汽车设计--车架设计(外文原文及译文).doc

汽车设计-车架设计(外文原文及译文)姹借溅璁捐姹借溅璁捐姹借溅璁捐姹借溅璁捐-杞灦璁捐杞灦璁捐杞灦璁捐杞灦璁捐 杞灦鏄苯杞渶鍩烘湰鐨勫彴鏋讹紝鎵鏈夌殑鎮灦鍜岃浆鍚戣繛鎺儴浠堕兘瀹夎鍦溅鏋朵笂闈傚鏋滄苯杞溅鏋舵煍鎬繃澶紝浼氫娇姹借溅鏃棤娉曡浆鍚戯紝涔熸棤娉曡繘琛屾甯告搷绾点傝屽鏋滄苯杞溅鏋剁粨鏋勫垰鎬繃澶紝鍙堜細寮曡捣涓嶅繀瑕佺殑闇囧姩浼犻掔粰椹鹃鍛樺拰涔樺鐨勫骇鑸卞銆傛苯杞溅鏋跺拰鎮灦鐨勭粨鏋勮璁笉浠呭喅瀹氫簡姹借溅鍣澶皬鍜岄渿鍔殑骞呭害寮哄害锛岃屼笖涔熷皢褰卞搷鍒版苯杞殑璐噺鍜岃溅杈嗙殑姝父鎿嶇旱銆?姹借溅鍒堕犲巶鍟嗕滑鍦粬浠敓浜殑姹借溅涓婇兘浣跨敤浜嗗嚑绉嶄笉鍚岀殑杞灦缁撴瀯銆傚叾涓紝鏁翠釜涓冨崄骞翠唬鏈甯镐娇鐢殑鏄浣撳拰澶鐨勫垎浣撶粨鏋勩傜洰鍓嶅畠浠嶇劧鍦鍨嬭揣杞佸皬鍚綅璐溅鍜屽崱杞笂搴旂敤鐫銆傚湪姹借溅澹充綋鍜屽姊佺殑鍒嗕綋缁撴瀯閲岋紝鍙戝姩鏈恒佷紶鍔缃佷紶鍔娇杞拰杞閮芥槸閫氳繃缁濈紭瑁呯疆鍥哄畾鍦溅韬姊佷笂銆傝溅鏋跺唴閮殑缁濈紭瑁呯疆鏄汉閫犳鑳剁紦鍐插灚锛岃兘澶熼樆姝亾璺笉骞冲拰鍙戝姩鏈哄伐浣滃紩璧风殑鍣煶鍜岄渿鍔紶鍒伴椹跺憳鍜屼箻瀹殑搴埍閲屻?绗簩绉嶆槸姹借溅杞灦鐨勫崟浣撶粨鏋勩傝繖绉嶈璁埌鐩墠涓烘鍦幇浠苯杞笂鏄渶甯哥敤銆傚崟浣撹溅鏋舵寜鎵闇鐨勫己搴潵鍒嗭紝璁捐鏈夎交鍨嬬粨鏋勩傚湪杩欑姹借溅缁撴瀯涓姊佷綔涓鸿溅鏋剁殑涓閮垎琚洿鎺剨鎺埌澹充綋涓娿傚簳鐩樼殑閲嶉噺澧炲姞浜嗗姊佺殑寮哄害銆備紶鍔娇杞拰浼犲姩瑁呯疆缁忕敱澶岃蒋鐨勪汉閫犳鑳剁粷缂樺灚瀹夎鍦崟浣撹溅鏋朵笂銆傜粷缂樺灚鍑忓急浜嗗櫔澹扮殑浼犲姩鍜岄渿鍔傝嫢缁濈紭鍨杞紝灏嗕細寮曡捣浼犲姩榻胯疆鍜屼紶鍔缃綅绉汇傝繖绉嶄綅绉荤涓烘煍閲忥紝瀹冧細褰卞搷鍒版苯杞殑鎿嶇旱鎬兘鍜屾帶鍒舵兘銆傝嫢缁濈紭鍨纭紝鍒欎笉鑳借捣鍒板簲鏈夌殑闅旂粷鍣煶鍜屽噺灏忛渿鍔殑浣滅敤銆傛苯杞埗閫犲巶鍟嗕滑绮惧績鍦拌璁粷缂樺灚锛屾妸瀹冧滑瑁呯疆鍦苯杞傚綋鐨勫湴鏂癸紝浠檷浣庡櫔澹帮紝缂撳啿闇囧姩鐨勪紶閫侊紝浣挎苯杞究浜庨椹讹紝椹鹃鍛樺拰涔樺涔樺潗鑸掗傘傜粷缂樺灚鐨勬兘闅忎娇鐢勾闄愬彂鐢熷彉鍖栵紝褰撴苯杞彉鏃椂鍘熷厛鐨勬兘涔熼殢涔嬫敼鍙樸?绗笁绉嶇粨鏋勬槸鎶婂墠涓缁撴瀯鐨勪富瑕佺壒鐐圭粨鍚堝湪涓璧枫傚畠鍦苯杞墠鑸变娇鐢簡鐭溅姊侊紝鍦苯杞悗鑸变娇鐢簡鍗曚綋杞灦銆傚崟浣撻儴鍒嗗垰鎬緢澶紝鑰岀煭鐨勮溅姊佸寮轰簡缁濈紭浣滅敤銆?姹借溅鍒堕犲巶瀹朵滑鍦苯杞笂閫夋嫨閭鐢熶骇鎴愭湰浣庤屽悓鏃跺張绗悎瀵瑰櫔闊抽渿鍔紝椹鹃鎿嶇旱鎬兘瑕佹眰寰堥珮鐨勮溅鏋剁粨鏋勩傝佸紡鐨勫鍨嬬殑杞締銆佽揣杞佸拰鍗溅閫氬父浣跨敤澹充綋鍜屽姊佺殑鍒嗕綋缁撴瀯銆傝緝鏂扮殑锛岃緝灏忓瀷鐨勮溅杈嗛氬父浣跨敤鍗曚綋缁撴瀯鐨勮溅鏋躲?鍙戝姩鏈烘椿濉炶繛鏉嗙粍鍙戝姩鏈烘椿濉炶繛鏉嗙粍鍙戝姩鏈烘椿濉炶繛鏉嗙粍鍙戝姩鏈烘椿濉炶繛鏉嗙粍 娲诲杩炴潌缁勭敱娲诲銆佹椿濉炵幆銆佹椿濉為攢銆佽繛鏉嗐佽繛鏉嗚酱鐡瓑缁勬垚銆?鍔熺敤锛氭椿濉炵殑鍔熺敤鏄壙鍙楁皵浣撳帇鍔涳紝骞堕氳繃娲诲閿浼犵粰杩炴潌椹变娇鏇茶酱鏃嬭浆锛屾椿濉為閮繕鏄噧鐑鐨勭粍鎴愰儴鍒嗐?宸綔鏉欢锛氭椿濉炲湪楂樻俯銆侀珮鍘嬨侀珮閫熴佹鼎婊戜笉鑹殑鏉欢涓嬪伐浣溿傛椿濉炵洿鎺笌楂樻俯姘斾綋鎺锛岀灛鏃舵俯搴彲杈?500K浠笂锛屽洜姝紝鍙楃儹涓噸锛岃屾暎鐑潯浠跺張寰堝樊锛屾墍浠椿濉炲伐浣滄椂娓害寰堥珮锛岄閮珮杈?00锝?00K锛屼笖娓害鍒嗗竷寰堜笉鍧囧寑锛涙椿濉為閮壙鍙楁皵浣撳帇鍔涘緢澶紝鐗瑰埆鏄綔鍔熻绋嬪帇鍔涙渶澶紝姹芥补鏈洪珮杈?锝?MPa锛屾煷娌规満楂樿揪6锝?MPa锛岃繖灏变娇寰楁椿濉炰骇鐢熷啿鍑伙紝骞舵壙鍙椾晶鍘嬪姏鐨勪綔鐢紝鍥犳锛屾椿濉炲簲鏈夎冻澶熺殑鑰愮儹鎬紝瑕佸敖閲忓噺灏忔椿濉炵殑鍙楃儹闈紝鍔犲己娲诲鐨勫喎鍗达紝閫傚綋澧炲浼犵儹闈紝浣挎椿濉為閮殑鏈楂樻俯搴笅闄嶃傛椿濉炲湪姘旂几鍐呬互寰堥珮鐨勯熷害(8锝?2m/s)寰澶嶈繍鍔紝涓旈熷害鍦笉鏂湴鍙樺寲锛岃繖灏变骇鐢熶簡寰堝鐨勬儻鎬姏锛屼娇娲诲鍙楀埌寰堝鐨勯檮鍔犺浇鑽枫傛椿濉炲湪杩欑鎭跺姡鐨勬潯浠朵笅宸綔锛屼細浜敓鍙樺舰 骞跺姞閫熺（鎹燂紝杩樹細浜敓闄勫姞杞借嵎鍜岀儹搴斿姏锛屽悓鏃跺彈鍒扮噧姘旂殑鍖栧鑵愯殌浣滅敤銆?涓轰簡鍑忓皬寰澶嶆儻鎬姏锛屽繀椤诲敖鍙兘鍦板噺杞绘椿濉炵殑閲嶉噺銆傛椿濉炴槸鍦珮娓侀珮鍘嬨侀珮閫燂紙娲诲骞冲潎閫熷害鍙揪101115m/s锛夌殑鏉欢涓嬪伐浣滅殑锛屽叾娑粦鏉欢杈冨樊锛屾椿濉炰笌姘旂几澹侀棿鎽摝涓噸銆備负鍑忓皬鎽摝锛屾椿濉炶闈繀椤昏愮（銆?瑕佹眰锛?1) 瑕佹湁瓒冲鐨勫垰搴拰寮哄害锛屼紶鍔涘彲闈狅紱 2) 瀵肩儹鎬锛岃愰珮鍘嬨佽愰珮娓佽愮（鎹燂紱 3) 璐噺灏忥紝閲嶉噺杞伙紝灏藉彲鑳藉噺灏忓線澶嶆儻鎬姏銆?閾濆悎閲戞潗鏂欏熀鏈笂婊冻涓婇潰鐨勮姹傦紝鍥犳锛屾椿濉炰竴鑸兘閲囩敤楂樺己搴摑鍚堥噾锛屼絾鍦竴浜涗綆閫熸煷娌规満涓婇噰鐢珮绾摳閾佹垨鑰愮儹閽?鏋勯狅細娲诲鍙垎涓轰笁閮垎锛屾椿濉為閮佹椿濉炲閮拰娲诲瑁欓儴銆?1.