新闻英语讲稿.doc

Journalistic English 1. What is Journalistic English?Journalistic English aims at the study of English Newspapers, Periodicals, Radio, Television and other media of communication.一、新闻词语1“跑”“竞赛”“汁”、“措施”、“发言人”、“炮舰”、“建立”、“散步”、“去钓鱼”、“干”、“湿”、“他眨眼睛”“我是一个有家室的人”run,race,juice,measure,Speaker,gunship,establishment,take a walk,go fishing,dry,wet,He blinkedIm a family man181The Right Meaning in Journalistic English“竞选”、“竞选”、“权力、权势、活力、生机、精力、劲头”、“议案”、“议长”、“武装直升机”、“权势集团”、“退党”、“与党离心离德”、英国保守党中的“强硬派”英国保守党中的“温和派”“他顶不住而退让了”我有家庭责任感，引申为“我是一run,race,juice,measure,Speaker,gunship,establishment,take a walk,go fishing,dry,wet,He blinkedIm a family man个治家有方，治国有道的人”今日美国，华尔街日报，纽约时报，洛杉矶时报，华盛顿邮报，1. New York Times纽约时报2. The Washington Post华盛顿邮报3. Los Angeles Times洛杉矶时报4. The Wall Street Journal华尔街日报6. USA Today今日美国7. International Herald Tribune国际先驱论坛报Periodicals1. Time时代周刊2. Newsweek3. U.S. News& World Report美国新闻与世界报道周刊4. Fortune财富杂志5. Readers Digest读者文摘 英国报刊概况泰晤士报，卫报，金融时报，每日电讯报。其它著名报纸有:每日快报，每日镜报，晨星报，1. The Times (daily quality newspaper):泰晤士报2.The Guardiandaily quality newspaper:卫报3. The Financial Times 金融时报daily quality newspaper:4. The Daily Telegraph每日电讯报Political Leanings in the Editorial CommentsThe Times is read by the people who run the country.The Guardian is read by the people who like to run the country.The Financial Times is read by the people who own the country.The Daily Telegraph is read by the country who remember the country as it used to be.当权派读泰晤士报有权欲者读卫报大老板们读金融时报怀念昔日大英帝国时代者读每日电讯报从上述这首诗里可以看出这些报纸的读者群体及其所代表的政治观点Periodicals:The most important weekly reviews, published on Fridays, are：The Economist,New Statesman , Spectator. The Economist is the most influential. It has a long section devoted to American affairs. It often attempts to comment each week on every event of any political or economic interest in the world. New Statesman inclines towards the Left wing of the Labour PartySpectator has more sympathy with the Conservative Party. Both devote much space to reviews of books and to literary and other artistic matters.The major illustrated weekly papers are Punch with its cartoons regarded as typical examples of English humour, and illustrated London News with many news photographs of current events. Major Journals加拿大报刊概况多伦多明星报，环球邮报，Toronto Star多伦多明星报2. Globe and Mail环球邮报the Age世纪报New Zealand Major Journals New Zealand Herald新西兰先驱报美国：美国新闻和世界报道 、 今日美国 、基督教科学箴言报、华尔街日报、 英国：经济学家、泰晤士报、卫报等网站。The New York TimesThe Washington PostUSA TodayThe Wall Street JournalUS News and World ReportThe Los Angeles TimesThe Christian Science MonitorReaders DigestTimeNewsweekThe TimesThe Financial TimesThe GuardianThe IndependentDaily TelegraphThe EconomistThe SpectatorNew Statesman And SocietyPunchTypes of Journalism 人们较多倾向于将它分为消息（news）、特写(feature)和社评(Editorial & Commentary )三类。 