason is that，result in/ from, be due to, be attributed to 等等。还有一些表示因果逻辑关系的表达是比较隐蔽的，如：underlie（前者构成后者的基础，实际是前者是因，后者是果），再如：in response to(前者作为后者的回应，即后者是因，前者是果)。希望考生在平日英语学习中多作总结，这对高考的各个部分的解题都有好处。 例题：there is no doubt that, in an increasingly competitive trading environment, we are better equipped than ever to compete and to win and we feel increasingly optimistic._.4. 顺逆关系英语行文中后句对前句不是顺承逻辑关系就是逆转逻辑关系，这是显然的常识。如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很有可能是个转折逻辑的句子。 例题： know as glasgows most fashionable dentist,正确选项jerome is keen to point out that he takes his work very seriously.例题分析：空格前句作者用了一个as引起的倒装表示尽管他是城里最时尚的牙医，但人家对工作可是（take seriously），不是绣花枕头。所以考生可以在备选项中搜寻转折逻辑的各种表达法，很快就能找出正确的选项。三：结构衔接（主要看文章结构和出题位置）文章结构：a)描述性结构(主要介绍事物、问题或倾向的特点，对人物的描述如传记，包括人身体特征、家庭背景、成长过程、个性爱好、成就贡献等内容进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题重点)(b)释义性结构(解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用例子比喻类比阐述)(c)比较性结构(把两个人或事物功能、特点、优缺点进行对比)(d)原因性结构(这种结构主要分析事物的成因，客观的、主观的、直接的、间接的)(e)驳斥性结构(这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其评论或驳斥，然后分析其优点缺点、危害性、最后阐明自己的观点)四：出题位置1)如果问题在段首(a)通常是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。(b)与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一两句，锁定线索信号词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有 某种的衔接手段，尤其当选项是几句话时。比如，如果选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系。(c)段落间的过渡句。这时要前瞻后望找启示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与上一段结尾有机地衔接起来，并结合下一段内容，看所选的答案是否将两段内容连贯起来。2)如果问题在段尾(a)空白前的一句或两句是重点语句，重点阅读以锁定关键词。(b)通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如therefore, as a result, thus, hence, in short, to sum up, to conclude, in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。(c)与前文是转折或对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。(d)与前文是并列或排比关系。在这种情况下，通常是该段落要求补全说明本段主题的其他细节，因此根据段落一致性原则，在原文和选项中找到相关的特征词，通常在选项中会出现表示并列/递进关系的关联词或与前文类似的句式结构，或出现同义词等其他信号线索。前面的一句与正确答案的第一句是紧密相连的。要特别注意阅读这样相连的两句，通常会找到关键的线索词句。(e)所选答案是引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有一定的衔接。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项的最后一句紧密连接起来。(f)如果第一段的段尾是空白，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词如转折词引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。英语文章绝大多数都是总分结构，无论是全篇的逻辑，还是每一个独立的意群（一般以自然段的形式出现）的逻辑都是总分结构。利用总句和分句中可能存在的上述的各种衔接关系可以迅速地解题。由于篇幅有限，这里就不举例说明了。下面让我们来用上述总结的方法巧解咱们做过的几篇文章。第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填人空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。most drinks stating that they are fruit-flavored （水果味道的） contain no fruit at all, while most of the rest contain only a small quantity of fruit, according to a study carried by the british food commission shoppers need to check the labels（标签）before buying drinks, though sometimes the actual content can be non-existent, said food commission spokesperson lan tokelovefood production is highly competitive_71 _ it will increase profits, and consumers wont always realize they are being tricked.flavorings are focused on the flavors of natural food products such as fruits, meats and vegetables, or creating flavor for food products that do not have the desired flavorsresearchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores 72 of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruitin addition, each juice box contained nearly eight teaspoons of sugar 73 lets take jam as an example. some strawberry-flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all.74 consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have boughtunder current uk law. food packages do no not have to distinguish between natural and artificial flavoring. describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packed with pictures of stawberries is misleading. 75 unfortunatcly, it is also legal and widespread, tokelove said.athe products which contain real fruit are popular with peoplebeven products advertised as more natural often contained no fruitcthey found that about 60 percent of them didnt contain any fruit at alldif companies can cut their costs by using flavoring, they are likely to do soeit is important and necessary to demand a small amount of flavoring in the productsfactually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at allgthe food commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging.71题解析72题解析原题空格前后两句：researchers analyzed the contents of 28 strawberry-flavored products sold in stores 72 of the 11 products that did contain strawberries, five of them contained less than one percent real fruit 正确选项：cthey found that about 60 percent of them didnt contain any fruit at all分析：从数字60 percent，空后11和空前的28可以推出此空与数字有关。再从空中的them和空后的the 11 products可以推测前面提到了products.这属于数字线索。73题解析 原题空格前后两句： 73 lets take jam as an example. some strawberry-flavored jam was labeled as containing no artificial colors, flavors, or sweeteners, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all. 正确选项：beven products advertised as more natural often contained no fruit分析：这道题是很明显的例证关系，由观点到例子的做题模式。从后句中的was labeled as containing no artificial colors, but it contained absolutely no strawberries at all.可得出后面是具体以草莓产品为例子，fruit对应strawberries, natural对应artificial，也属于同一范畴类，再从出题位置上，为段首，一般为总结性语言。所以，答案很好锁定。 