娲诲椤堕儴 娲诲椤堕儴鎵垮彈姘斾綋鍘嬪姏锛屽畠鏄噧鐑鐨勭粍鎴愰儴鍒嗭紝鍏跺舰鐘躲佷綅缃佸灏忛兘鍜岀噧鐑鐨勫叿浣撳舰寮忔湁鍏筹紝閮芥槸涓烘弧瓒冲彲鐕冩贩鍚堟皵褰垚鍜岀噧鐑殑瑕佹眰锛屽叾椤堕儴褰姸鍙垎涓哄洓澶被锛屽钩椤舵椿濉炪佸嚫椤舵椿濉炪佸嚬椤舵椿濉炲拰鎴愬瀷椤舵椿濉炪?鍔犲伐绠鍗曞钩椤舵椿濉為閮槸涓涓钩闈紝缁撴瀯绠鍗曪紝鍒堕犲鏄擄紝鍙楃儹闈灏忥紝鍔犲伐绠鍗曪紝椤堕儴搴斿姏鍒嗗竷杈冧负鍧囧寑锛屼竴鑸敤鍦苯娌规満涓婏紝鏌存补鏈哄緢灏戦噰鐢?鍑搁娲诲澶氱敤浜庝簩鍐茬鍐呯噧鏈轰笂锛屾湁鍒簬鏀瑰杽鎹皵杩囩銆傜幇浠洓鍐茬姹芥补鏈轰负浜嗗寮烘尋姘旀晥鏋滄垨澧炲鍘嬬缉姣斾篃鏈夐噰鐢嚫椤舵椿濉炪傚嚫椤舵椿濉為閮嚫璧峰憟鐞冮褰紝鍏堕閮己搴珮锛岃捣瀵煎悜浣滅敤锛屾湁鍒簬鏀瑰杽鎹皵杩囩锛屼簩琛岀姹芥补鏈哄父閲囩敤鍑搁娲诲銆?鍑归娲诲椤堕儴鍛堝嚬闄峰舰锛屽嚬鍧戠殑褰姸鍜屼綅缃繀椤绘湁鍒簬鍙噧娣峰悎姘旂殑鐕冪儳锛屾湁鍙屾丁娴佸嚬鍧戙佺悆褰嚬鍧戙乁褰嚬鍧戠瓑绛夈?2.娲诲澶撮儴 娲诲澶撮儴鎸囩涓閬撴椿濉炵幆妲藉埌娲诲閿瀛斾互涓婇儴鍒嗐傚畠鏈夋暟閬撶幆妲斤紝鐢互瀹夎娲诲鐜紝璧峰瘑灏佷綔鐢紝鍙堢涓洪槻婕忛儴銆傛煷娌规満鍘嬬缉姣旈珮锛屼竴鑸湁鍥涢亾鐜锛屼笂閮笁閬撳畨瑁呮皵鐜紝涓嬮儴瀹夎娌圭幆銆傛苯娌规満涓鑸湁涓夐亾鐜锛屽叾涓湁涓亾姘旂幆妲藉拰涓閬撴补鐜锛屽湪娌圭幆妲藉簳闈笂閽绘湁璁稿寰勫悜灏忓瓟锛屼娇琚补鐜粠姘旂几澹佷笂鍒笅鐨勬満娌圭粡杩囪繖浜涘皬瀛旀祦鍥炴补搴曞銆傜涓閬撶幆妲藉伐浣滄潯浠舵渶鎭跺姡锛屼竴鑸簲绂婚閮緝杩滀簺銆?鍦竴閬撴皵鐜殑涓婃柟寰寰寮鏈変竴閬撹緝绐勭殑闅旂儹妲斤紝闅旀柇鐢辨椿濉為閮紶鍚戠涓閬撴皵鐜殑鐑祦锛屼娇閮垎鐑噺鐢辩浜屻佷笁閬撴椿濉炵幆浼犲嚭锛屼粠鑰屽噺杞荤涓閬撴皵鐜殑鐑礋鑽枫傛湁鐨勫彂鍔満锛屽湪娲诲椤堕潰鑷崇涓閬撶幆妲戒箣闂达紝鏈夋椂涓鐩村埌浠笅鍑犻亾鐜澶勶紝甯稿姞宸嚭缁嗗皬鐨勭幆琛屾銆傝繖绉嶇粏灏忕殑鐜妲藉彲浠洜绉鑰屽惛闄勬鼎婊戞补锛屽湪澶辨补宸綔鏃跺彲闃叉娲诲涓庢皵缂稿鐨勫挰鍚堬紝鏁呯涔嬩负绉妲姐?娲诲椤堕儴鍚告敹鐨勭儹閲忎富瑕佷篃鏄粡杩囬槻婕忛儴閫氳繃娲诲鐜紶缁欐皵缂稿锛屽啀鐢卞喎鍗存按浼犲嚭鍘汇傛讳箣锛屾椿濉炲閮殑浣滅敤闄簡鐢潵瀹夎娲诲鐜锛岃繕鏈夊瘑灏佷綔鐢拰浼犵儹浣滅敤锛屼笌娲诲鐜竴璧峰瘑灏佹皵缂革紝闃叉鍙噧娣峰悎姘旀紡鍒版洸杞寸鍐咃紝鍚屾椂杩樺皢(70锝?0)%鐨勭儹閲忛氳繃娲诲鐜紶缁欐皵缂稿銆?3.娲诲瑁欓儴 娲诲瑁欓儴鎸囦粠娌圭幆妲戒笅绔潰璧疯嚦娲诲鏈涓嬬鐨勯儴鍒嗭紝瀹冨寘鎷娲诲閿鐨勯攢搴瓟銆傛椿濉炶閮娲诲鍦皵缂稿唴鐨勫線澶嶈繍鍔捣瀵煎悜浣滅敤锛屽苟鎵垮彈渚帇鍔涖傝閮殑闀跨煭鍙栧喅浜庝晶鍘嬪姏鐨勫灏忓拰娲诲鐩村緞銆傛墍璋撲晶鍘嬪姏鏄寚鍦帇缂绋嬪拰浣滃姛琛岀涓紝浣滅敤鍦椿濉為閮殑姘斾綋鍘嬪姏鐨勬按骞冲垎鍔涗娇娲诲鍘嬪悜姘旂几澹併傚帇缂绋嬪拰浣滃姛琛岀姘斾綋鐨勪晶鍘嬪姏鏂瑰悜姝鐩稿弽锛岀敱浜庣噧鐑帇鍔涘澶珮浜庡帇缂帇鍔涳紝鎵浠紝浣滃姛琛岀 涓殑渚帇鍔涗篃澶楂樹簬鍘嬬缉琛岀涓殑渚帇鍔涖傛椿濉炶閮壙鍙椾晶鍘嬪姏鐨勪袱涓晶闈涓烘帹鍔涢潰锛屽畠浠浜庝笌娲诲閿杞寸嚎鐩稿瀭鐩寸殑鏂瑰悜涓娿?鍔姩鍔姩鍔涗紶鍔郴缁熷姏浼犲姩绯荤粺鍔涗紶鍔郴缁熷姏浼犲姩绯荤粺 鍔姏浼犲姩绯荤粺鍖呮嫭浠庡彂鍔満鐩村埌椹卞姩杞殑鎵鏈夐儴浠躲傝仈鍔缃拰鍚庨鍔缃紶閫佺潃鏉嚜鍙戝姩鏈虹殑鎵煩銆傚叾瀹冮儴浠跺垯鎶婇儴浠朵笌閮欢鐩镐簰杩炴帴璧锋潵銆傚姞閫熸椂鍙戝姩鏈虹殑鎵煩鍜屽埗鍔椂鐨勬壄鐭垯鍔犺浇鍦偓鏋堕儴浣嶄笂銆?淇悊鎮灦鏃讹紝寰堝彲鑳介渶瑕佹媶鍗镐紶鍔郴缁熺殑鍚勯浂閮欢鏉繘琛屼慨鐞嗐傛偓鏋剁鍔椂浜敓鐨勫櫔闊冲彲鑳芥潵婧愪簬浼犲姩绯荤粺鐨勯浂閮欢銆備笅杈瑰彊杩颁竴浜涗笉鍚岀殑浼犲姩瑁呯疆绯荤粺鐨勫熀鏈煡璇嗭紝鍦繘琛屾偓鏋朵慨鐞嗘椂鍙緵鍙傝冦?浣跨敤鍓嶈疆椹卞姩鐨勪紶鍔郴缁熺粡甯稿皢鑱斿姩瑁呯疆鍜屽悗杞紶鍔缃粨鍚堟垚涓涓缃傝繖涓涓疆鍜屽悗缃彂鍔満鐨勬苯杞篃鏄緢閫傜敤鐨勩傝繖涓缃涓鸿浆鎹酱銆傚畠涓轰袱绔悇甯湁涓涓竾鍚戣妭鐨勭煭鍗婅酱锛屾妸杞崲杞村拰杞疆杩炴帴璧锋潵銆傝繖浜涜酱褰撴偓姊佺鍔拰杞悜鏃舵妸鍔姏浠庡悗浼犲姩瑁呯疆浼犻佸埌杞疆涓娿?鍚庝紶鍔缃噷鐨勫樊閫熷櫒鍒嗘祦杈撳叆鐨勫姩鍔涳紝姣忎釜椹卞姩杞笂鍚勫垎涓鍗娿傝繖灏变娇椹卞姩杞湪杞集鏃朵細浠笉鍚岀殑閫熷害杞姩銆?鍦墠缃彂鍔満鍚庤疆椹卞姩鐨勬苯杞噷锛岃仈鍔缃綅浜庨椹跺潗鑸辩殑鍓嶅簳鏉夸笅銆備紶鍔酱琚敤鏉妸鍙戝姩鏈哄姩鍔涗紶閫佸埌鍚庢涓娿備紶鍔酱姣忕鍚勬湁涓涓竾鍚戣妭銆傚綋鎮灦绉诲姩鏃讹紝涓囧悜鑺傞氳繃鍙樺寲鐫鐨勪紶鍔郴缁熺殑瑙掑害浼犻佸姩鍔涖?椹卞姩杞笂甯湁鐙珛鎮灦鐨勬苯杞腑鏈変竴涓墷鍥哄湴闄勫姞鍦溅韬姊佹垨鍙戝姩鏈轰笂鐨勫悗浼犲姩瑁呯疆銆傚湪鍔犻熸椂璇缃湪鎮灦閮綅涓婁細浜敓鍔姏锛屽苟涓嶄骇鐢熸壄鐭傚鏋滃埞杞缃畨瑁呭湪杞埍鍐咃紝鍗挸瑁呭埌澶涓婅屼笉鏄偓鏋朵笂锛岄偅涔堝埞杞缃篃涓嶄細鍦偓鏋朵笂浜敓鎵煩銆備粎鐢簬鎺埗鍔犻熷拰鍑忛熸壄鐭殑鎮灦涓庡繀椤诲悓鏃舵帶鍒舵偓鏋跺姏鍜屾壄鐭殑鎮灦鍦苯杞璁笂鏄畬鍏笉鐩稿悓鐨勩?