Chapter 4News Value & Public Interest News value refers to the importance of the facts and details in the news that can satisfy the publics interest in news. Public interest means the degree of attention the readers pay to the news reports. News reporters always try their best to cover the happenings at home and abroad in great details newspaper editors determine the newsworthiness of a report by the following principles:World News Agency AcronymsAPAssociated Press美联社美国World News Agency AcronymsAAPAmerican Associated Press美洲报联社美国World News Agency AcronymsAAPAustralian Associated Press澳大利亚联合新闻社澳大利亚World News Agency AcronymsATPAgence Telegraphique Pars波斯通讯社伊朗World News Agency AcronymsAFPAgence Francaise de Presse法新社法国LATINAgencia Informativa Latino Americana拉丁社阿根廷World News Agency AcronymsAGERPRESAgentia Romina de Press罗通社罗马尼亚World News Agency AcronymsANSAAgenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata安莎通讯社意大利World News Agency AcronymsCPCanada Press加拿大通讯社加拿大World News Agency AcronymsDPADeutsche Presse Agentur德新社德国World News Agency AcronymsJNAJiji News Agency时事通讯社日本KNSKyodo News Service/Kyodo Tsysgubsga共同社日本World News Agency AcronymsPAPress Association(英国)报纸联合社英国ReuterReuters News Agency路透社(英国)It is a limited company founded by the German Julius Reuter in 1851. It is now a publicly-owned company, employing 11 ,000 staff in 80 countries. It has more than 1 ,300 staff journalists and photographers. It provides world-wide news services for the press, radio and television. Its subscribers include government agencies, financial institutions and major corporations in more than 150 countries.World News Agency AcronymsTASSTelegraph Agency of the Soviet Union塔斯社俄罗斯USSR abbr.Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.World News Agency AcronymsUPIUnited Press International合众国际社美国World News Agency AcronymsChapter 5 Political Leanings in the Editorial Comments报刊的政治倾向性下面分别从：Standpoint立场、Partisanship党派属性Word choice用词三方面来看其政治倾向性。Political Leanings in the Editorial Comments 美国民间一直流传着这样一种说法，即:The New York Times是那些自认为应该统治美国的人看的报纸，The Wall Street Journal是实际统治美国人看的报纸。无独有偶，据戴维斯(Ross Davis)所著英国新闻界内幕(Inside Fleet Street）一书说，英国报界也流传着这样的一首 doggerel (打油诗)：Political Leanings in the Editorial CommentsThe Times is read by the people who run the country.The Guardian is read by the people who like to run the country.The Financial Times is read by the people who own the country.The Daily Telegraphy is read by the country who remember the country as it used to be.当权派读泰晤士报有权欲者读卫报大老板们读金融时报怀念昔日大英帝国时代者读每日电讯报Chapter 6 Presidential DebateChapter 7 Afghanistan ElectionChapter 8 Foreign affairs, RelationsChapter 9 Sino-Japanese RelationshipChapter 10 campaign 2004Chapter 11 Headline一 标题的类型英语新闻标题的可按形式与意义进行分类（一）根据形式分类：Headline1.