74题解析 原题空格前后两句：74 consumers have the rights to know clearly about what they have bought 正确选项：gthe food commission suggested all flavors used in a product should be listed on the packaging.分析：此题空后讲到顾客有权利，上面应该是权力机构的要求。也就是consumers have the rights和the food commission是同一范畴词汇对应；第二层对应为：选项中的空后的clearly和空中的should be listed on the packaging.为对应关系。75题解析 原题空格前后两句：describing a product as strawberry flavor and covering the surface of the packed with pictures of strawberries is misleading. 75 unfortunately, it is also legal and widespread, 正确选项factually the product contains just a tiny percentage of strawberry or even no fruit at all分析：此题有两层对应。第一层对应是：空格后面的，strawberries是和空中的strawberries第二层对应是：misleading和空中的actually tiny percentage of strawberry属于例证关系。阅读填空训练【2013届河北省名校俱乐部高三第二次调研】共5小题（每小题2分，满分10分）根据短文内容，从短文的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余选项。how to pass an important test whether its a first grade science test for college entrance exam, all tests have one thing in common: you have to pass. _71_stuck in a situation where you dont know how to ? this article can help.tips :1. once you get the study guide, make plans right away to study as soon as possible. no excuses.! killing time with friends isnt worth it, since you can always out with them any other day.2. get plenty of rest. _72_. if you walk into the classroom sleepily, youll most likely not finish the test because of how tired you are.3. eat a good meal for breakfast . _73_. a few healthy good breakfast suggestions are oatmeal（燕麦片）(naturally flavored, whose grain and high fiber food), grapefruit with fresh fruit salad.4. bring all necessary materials _74_. bring pencils ,pens, pencil sharpeners, snacks(if allowed), erasers, calculator,(if allowed) and anything else youll need for the test.5. _75_. showing up later cuts back the time youll have to take the test if its already testing hours. youll probably miss any important information needed in completing the test. in some tests, later comers are not allowed to take the test, and get a 0 instead fo a satisfactory score.a. the exam tests vocabulary, reading and math skills. b. that one piece of cheese probably wont last until test time.c. dont forget to set your alarm clock and show up on test day on time.d. studies show that if you get enough sleep, your brain will be much more efficient.e. showing up without something as simple as a pencil can make a big effect on your test.f. falling the test wont help you in the long run, so its important to know how to prepare to pass that big test.g. this test si a challenging one and every year many students ae unable to qualify it just because of lack of guidance.【文章大意】本文有标题：how to pass an important test ：如何通过重要的考试。这是本次考试中的原创题。74【答案】e【解析】bring all necessary materials带好所有的用品，不然故选e。【考点定位】考查信息匹配题。75【答案】c【解析】根据后面的showing up later cuts back the time 可知。别忘记调闹钟。故选c。【考点定位】：考查信息匹配题。【2013届河北省邯郸市高三上学期期中】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中的两项为多途选项。empathylast year, researchers from the university of michigan reported that empathy, the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past 10 years. _71_ today, people spend more time alone and are less likely to join groups and clubs.jennifer freed, a co-director of a teen program, has another explanation. turn on the tv, and youre showered with news and reality shows full of people fighting, competing, and generally treating one another with no respect. _72_there are good reasons not to follow those bad examples. humans are socially related by nature. _73_ researchers have also found that empathetic teenagers are more likely to have high self-respect. besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear.empathy is also an indication of a good leader. in fact, freed says, many top companies report that empathy is one of the most important things they look for in new managers. _74_ “academics are important. but if you dont have emotional intelligence, you wont be as successful in work or in your love life,” she says.whats the best way to up your eq (情商)? for starters, let down your guard and really listen to others. _75_to really develop empathy, youd better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a team that has a diverse membership, have a “sharing circle” with your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter.a. everyone is different, and levels of empathy differ from person to person.b. having relationships with other people is an important part of being humanand having empathy is decisive to those relationships.c. humans learn by exampleand most of the examples on it are anything but empathetic.d. “one doesnt develop empathy by having a lot of opinions and doing a lot of talking,” freed says.e. empathy is a matter of learning how to understand someone elseboth what they think and how they feel.f. good social skillsincluding empathyare a kind of “emotional intelligence” that will help you succeed in many areas of life.gthat could be because so many people have replaced face time with screen time, the researchers said. 74. 【答案】f【解析】本空考查承上启下。本段主要讲述的是情感智能，因此本句放入文中最能体现文章的整体性和一致性，故选f。【考点定位】考查上下文的语境理解及逻辑关系75. 【答案】d【解析】本空考查并列的逻辑关系。根据空前“listen to others”说的是要做个好的倾听者，所以空白处会填入有关听的技巧，故选c。【考点定位】考查上下文的语境理解及逻辑