鎮灦绯荤粺鎮灦绯荤粺鎮灦绯荤粺鎮灦绯荤粺 鎮灦鍖呮嫭寮圭哀锛岄伩闇囧櫒鍜屾帶鍒惰繛鏉嗚缃傚畠蹇呴鑳藉瓒充互鏀拺杞韩鑷噸鍜岃礋杞姐傛偓鏋朵篃搴旇兘澶熸壙鍙楀彂鍔満鍜屽埗鍔瀹冪殑鍙嶄綔鐢姏銆傛偓鏋剁郴缁熸渶閲嶈鐨勪綔鐢槸浣胯疆鑳庝笌璺潰鎺鐨勬椂闂村敖鍙兘鐨勯暱銆傚湪鏀拺杞綋鍜岃礋杞芥椂锛岀敋鑷冲湪楂樹綆涓嶅钩鐨勯亾璺笂琛岄鏃舵洿鍔犲簲濡傛銆傝繖鍥涗釜杞儙鐨勮儙闈槸杞笌璺潰鐩告帴瑙殑鍞竴鐨勯儴浣嶃傚彂鍔満鍏儴杈撳嚭鐨勫姩鍔涳紝杞悜鍔涘拰鍒跺姩鍔涢兘閫氳繃涓庤矾闈浉鎺鐨勮疆鑳庣殑鑳庨潰璧蜂綔鐢傛瘡褰撹疆鑳庝笉涓庤矾闈帴瑙垨姹借溅寮濮嬫墦婊戞椂锛屾苯杞殑鎺埗鍔涳紙鍔姏銆佽浆鍚戝姏銆佸埗鍔姏锛夊氨浼氬噺寮辩敋鑷充抚澶便?杞綋鏄潬寮圭哀鏀拺鐫锛屽脊绨彲鍒嗕负铻烘棆鍨嬨侀挗鏉垮瀷銆佹壄妫掑瀷鍜屽厖姘斿瀷銆傝灪鏃嬪瀷寮圭哀鏄幇浠苯杞腑搴旂敤鏈涓哄箍娉涚殑绫诲瀷銆傝灪鏃嬪瀷銆佹壄妫掑瀷鍜屽厖姘斿瀷寮圭哀閮介渶瑕佺敤杩炴潌鍜岃繛鏉嗚噦浠娇杞疆灏变綅銆傞挗鏉垮脊绨彁渚涗簡瀵硅溅浣撶殑妯悜鍜岀旱鍚戞帶鍒讹紝浠槻姝苯杞溅杞湪琛岄鏃朵笉蹇呰鐨勪綅绉伙紝瀹冧滑閫氬父鐢湪杞介噸璐溅鍜屽崱杞笂銆?鎮灦绯荤粺鏄殢鐫瀹繍姹借溅鐨勫彂灞曡屽彉鍖栧拰鏀硅繘鐫銆傝豹鍗庤娇杞紝鐗圭杞締锛屽皬鍨嬫苯杞拰杞诲瀷鍗溅鐨勮璁洰鐨勬槸鎴劧涓嶅悓鐨勩傜幇浠疆鑳庣殑鏀硅繘涓嶆柇鍦版敼鍠勪簡杞締鐨勬搷浣滄兘锛屽畠鐨勬敼杩涙槸涓庨伩闇囧櫒锛岃浆鍚戠郴缁熷拰鎮灦鎺埗瑁呯疆涓璧峰悓姝敼杩涚殑銆?鐜颁唬姹借溅鍦悇绉嶆搷绾垫潯浠朵笅閮介渶瑕佽疆鑳庝笌璺潰鎺锛屼互渚垮畨鍏佹纭湴鎺埗骞惰椹舵苯杞傝鎯宠鏈澶檺搴殑瀹夊叏椹捐溅锛岃鐗杩欏洓涓疆鑳庡繀椤诲湪浠讳綍鏃堕棿閮戒笌璺潰鐩告帴瑙傚悓鏃堕渶瑕佽冭檻姹借溅鎿嶇旱鐨勭伒娲绘紝杞儙鐨勬姉鑰愮（鎬紝姹借溅椹鹃鐨勮垝閫傛拰琛岃溅鐨勫畨鍏紝浠揪鍒版苯杞殑鏈夋晥鎺埗銆? 鎮灦绯荤粺鍒嗕负鍓嶆偓鏋跺拰鍚庢偓鏋躲傚墠鎮灦鐨勮璁凡寰楀埌浜嗛閫熷彂灞曘備粠杈冧负绮楃硻鐨勭杞寸粨鏋勫彂灞曞埌浜嗙幇浠殑杞诲瀷銆侀珮寮哄害銆佹敮鎾戝瀷鐙珛鎮灦缁撴瀯锛屽苟鐢变簬澧炲姞浜嗚繛鏉嗚缃屼娇姹借溅鐨勬兘寰楀埌浜嗘敼鍠勩傛偓鏋剁粨鏋勭殑鏀硅繘鏄殢鐫璺喌鐨勬敼鍠勫拰椹鹃鍛樼殑闇瑕佽岃繘琛屾敼杩涚殑銆?澶鏁板墠缃彂鍔満锛屽悗杞鍔殑姹借溅閮介噰鐢竴涓畝鍗曠殑浠庡睘鎬悗鎮灦銆備絾鍚庤疆椹卞姩鐨勭嫭绔嬫偓鏋剁粨鏋勫鏉傚緱澶氾紝鑰屼笖鎴愭湰鏋侀珮锛屽洜鑰屽彧鐢簬灏戞暟瀹溅涓娿?瀵逛簬鍓嶇疆鍙戝姩鏈哄墠杞鍔殑杞締锛岄氳繃鎶婁紶鍔缃鑷冲墠閮紝鍚庢偓鏋朵粎鐢潵璋冭妭椹鹃鎺埗鍔涘拰鍒硅溅鏃剁殑鍙嶄綔鐢傝繖灏卞鑷翠簡绠鍖栫殑闈炵嫭绔嬬殑鎮灦鏈烘瀯锛屽崐鐙珛鐨勬偓鏋舵満鏋勫拰鐙珛鐨勫悗鎮灦鏈烘瀯鐨勫簲鐢紝鍚庤呭閲忓簲鐢簬鏂板瀷杞締鐨勭粨鏋勮璁笂銆?杞悜绯荤粺杞悜绯荤粺杞悜绯荤粺杞悜绯荤粺 姹借溅椹鹃鍛橀氳繃瀵硅浆鍚戦娇杞殑鎺埗姹借溅鍓嶈疆鐨勬柟鍚戙傜幇浠殑杞悜榻胯疆鏈変袱涓富瑕佺殑閮垎缁勬垚锛岃浆鍚戞潌鍜岄娇杞粍銆傝浆鍚戞潌鏈変竴涓鏀拺鐨勮酱锛屽畠鎶婇椹跺憳鐨勬柟鍚戠洏涓庨娇杞粍杩炲湪浜嗕竴璧枫傞娇杞粍鍙皢姹借溅椹鹃鍛樼殑杞悜鍔涘澶紝浠甫鍔浆鍚戣繛鏉嗚缃?鍚庤疆椹卞姩姹借溅鐨勫墠杞湪涓涓績杞翠笂杞姩銆傚績杞存槸杞悜鑺傜殑涓閮垎銆傝杞悜鑺備笌甯湁鐞冩帴澶寸殑鍓嶆偓妯鐩镐簰杩炴帴銆傜悆鎺鍦墠鎮灦涓婁笅绉诲姩鏃跺彲浠繘琛岃浆鍚戙傚墠杞鍔殑姹借溅鐨勮疆姣傚湪杞悜鑺傞噷鐨勮酱鎵垮唴鐨勭蹇冭酱鐭酱鏉嗕笂浼犲姩銆?姹借溅鏂瑰悜鐩樻帶鍒惰浆鍚戦娇杞缃傚畠渚濇閫氳繃杞悜杩炴潌瑁呯疆浣胯浆鍚戣妭寮濮嬬鍔傜幇鍦娇鐢袱绉嶈浆鍚戦娇杞殑缁撴瀯锛屽嵆榻胯疆榻挎潯寮忕粨鏋勪互鍙婂惊鐜悆寮忕粨鏋勩?鐜颁唬姹借溅璁捐浜嗗閫熷害鏁忔劅鐨勮浆鍚戠粨鏋勩傚洜姝綋姹借溅鎱熻椹舵椂闇瑕佽緝澶殑鍔涙墠鑳戒娇姹借溅杞悜銆備簬鏄湪寰堝姹借溅涓婅澶囦簡鍔姏杞悜瑁呯疆銆?鐢变簬鍔姏杞悜瑁呯疆璧蜂簡涓昏浣滅敤锛屾墍浠浆鍚戞瘮闄嶄綆浜嗭紝杩欐牱灏辫兘澶熻交寰浆鍔柟鍚戠洏浣垮緱姹借溅杞悜銆傚姪鍔涜浆鍚戦娇杞被浼间簬鏍囧噯鐨勮浆鍚戦娇杞傚畠鏈夋壙鍘嬮潰锛屾恫浣撳帇鍔涘姞鍦叾涓婏紝浠鍔犳苯杞椹跺憳鐨勮浆鍚戝姏銆傞娇杞娇鏉紡杞悜缁撴瀯鍜屽惊鐜悆榻胯疆缁撴瀯閮芥湁浜嗗姩鍔涜緟鍔缃?杞悜榻胯疆鐨勫姩鍔涙槸鐢卞彂鍔満浠庡姩娉垫彁渚涚殑銆傝娉典娇鍔姏杞悜娑蹭綋娴佽繃涓涓敱闃浣撴帶鍒剁殑绯荤粺銆傝鎺埗闃鑳芥劅鐭苯杞椹跺憳鐨勮浆鍚戝姏銆傛妸娑蹭綋鍘嬪姏鍔犲埌杞悜绯荤粺鐨勬壙鍘嬮潰涓娿傝娑蹭綋鍘嬪姏鎵挎帴浜嗕竴浜涗娇姹借溅杞悜鐨勫姏銆?鐜板湪姹借溅鐨勮浆鍚戞潌鏈夊緢澶氫釜閮欢缁勬垚銆傚畠琚敤鏉垎鏁佹姷娑堟苯杞鎾炲姏浠繚鎶椹跺憳鐨勫垏韬畨鍏傚湪鏈変簺姹借溅涓婅浆鍚戞潌杩樺彲浠炬枩鍜屼几缂潵璋冭妭鏂瑰悜鐩樼殑浣嶇疆浣块椹跺憳鎰熻鏇村姞鑸掗傘備负浜嗗噺灏戦椹跺憳姹借溅琚洍鐨勬満浼氾紝杩樺畨瑁呮湁涓涓浆鍚戦娇杞殑淇濋櫓閿併傚緢澶氭苯杞繕鏈変竴涓彉閫熷櫒淇濋櫓閿併傚洜涓哄鍦椹跺憳寰堝鏄撹鍙婄殑鑼冨洿鍐咃紝鎵浠浆鍚戞潌涓婅繕鍙互甯湁鍙橀熷櫒鎹尅鎺埗婊戞潌锛岃浆鍚戜俊鍙峰紑鍏筹紝鍓嶅鐏拰鍙樺厜寮鍏筹紝鍒按鍣紑鍏筹紝绱棯鐑佸櫒寮鍏冲拰閫熷害鎺埗鍣?