左齐头式标题(Flush Left Headline)：现代报纸采用的基本形式。Example: IMFWillHaveSay Headline2.通栏式标题(Banner Headline)：又叫做头号大标题头版头条新闻常采用此类，字号醒目，横跨数栏。Example: House Passes Bush Plan to Cut Taxes Headline3.阶梯式标题(Drop Form Headline)：形态美观，赏心悦目。Example:F.B.I.Agrees to Cease Its Illegal Surveillance Of the Research InstituteHeadline4.倒金字塔式标题(Inverted Pyramid Headline)：形态美观，赏心悦目。Example: Factory Walkout Threat Over SackingHeadline5.双标题复合式标题(Double Headline):此类标题通常出现在对重大事件的报道中,其形式为两行标题,有主标题与副标题。Example 1:Expected to go to USCastro to Free Thousands of PrisonersExample 2:It Isnt The Cow That Are Mad Its the People That Are Going MadHeadline6.转页式标题(Jump Head Headline)Example:Pentagon Plans System to Fight Russia Satellites (Original)U.S.Plans Weapon Against Satellites (Jump Head)Headline（二）根据意义分类：1.直接类标题(Straight Headline):此类标题开门见山,直接告诉我们报道的主题,是最常见的标题形式,也非常易于理解.Example 1: Railroad Workers Strike in ArgentinaExample 2: Man Jailed for MurderExample 3: Oil Tanker FireHeadline2.问题类标题(Questioning Headline):此类标题尾部通常带有问号,但大多并不表示发问。其含义通常是:A.暗示可能性B.对新闻的真实性及准确性表示怀疑HeadlineExample 1: Oil Price to Rise?Example 2: New Cabinet Today? Example 3: Jones Planned to Kill Bush?Example 4: Police Allowed Jailbreak? Headline3.特写类标题(Feature Headline):此类标题通常用于重大新闻以外的特别的报道,要么内容不同寻常,要么读者会对这方面内容颇感兴趣。这类标题不太容易读懂,有时得借助于对整篇文章的理解。HeadlineExample 1: Down in the mouthnews for dentists其报道内容是讲述一种将问世的预防牙齿腐烂的疫苗。HeadlineExample 2:The man who Reigned over UKs QueenReign的含义是rule,仅用于国王或女王,因此man与reign的搭配令人费解.从而达到了勾起读者阅读欲望的效果.看完全篇才明白,原来 the man 不过是一条名为Queen Mary的船的船长而已。Headline4.引语式标题这类标题有：A将人们说的常理性的话作标题。如：“We Owe Our Lives to Our Pilot”B直接引用记者听到某人的原话作标题，或是记者采访的对象所言，或是发言人所说的话。如：a“We Have to Save Our People”b“We Wont Quit”HeadlineC利用文章中的一句话、半句话、几个字或一个字作标题。如：I Have a DreamMugwump BritainMugwump n. (政治上的)超然派,骑墙派,(论争中的)中立者批评英国在外交上脚踏两只船，一方面与美国保持“特殊关系”，紧跟美国，另一方面又声称要与西欧国家站在一起；HeadlineD标题中部分带引号的词，有时其词义往往不是其通常的意思。如：Norse “Invasion”此标题可不是指古代北欧人对不列颠的入侵和征服，而是指大批挪威人到苏格兰去旅游购物。这个“invasion”因不是常义，故加引号，相当于汉语“所谓的入侵”的意思。Headline二 标题的语言英语新闻标题遵循它自己的语言规则，其割裂式(dissever)的语法及独特的用词，既便是以英语为母语的读者理解起来也要费上一番周折。因此对于学习英语的我们，难免要象他们那样要想方设法寻求标题的意义。Headline总体而言，英语新闻标题直观上应该：Larger character size字号大，2. Bold粗体3. strike the eye 醒目，4. Conciseness简明，5. With pictures 常伴随着相关的照片，Headline所用的语言有趣且富于戏剧性。分析其语言规则凿实需要较多的技巧。值得我们注意的是，英语新闻标题在用词，结构与风格上与其它形式的文字具有鲜明的区别。Headline三 标题的用词英语新闻标题所采用的词汇极其特殊，多数词汇我们在日常生活及学习中都能接触到，但其含义却远非那么的简单。其用词特点倾向于:Shortness-短小，Concision-简捷，Lifelikeness-生动，Novelty-新颖。使用最广泛的当属名词和小词。Headline1.名词的使用：名词在英语中能够充当多种part of speech，含义也极具generalization(概括性)，很适合标题的Concise &intelligible(简约明了)这一特点。不过单纯强调名词的使用，又常引起Various interpretations(歧义现象)，给我们的理解会造成很多的不便，要靠导语或整篇报道来proofread(校正)。