凌而不乱_论_愤怒的葡萄_中的叙述章节和插入章节.doc

密级:分类号:英语语言文学专业硕士学位论文凌而不乱一论愤怒的葡萄中的叙述章节和插入章节硕士研究生:赵彩然导师:李书春教授申请学位级别:文学硕士学科专业:英语语言文学答辩日期:2001年6月授予学位单位:河北大学ClassifiedIndex:U.D.C:ADissertationfortheDegreeofMasterofArtsCohereneeinDisorderNarrativeChaptersandInterehaptersinThoGr叩。可阶at人Candidate:SuPervisor:AeademieDegreeAPPliedfor:SPeeialty:DateofOralExamination:University:ZhaOCairanProf.LiShuehunMasterofArtsEnglishandAmericanLiteratureJUnC2001HebeiUniversity摘要摘要本文力图从结构方面剖析斯坦贝克的愤怒的葡萄。主要就小说中两种截然不同的章节进行分析，阐明其在结构方面的精湛独到。由于小说的目的与其形式紧密相关，本文首先阐明了小说的深远立意，然后简要叙述了整篇小说的章节布局特点。第一部分阐明了叙述章节的作用及由此表现的特点。叙述章节选择乔德一家为代表讲述其西迁经历，旨在吸引读者，使读者溶入具体人物的命运。第二部分集中论述了插入章节手法在小说中的运用及特色。插入章节以其概括性的方法深化了小说的主题;同时使读者与小说的具体人物之问产生适当距离。第三部分就插入章节和叙述章节的有机结合手段进行了分析。两种类型的章节前后呼应，衔接巧妙。结论部分总结所述观点，说明插入章节和叙述章节交替形式的运用适应了小说的口的，而且两种章节浑然一体。愤怒的葡萄不愧为一篇在结构上独具匠心的经典作品。关键词:叙述章节插入章节有机整体AbstfaCtAbstraetThisthesisattemPtstoanalyzeJohnSteinbeeks劲eG厂aPesof肿azhfromthePezsPeetiveofitsforn飞.Thefoeusofthestudy15onthetwodistinetkindsofchaPtersofthenovel:thenarrativeehaPtelsandtheinterchaPters.Intheintroduction，theseriousintentionofthebook15diseussed，5ineeit15eloseyconneetedwithitsform.ThegeneralarlangementoftheehaPtel，5inthewholenovel15alsobzie且yPresentedint115Paz，t.Inthe丘rstPartofthethesis，thenalrativeehaPtersaledwelton.ThemainPurPoseofthenarrativeehaPtel.sfoeusingonthePartieular15“PartieiPation，.SomeeharaeteristiesofthenarrativeehaPterSarediseussedto51飞owhowSteinbeekskillfullyinvolvesthereaderinhisIOngnovel.Part丁切0dealswiththefunctionsandfeaturesoftheinterehaPters.Theuseofthedevieeof“interehaPter，notonlybroadensthescOPeofthebook，butalsomaniPulatesthereader，5emotion;it15agreatandsueeessfulexPerimentinthenovel.ThethirdPartofthethesistriestobringoutthefaetthatthetwoPaltsofthenovelaleaetuallyanorganieunity.SomevelysubtledeVicesservingtointerloekthetwokindsofehaPtersareexPloled.ThelastPart15aeonclusion，summarizingthemainPointsofthethesisandPointingoutthatTheGraPesof泌ath15aningeniouslystrueturedmasterPieee.KeyWords:NarrativeChaPtersInterehaPtersCol飞erenceII笋COntelitSContentsIntrodUCtion.1Part1NarrativeChaPters.7Part11InterchaPters.巧Part111ACoherentUnityoftheTWOParts.24Condusion.33Notes.35Bibliography.37、二尹河北大学硕士学位论文IntroduetionAsSteinbeck5mostimPosingandsueeessfulwork，劲eGraPesof脚athhasbeenstudiedanddiscussedfromamultitudeofangles，withcriticsfocusingonitshistorieal，Politieal，PhilosoPhieal，religious，symbolieandstylistieasPeets.Astoitsstructure，thenovelhasbeenaceusedofaformlessbook一thestorybreaksinhal爪thenono笔anieinte:，ehaPtersfo咒eu:lea，nedgeneralconclusionS.Forinstance，inAnthony认/est，5oPinion，theincoherentstrueture15theweakestPointofthebook，anditsform(theParallelaceountsoftheJoadsexPeriencesandthegeneralizedaceountsintheinterehaPtersofthemigrationofthedisPossessedfarmers)15“astonishinglyawkward，(1).Thisthesis，then，attemPtstoIOOkclOSelyatitsstrueture，thearrangementoftheehaPtersinPartieular，whichSteinbeekhimselfadmitted“15veryearefullyworkedout，(2).Asthestructureofthenovel15eloselyeonneetedwithitsPurPoseorintention，it15consideredneeessarytoha、eab一ieflookattheseliousintentionofthebookfirsthereintheintroduetion:theninthisPartthegeneralarrangementoftheehaPterswillbeintrodueed.1.SeriouSIntentionoftheNovelBeforewriting肋。