鍒跺姩绯诲埗鍔郴鍒跺姩绯诲埗鍔郴 浣跨敤涓殑鍒跺姩鍣簲鑳借捣鍒板埗鍔綇杞締鐨勪綔鐢傚埗鍔櫒鑳戒娇姹借溅婊戣鏃惰兘闃叉琛岄閫熷害杩囧揩锛屽湪鏂滃潯涓婂埗鍔椂鑳藉皢姹借溅鍋滃湪閫傚綋鐨勪綅缃笂銆傛苯杞埞杞殑璁捐搴斾娇椹鹃鍛樿兘璋冭妭鍒跺姩鍔涗互鎺埗姹借溅銆傛苯杞殑鎺埗涓嶄粎鍙楁偓鏋跺拰杞悜绯荤粺褰卞搷锛岃屼笖涔熷彈姹借溅鍒硅溅褰卞搷銆傚埗鍔郴缁熺殑鏁呴殰鍙鑷存苯杞埞杞椂杞疆婊戣劚銆傝淇悊鎮绯荤粺锛屼篃鍙兘闇瑕佸皢鍒跺姩绯荤粺鐨勯儴浠舵媶鍗稿紑銆備负姝湰鏂囧皢璁鍒跺姩绯荤粺銆?鍒跺姩绯荤粺搴旂粰浜堟苯杞椹跺憳鎻愪緵鍧囧寑骞崇鐨勫埗鍔姏銆傚埞杞澘涓婃墍闇鐨勫姏涓嶅簲 澶锛岃屼娇杞疆涓嶈嚦浜庤鐬棿鍒规銆備负婊冻杩欎簺姹借溅鍒硅溅鐨勮姹傦紝瀵逛簬姹借溅鍒跺姩宸叉湁浜嗘渶浣庨檺搴殑鍒硅溅鏍囧噯銆?椹鹃鍛橀氳繃鏈烘瑁呯疆銆佺湡绌哄拰娑插帇瑁呯疆鎺埗鍒跺姩鍔涖傚埗鍔姏鏄殢鐫闄勫姞鍦苯杞埞杞澘涓婄殑韪忔澘鍔涚殑澧炲姞鑰屽鍔犵殑銆傝繖涓姏閫氳繃鍒跺姩绯荤粺鐨勪紶閫掍互鎶婂浐瀹氱殑姹借溅鍒硅溅鐗囨帹鍘嬪埌杞姩鐨勫埗鍔櫒琛潰涓娿傚綋瀹冩妸鍔兘锛堣繍鍔殑鑳介噺锛夎浆鍖栦负鐑兘锛堢儹锛夋椂锛屽氨浣挎苯杞噺閫熴傚埗鍔噺鐨勬渶澶煎氨浜敓浜庤溅杞鐬棿闂告鑰屽紩璧风殑杞儙鍦矾闈笂婊戝姩涔嬪墠銆傛墍浠埗鍔噺鐨勬渶澶煎彇鍐充簬杞儙鍜岃矾闈箣闂寸殑闄勭潃鍔涖傚綋杞儙鍦亾璺笂婊戝姩鏃讹紝鍒跺姩鏁堟灉鍑忓急锛屾苯杞殑鏂瑰悜鎺埗鍙兘灏变笉璧蜂綔鐢簡銆?鍓嶅埞杞绘垚鐨勫浐瀹氭瀯浠跺畨瑁呭湪鍓嶆偓鏋剁殑杞悜鑺備笂锛屽湪鍚庨儴锛屽畠浠瀹夎鍦悗妗鎴栧悗蹇冭酱鎬绘垚涓婏紝閾搁搧鍒硅溅榧撴垨杞洏闅忚溅杞竴璧疯浆鍔?姹借溅鐨勫埗鍔洏鍒硅溅鏃讹細姹借溅鍒跺姩鐩樺埞杞湁闅忚溅杞竴璧疯浆鍔殑鍦嗙洏銆傚畠閫氬父琚涓烘苯杞埞杞浆瀛愩傚湪鍥哄畾鐨勫崱閽抽噷鐨勬恫鍘嬫帶鍒剁殑娲诲琚敤鏉妸姹借溅鐨勫埞杞墖鍔犲湪杞瓙鐨勬苯杞埞杞闈笂銆傛苯杞埞杞墖鍜岃浆瀛愪箣闂寸殑鎽摝鍔涚殑澶皬浼氬噺鎱垨闃绘杞疆鐨勮浆鍔傚浐瀹氱殑鍗挸澹充綋浣垮灚鍦堣鍘嬪湪杞姩鐨勬苯杞埞杞洏涓婏紝浣夸箣涓嶈兘杞姩銆?姹借溅鍒跺姩鐩樺埞杞灚鍦堢殑杩愬姩涓庡埞杞浆瀛愮殑琛潰鍨傜洿锛岃繖鏍蜂細浣垮畠浠崱鍦浆瀛愪笂鍑忔參姹借溅鐨勮溅杞繍鍔傚崱閽冲帇鐨勫姏涓庨椹跺憳鍔犲湪姹借溅鍒硅溅鏉夸笂鐨勫姏鎴愭姣斻?姹借溅鍒跺姩榧撳埞杞細姹借溅鍒跺姩榧撳埞杞娇鐢甫鏈夋懇鎿墖鐨勫浐瀹氱殑鍐呰儉寮忓埞杞潡銆備粬浠瀹夎鍦浆鍔殑姹借溅鍒硅溅榧撳唴渚傛苯杞埞杞紦绱畭鍦疆鑳庢绘垚鍜屾瘋鎬绘垚鎴栬疆杞存硶鍏颁箣闂淬傚綋姹借溅鍒硅溅鍧楃殑鐩村緞鑶儉鑷充娇姹借溅鍒硅溅鐗囦笌姹借溅鍒硅溅琛潰鐩告帴瑙椂锛屾苯杞埞杞潡灏卞噺鎱簡姹借溅鍒硅溅榧撶殑杞姩銆傚畠鏄敱娑插帇鎿嶇旱鐨勬苯杞埞杞垎娉垫潵瀹屾垚鐨勩傛潵鑷埞杞绘车鐨勬祦浣撳帇鍔涜鏂藉姞鍒版苯杞埞杞垎娉典笂锛屼娇鍒硅溅鍒嗘车鑶儉璧锋潵銆傛苯杞埞杞垎娉电殑鑶儉浣垮埞杞潡閫氳繃鏈烘杩炴潌杩涜绉诲姩锛屾妸姹借溅鍒硅溅鐗囧帇鍒拌浆鍔殑鍒硅溅榧撲笂銆傚綋姹借溅鍒硅溅榧撶殑杞姩閫熷害鍑忔參鏃讹紝灏辫捣鍒颁簡鍒跺姩浣滅敤銆? Automobile Design-Frame Designs The vehicle frame is the basic platform to which all suspension and steering linkage parts attach. A vehicle will neither steer nor handle well if the frame is too flexible. A rigid frame structure may pass unnecessary vibrations into the passenger compartment. The frame and suspension design will affect the ride quality, handling, and durability, as well as the levels of both noise and vibration. Manufacturers use several different types of construction on their vehicles. Of these, separate body and frame construction was the most common through the 1970s. It is still used in large vans, pickups, and trucks. In this type of construction, the engine, drive line, running gear, and body mount to the frame through insulators. Insulators are synthetic rubber pads that keep road and engine noise and vibration