HeadlineExample 1: Pressure for peace in Preserve (用名词代替动词，用词组代替句子)Example 2: Clintons suspect pardons （名词连用）Headline2.小词的使用：顾名思意，所谓小词，是指字母较少（多为单音节，通常不多于6个字母）， 含义较宽的单词。勿庸细说，这样的单词尤其适用于报刊的版面要求，所以在英语报刊中这种词占有绝对的比例。我们必须要掌握相当的此类词汇，才能做到真正读懂新闻的标题。标题常见词汇(小词)的学习以后我们将作为重点来进行。先举2例：HeadlineExample 1: Powells visit sparks Mideast protests (用spark来代替initiate)Example 2: All livestock banned across Europe (用ban来代替prohibition,restraint等)Headline四 标题的时态1.多用一般现在时态：英语中的现在，过去及将来三种时段大都以一般现在时形式体现。这主要是由报刊强调新闻的实效性决定的。为了让读者感到是“新闻”而非“旧闻”，因此常用一般现在时。Headline在标题中的动词一般现在时可表示： A过去发生之事，如：a.13 Die as crowded Van Crosses M4bJeweler Is Slainc. SAILORS 13-HOUR SURVIVAL AMAZES EXPERT （正常表达）d. Storm kills at least eight in Mississippi （表过去式）B正在发生之事，如：Schools Ask Parents for Money Toward BooksHeadline2. 用动词不定式表示将来时态，如：a.Peking to Fire Test Rocket to South Pacificb.At Least 4 to Leave Cabinet as Bush Begins New TransitionHeadline3. 用过去分词表示：A现在状态，如：U. S. Car Makers Viewed as Threat by EuropeansCase ProbedB过去状态，如：Colombian Sent to U.S. for Drug TrialC正在进行状态，如：Brazil Elite Forced to Make LoansD现在已经完成状态，如：Petrol Bomb Found outside Cardiff Conservative Club运用上述时态也是为了缩短动词形式Headline综上所述，可概括如下：以现在分词表进行，过去分词表被动，不定式表将来。Gun-safety education facing many hurdlesAircraft carrier named after President ReaganHouse To Vote on Ergonomics RulesHeadline这些标题中用动词不定式和过去分词所表示的状态与日常英语并无不同，但是动词现在式、不定式及过去分词在标题中所表示上述时态如何确定呢？一是根据自己的“常识”，二是主要看“导语”（lead）。Headline如：Schools Ask Parents for Money Towards Books上面的ask一词的时态的确定必须看过下面的lead才能确定：Dozens of schools throughout Britain are asking parents to help to pay for textbooks and other basic teaching materials, according to a survey in todays issue of THE TIMES EDUCATIONAL SUPPLEMENT.Headline再如：Brazil Elite Forced to Make LoansRIO DE JANE IRO, May 6 (AP) The economic elite of Brazil is being forced to lend money to the Treasury at 6-percent annual interest over two years.应该说明，引语和设问式标题中，除现在时外，还可能有其他时态，如：a.“I Was Not His Mistress”b.“We Wont Quit”c.Jones Planned to Kill Bush?这些时态的应用，主要是为了强调动作的时间性。Headline五 标题中的省略：省略是英语新闻标题最大的一个特点，一切无实际意义的虚词皆倾向于省略（前提是不能引起歧义），其原因无外于节省篇幅，达到简约，醒目的目的。省略的方式多种多样：HeadlineA. 省略部分多为虚词，如冠词、人称代词及其它只起语法结构功能而无实际意义的虚词。省略最频繁的依次是：冠词、系动词、介词、连词、助词、代词Example 1: Fan Kills Wife （A sports fan has killed his wife.）Example 2: Charles, 32,seeks Bride （Prince Charles, who is 32 years old, is looking for someone to marry.）HeadlineMore Examples:a.Italian Ex-Mayor Murdered = (An)Italian Ex-mayor (Is) Murderedb.Married Women to Get Care Allowance=Married Women (Are) to Get Care Allowancec.Rail Chaos Getting Worse=(The) Rail Chaos (Is) Getting Worsed.No Survivors in Gulf Air Crash=(There Are) No Survivors in (the) Gulf Air CrashHeadlinee. Alaskan Oil for Japan?