from going into the passenger compartment. A second type of construction is the unitized body. This, design is by far the most popular in modern vehicles. The unitized design has a lightweight structure with the required strength. Tn this type of construction, the frame is welded into the body as part of the body structure. Body panels add strength to the frame pieces. The running gear and drive line are mounted to the unitized body through large, soft synthetic rubber insulators. The insulators minimize the transfer of noise and vibration. If the insulators are too soft, they will allow too much running gear and drive line movement. This movement, called compliance, affects vehicle handling and control. If the insulators are too hard, they will not insulate noise and vibration as they should. The manufacturer carefully designs the insulators and puts them where they will be in a vehicle with low noise and vibration transmission that still has proper handling and feel. Insulator properties change with age, changing original characteristics as the vehicle becomes older. A third type of construction combines the features of the first and second types. It uses a stub frame from the bulkhead forward and a unitized body from the bulkhead back. The unitized part is very rigid, while the stub frame provides a place for good insulation. Manufacturers select the type of construction .that is most economical to build, while providing the noise, vibration, and ride and handling characteristics they want in the vehicle. Large older vehicles, vans, and trucks generally use separate body and frame construction. The newer, smaller vehicles generally use unitized construction. The machine piston connecting rod set The piston connecting rod set is composed of the piston, piston wreath, piston pin, connecting rod, connecting rod axle bush, etc. effect: The effect of the piston is to bear the air pressure, and pass to connecting rod to drive the bent axle to revolve through connecting rod axle bush, the piston coping is still a part of the burning room. The work condition: Piston works under the condition of heat, high pressure, high speed, and bad lubrication .Piston directly contacts with the heat air. The temperature can amount to above 2500 Ks in a moment .The piston is heated severely, but the condition of spreading the hot is bad .So while the piston works, the temperature is very high and the coping is up to the 600-700 Ks: And the temperature distributes asymmetrically; The piston coping bears great air pressure, especially the pressure is greatest in the route of doing efficacy. The gasoline machine is up to the 3-5MPas, the diesel engine is up to the 6-9MPas.This makes the piston produce pound, and bear the function of the side pressure. Therefore, the piston should have enough heat-proof, try to decrease the heating area, strengthen the cooling of the piston, to make the highest temperature of the coping descend .The piston moves at very high speed(8-12 ms/ s) back and forth in the air cylinder, and speed changes constantly, This produces very great inertial dint, making the piston bear great additional load working under such bad condition, the piston will become deformed heating power. At the same time ,it slitters the chemical corrosive power of the burning gas .In order to descend the inertial dint of back and forth, we must ease the weight of the piston as possible .Piston works under the condition of the heat, high pressure, high speed(the average speed can amount to the 101115 m/ s), and its lubricant condition is bad and the frication between the piston and the air cylinder wall is very great. In order to descend the friction, the surface of the piston surface must be wear-resistant. Request: 1) To have enough rigidity and strength, and the reliable dint; 2) Transmit heat well, bear the high pressure, bear the heat and bear to wear away; 3) the quantity is small, the weight is light, descend the inertial dint of back and forth as possible The aluminum metal alloy material satisfies the top requests basically, therefore, the piston generally adopts the high strength aluminum metal alloy, but some low speed diesel engines adopt high class iron casting or heat-proof steel structure: The piston can be divided into three parts, piston coping, the piston head and piston skirt departments. 