=(Will There Be) Alaskan Oil for Japan?f.Have Dollars, Will Sell=(If You) Have Dollars, (They)Will Sellg.When America Itself Is the Target=When America Itself Is the Target, (the Reaction in America Has Been Much Greater Than That in Britain to the Bombs in Docklands and Manchester)Headline然而，并非所有的冠词在标题中都能省略：a.West Point Makes a Comeback“西点军校东山再起”。 “make a comeback”是固定搭配。b.How America Sees the World“美国人怎样看待世界” the World不能省去thec.Killing in the Name of God“邪恶教主以上帝之名打开杀戒”不能省去theHeadlineB.利用标点符号节省篇幅。，号可取代“and”或表示前后修饰关系；a.Thailand, Malaysia Ink Sea TreatyThailand (and) Malaysia Ink (a) Sea Treatyb.Woman Kills Husband, Self(A) Woman Kills (Her) Husband (and) (Her)selfc.Volunteer, Terrorist Killed in an Ambush(A) Volunteer (and) (a) Terrorist (Are) Killed in an AmbushHeadline用冒号的几种情况said say 用： “”表示引用某人所说的话或得出的某种结论；“to be”有时也用：取代E.g.:Hu: We Should Support Third World Countries=Hu (Says) (That) We Should Support (the) Third World CountriesHeadline2. Chinese Cooks: Masters at Turning a Turnip into a Flower=Chinese Cooks (Are) Masters at Turning a Turnip into a Flower3. Mother: I Want My Baby Back!4. Gallup Poll: Kerry down, Bush upHeadline用 号的情况引号可表示引用某人所说的话，新闻的不确定性或表示引号内的词别有用义。Example: Teen killer was angry young man Example: China demands U.S. stop interferingon human rightsExample : Bush unveils a can do budgetExample : Critics see zero chance of U.N. taxHeadlineC. 为节省篇幅，在标题中还经常使用：1. 缩写或首字母缩略词(Abbreviations and Acronyms)，这是标题的又一重要特点。Example: U.S., SKorea To Discuss NKorea （US代表the United State of America;SKorea 代表South Korea,而NKorea则代表the Republic of North Korea.）HIV vaccine being tested in humansFor Bush II, a different IraqHeadline2. 报刊中常用政治、军事、经济、文化、教育等重要机构的简称，以上说的缩写、首字母缩略词以及重要机构的简称是headline 中的重要内容，以后将单独学习。这里先举几个例子：a. EUS Future: The Vision and the SlogEU = European Union（欧洲联盟）b. Splintered PLO Struggles to Stay AlivePLO=Palestine Liberation Organization（巴勒斯坦解放组织）c. The Great Superpower Spy War KGB vs CIAKGB = Komitet Gosudarstvennoi Bezopastnosti（克格勃，前苏联国家安全委员会）vs = versus CIA = Central Intelligence AgencyHeadlined. NATO: Who, What, Why? NATO = North Atlantic Treaty（大西洋公约组织）e. OPEC to Raise ProductionOPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries（石油输出国组织）f. World Bank, IMF Do They Help Or Hurt Third World IMF = International Monetary Fund（国际货币基金组织）Headline3.其他形式的Abbreviations and AcronymsNo Hope for 118 Crew Of Russian Sub sub=submarineUniversity Entry Hard for Would-be VetsVet=veteranPut the Sci Back in Sci-fi sci=science; Sci-fi=science fictionHeadlineD.动用名词，分词及简洁形象的形容词进行前后置修饰,取代繁琐的修饰。Example 1: Poison Gas Fear Haunts City （A fear of Poison gas is haunting the people in a certain city）Example 2: 3 Held Over College Horror Crash （3 people are being detained by the police concerning a horrifying crash at a college）HeadlineExample 3: Earthquake hits China, killing threeExample 4: Bush looks to cut budget, gentlyExample 5: Man guilty of giving girlfriend HIV HeadlineE.