1. The piston coping The piston coping bears the air pressure, it is a part of the burnable room .Its shape, position, size are relevant to the concrete from of the burnable room. They are made to satisfy the combustible hybrid spirit formation and burnable requests. Its coping shape can be divided into four major types, a flat coping piston, a convex coping piston, a concave coping piston and model piston. A convex coping piston is usually used on the two blunt distance I.C. engines, It is good to improve the process exchanging the gas .Modern four blunt the distance gasoline machine also adopts the convex coping piston in order to strengthen the effect of pushing the gas or extend the ratio of compressing .Convex of a piston coping presents a form of ball, its coping strength is high, having an effect of leading, being advantageous to improve the process of exchanging the gas, two route of travel gasoline machines often adopt the convex coping piston A piston coping presents the hollow form, the shape and positions of the cave pit must be advantageous to the combustion of the combustible and hybrid gas, having a pair of eddies concave pit ball, concave pit, U concave pit, and so on. 2. Piston head The piston refers to the first piston wreath to the part above the piston pin.It has several wreath slots, which are used to install the piston wreath and have an effect of sealing completely. It is also called the leak proof department .The diesel engine鈥檚 compress ratio is high, and generally have four wreath slots, The three upper wreaths are used to install, the lower part installs the oil wreath. The gasoline machine has three wreath slots generally, which are two jet of gas wreath slots and an oil wreath slots. At the bottom of oil wreath slot many paths toward eyelet are drilled to make the quilt oil wreath flow from the air cylinder wall to the oil bottom hull through these eyelets. The working condition of the wreath slot is the worst and should leave the coping generally a little farther. Above the gas wreath, a narrow insulating slot is usually set to cut off the heat flow which is spread from the piston coping to the first gas wreath and make parts of calories from a piston wreath spread, thus easing the hot burden of the first gas wreath. On some engines small wreathe slots are often made between the coping head and the first gas wreathe, sometimes till a few more wreath. This kind of small wreath can adsorb the lubricant because it accumulates the carbon. It can keep piston and the air cylinder walls from biting to match when it work in the condition of losing oil, so it is called accumulating the carbon slot. The calories that the piston coping absorbs also mainly passes the air cylinder wall through the piston wreath to leak proof department, again spread by the cool water.In a word, the function of the piston head is in addition to install the piston wreath, still seal completely function and transmit heat function, sealing completely the air cylinder together with the piston wreath, keeping combustible admixture spirit from leak crankcase, at the same time pass the(70-80)%calories to the air cylinder wall through the piston wreath. 3. Piston skirt department The piston skirt department refers to the parts from the bottom of the oil wreathe slot. It includes the pin which is used to pack the piston. The piston skirt department exercises to rise to lead to the function to the piston in the back and forth in the air cylinder, and bear the side pressure. The length of the skirt department is decided by the size and the piston diameter of the side pressure. The so-called side pressure mean in the compression route of travel and make route of travel of efficacy .The level component of the gas pressure which take effect on the piston coping presses the piston to the air cylinder wall. Compress the route of travel and make the side pressure direction of the efficacy route of travel air exactly the opposite, because of the combustion pressure consumedly high