利用数字，省略其后众所周知的量词。Example 1: 41 die as school collapses （其后明显省略了students）Example 2: Muller charged in fondling of boy, 14 （其后省略 years old）Example 3: Enforcers 15, Outlaws 13 （这种省略不看报道怎么能看懂？） Headline六 标题的风格为了Catch eyes,各报刊想方设法让标题活起来，其采用的方法多借助于各种rhetoric method or trope technique(修辞方法或者比喻手法）Headline1.短语式摘要式标题：为追求简约，采用单个名词，名词短语做标题。Example 1: Wineswomanship（妇女酗酒问题）Example 2: Clintons suspect pardonsHeadlineMore Examples:a.Starstruck (Time)b.Anything but Beef (The Economist)c.Battle for Brains (Financial Times) 这些标题中，其中两个只有一两个词，另外两个为三个词，但都分别言简意赅地道出了主题：a.谈的是人们的“明星梦”b.1996年英国发生疯牛病，欧洲人对牛肉产生了恐惧症，所以说“什么都可以吃，但决不能吃牛肉”；c说的是“人才争夺战”。Headline短语（摘要）式标题平铺直叙,语言直白。如：a.Taiwan Recognizes Mainland Currency (South China Morning Post)b.Kyrgyz Troops Free 4 U. S. Hostages (The Washington Post)这两个标题一看就知道属“摘要式”，用提纲挈领的手法道出了主题。这类消息往往来自“美联社”（AP）或“路透社”（Reuters）等通讯社。 HeadlineExercise: Briefer the following headlines:a.It Must Be a Victory Which Peace Can Be Built (The Sunday Times)b.Heavy Losses Are Reported in Fighting in South Lebanon and along the Coast (The Sunday Times)这两个标题能否这样改得简洁些：a.Peace Can Be Built Only on Victoryb.Heavy Losses for Fighting in LebanonHeadline2.对比式标题：利用词组之间的对仗，词意之间的正反来达到鲜明，上口的效果。Example 1: Enforcers 15, Outlaws 13Example 2: The wild ride from driven to driverExample 3: Good aim, good arms, 1 black eyeExample 4: Kerrys false symbolism rings trueExample 5: US is long on game shows, short on foreign newsHeadline3.修辞类标题：这类标题运用各种修辞手段，如使用比喻、押韵、反语、夸张、双关语等手段以求得生动、形象、幽默、讽刺等效果。因此，读者往往难以一目了然，有的需读完全文才知道其主题思想。例如：Headlinea.Ballots, Not Bullets (Time)=(Algerians Want) Ballots, (Do) Not (Want) Bullets 此标题表达了阿尔及利亚人民要Ballots（自由投票、自由选举），而不要Bullets（动刀动枪）。记者用“Ballots”和“Bullets”这两个发音近似的词来达到某种语言上的效果。Headlineb.Soldiers Salary Soars 每个单词的第一个字母都是“S”，使用的头韵手法。押韵式标题运用十分经常：有的采用Saying的形式，alliterate（押头韵）或押尾韵。HeadlineMore Examples:Example 1: Bush Courts Black CaucusExample 2: Internet twins adoption annulledExample 3: Lewis, punts and punishmentHeadlinec.Bovver Boys Hover Ploy (The Economist)文章谈的是当时任英国国防大臣的Michael Heseltine 因在Westland直升机公司卖给美国还是欧洲国际财团的问题上与撒切尔夫人意见相左而辞职。这个标题的四个字为间隔押（尾）韵(alternate rhyme）。Headlined.Thatchers Style Wars (The Economist)文章谈的是撒切尔夫人任英国首相时凌驾于内阁之上，刚愎自用和独断专行的作风。美国总统里根在任时大搞星球大战计划(Reagans star wars)。因此可以看出，style wars是 star wars的partial tone（谐音），为讽刺性俏皮语。Headlinee.African Statesman Still Sowing Seeds for Future (The New York Time)文章讲的是坦桑尼亚总统尼雷尔(Julius Nyerere)退休后，在远离大城市的家乡的一个村子里播种收割，以农为乐。然而非洲局势动荡，许多国际领导人都千里迢迢去向他求教治国之道。所以，这位政界元老仍在为非洲的未来而播种。因此标题中的“Sowing Seeds”是个双关语。Headlinef.A Dove Taking Wing (Newsweek)联合国在冷战结束一段时间内曾经在美国和前苏联合作下按照西方的想法扮演了一个有争议的缔造和平、调解冲突的角色。因而撰稿者将联合国比做一只正在起飞的“和平鸽”（ A