GraPosof泌ath，SteinbeekhadstudiedandexPeriencedthedimcultlifeoftheDustBowlmigrantsinCaliforniaintenselyoveraPeriodoftime.In1936，heagreedtodoaseriesofartielesaboutmigranteonditionsinCaliforniafortheSanFraneiscoNe”，5.HewentbaektoOklahomaandtheneamew亡Stwiththemigrants，1ivedintheireamPs，sawtheirPitifulbravehighwayeommunities，theCollerenee122Disorder1ifeoftheitinerantbesidetheroad.Publishedbetween5Oetoberand12October1936，hisessayswerefirsthandaecountsofthegrimPictureofstarvingchildren，disease，and且lthinthemigl.antseamPsaerossthestate.VisitingthelaborcamPsforhisnewsPaPerartieles，Steinbeckquieklysawhowdiffieultlifewasforthemigrants.Wrltingtohisagent，EizabethOtis，earlyin1938，hesaid，“1must90overtotheinteriorvalleys.Thereareaboutfivethousandfarniliesstarvingtodeathoverthere，notjusthungrybutaetuallystarving.ImPrettymadaboutit，(3).Asheobservedmore，SteinbeekwasbeeominginereasinglydissatisfiedwithhisnewsPaPerarticlesaboutthesemigrants.HedeelaredinthesamelettertoElizabethOtis，“Funnyhowmeanandlittlebooksbeeomeinthefaeeofsuehtragedies”(4).50hedecidedtowritea“bigbook，exPosingthedePthOfSufferingandoPPIession，astoryofahumantragedyonanationalseale.Steinbeck5seriousintentionandartistichonestyarenotinquestion.Before助eGraPesof游alh，SteinbeekhadburnedanearlyeomPleteddraftofthenovel，tentativelyentitled“L，砚刀瓦i理Lellucebu烤，beeausehewasnotsatisfiedwithit.HeexPlainedtohisliteraryagentsandtohisPublisherthemainreasonforhiswithdrawingthedraft:1know1Promisedthisbooktoyou，andthat1ambreakingaPromiseinwithholdingit.But1hadgotslnartandcageyyousee1lzadforgottenthatll一adxltlearnedtowritebooks，that1willneverlearlltowritetllemAbookmustbealifethatlivesallofitselfandthisonedoesntdothat.、勺ucantwriteabook.ItisnttliatsilnPle.TheProcess15morePainfulthallthat.Andthisbook15fairlyelever，hasskil如l尸assage，buflrjeksand了okes.Sometimesl，thewriter，seelnahellofasmartguy一just八，istillglhis尸e叩leoutofsh叩e.Butthehellwithit.1beatPovertyforagoodmanyyearsandl11bedanlxledifl1190dowllattliefirstlittlewhiffofsueeess.IhoPeyou，Pat，dontthinklvedouble一crossedyou.Inthelongruntolettllisbookoutwouldbetodouble一erossyou.Buttoletthebarsdown15likeafirsttheft.It5hardtodo，buttheseeondtimeitisnt50hardandPrettysoonit15easy.If1shouldwritetl:reebookslikethisandletthemout，Iwouldforgettherewereanyotherkinds.(5)This15Steinbeek，5deelarationofartistiePurPose，andhiseflbrtsto河北大学硕士学位论文exorciseadangerousasPectofhiscraft.Itmakeselearthathisconsciousintentionwastoere就eanimPortantliteraryworkratherthanaProPagandistieshockerorajournalisticstatementofthetoPiealProblemofhowcertainPeoPlefaeedoneasPeetoftheGzeatDePzession.MuchofthemotivationforSteinbeck，5eareer15statedinthisIetter.Afterall，hedidwriteL毋改i二Lettueeburg:and“trieksandjokes，detaehedePISodes，anddetaehedironichints，aswellasatwistingofcharaeters，areevidentenoughinmuchofSteinbeck，5earlierwork(6).ButthedePressionmaterialsaretooselioustotreatlightlyorabstraetly.SuehmaterialsneedtobeinharmonywithanaPPI.oPriatestruet、zre.2.StrueturalPatternoftheNovelMaybe，themostoutstandingstructuralfeatureof了为。GraPesof泌叹fh15itsarrangementofthechaPters.1henovelhasaltogetherthirtyehaPters，whiehareeomPosedoftwosharPlyditTerentkinds:siXteeninterehaPtersandfourteennarrativeehaPters.ThenarrativeehaPters，takinguPmorethaneightyPereentofthenovel5Pages，followthemigrationofafamilyoftenantfarmerinOklahoma，theJoads.ThegreatduststormsruintheireroPs，andthentheyareforeedtogiveuPtheirland.It15tobeworkedonalargescalebythebankerssyndieate.ThehugetractorsPlowuPthelandformilesonendandtoPPleoverthePoorhousesofthefarmersastheyshavetheirfoundation.Tllele15onlyonethingtodo.Theywill90toCalifornia，wherethehandbillsPromiseemPloymentforthousandsintheorchards.TheJoadsgetthemselvesarieketyseeond一handtruekandturnitintoasortofeoveredwagon.TheyselltheirremainingPossessionscheaPandslaughterPigsforfoodonthejourney.AndthentheyPilein.Thejourney15alongone，andthehardshiPsofitaregreat.TheygiveheIPtootherCohereneeinDisorderdesPeratePilgrimsandreceivehe1Pinturn.InthePromisedLandofCalifoz，niatheyfindtheyareunwelcomeanddesPised.TheytryeverymeanstogetemPIOymentgatheringPeaehes，butcannotstillmakeenoughtomeetthePrieesforfood.MisfortunesPourdownuPonthern:Rosasharn5husbanddesertsher，andherbaby15borndeadinabox一earcamPduringtheautumnfloods.Thelastseeneshowsfatherandmotherandthethreeremainingehildrentakingrefugeinabarn.Heretheyeonleonaboyandhisdyingfatherbeeauseofstarvation;andRosasharnnurseshimbaektolifewiththemilkthatnatureintendedforherehild.ChaPterOneofthebook，ashortandseParateehaPtez.，introdueesSteinbeck5useofwhatareusuallytermed“intercalaryel飞aPters，or“interehaPters，inthenovel.WhilethenarrativeehaPterstellustheJoadsPersonalstoryofPainanddesPairandhoPe，theinterchaPtersgiVeusabroadPictureofgenelalizedexPelienceofallthemigrantsofthetime，andthePartieularJoadsarenotallowedtoaPPearinthem.OrtheyProvideneeessarybaekgroundandotherexternalinformation，suehasthehistoryofagrieultureinCalifornia，Highway66.Inaddition，thetwointerehaPterswiththedeseriPtionofthedroughtandtherains，ChaPterlandChaPte:29，reeorddynamienaturalPhenomenaoutofwhichsoeioeeonomicehangesareforciblywrought.ThethirtyehaPtersofTheGraPesof游atharegenerallyorderedintheform:“interchaPtelnarrativechaPterintezehaPter.”That15，thetwokindsofehaPtersalealwaysPaired;toeveryehaPteldealingWiththeJoads，Steinbeckaddsashorter，moregeneral，butoftennotlessPowerfulinterehaPteronthegeneralsituation.AsthenovelshiftsalternatelyfrominterchaPterstonarrativeehaPters，thereader15subliminallyProgrammedforamovementofexPansionandcontraction.Aetually，thismovementofexPansionandeontraetion15introdueed河北大学硕士学位论文asearlyasthenovels价stparagraph.Thenovelopenswith:TotheredcountryandPartoftl“egreycount印ofoklahomathelastrainscamegently，andtheydidnotcutthesearredearth.ThePloughscrossedandrecrossedtherivuletmarks.Thelastrainsliftedtheeornquieklyandscatteredweedeoloniesandgrassalongthesidesoftheroads50tllattlze91eycountryandtlledarkredcountrybegantodisaPPearunderagreeneover.InthelastPartofMaytheskygrewPaleandtl:eeloudsthatliadliunginhigllPuffSfor50long111thesPringweredissiPated.TheSunflareddownonthegrowingcorndayafterdayulltilalilleofbrownsPreadalol一9thoedgeofeaehgreenbayorzet.ThecloudsaPPeared，alldWelltawa丫andinawhiletheydidnott卿anymore.TheweedsgrewdarkergreentoProteetthemselves，andtheydidnotsPreadanymore.Thesurfaeeoftheeartherusted，atlzinharderust，andastlleskybecamePale，50theearthbecan飞ePale，Pinkintheredeountryandwhiteinthegreycountry.(7)AeloseIookatthisParagraPhshowsthattheoPeninglineofthenovel15broadlyPanoramicasitevokes“theredeountryandPartofthegreycountryofOklalloma.”FollowingthisPanoramie，generalizedoPening，theParagraPhbeginstofoeus，tozoomin:“ThePlowscrossedandreerossedtherivuletmarks.，Andfinall又1l.omthevague，imPressionistieoPeningimage，ourvisionhasclosedthedistaneetofocusVeryeloselyuPonnotjust“thegrowingeorn，butthe“lineofbrown，thatsPreads“alongtheedgeofeachgreenbayonet.”Atoneethenovel5narrativeeyebeginstoPanbacktoregisterbroaderdetailsofeloudsandgeneralized“weed，untiltheParagraPhendswhereitbegan，withaPanoramieimageoftheearth，whieh“beeamePale，Pinkintheredcountryandwhiteinthegl.eyeountry.”Thus，intheoPeningPa一agraPh，SteinbeekhasintrodueedingeniouslythePatternuPonwhich角eG厂aj，esof泌、lhwillbestruetured:aPatternofexPansionandcontl，aetion，ofageneralizedPanoramicviewfollowedbyaelose一uPdetail.Immediatelywewillseethatthenovel5structurelaidoutinthemovementbetweennarrativeehaPters，thestoryoftheJoads，andinterchaPtels，thestoryofthePeoPleasawhole.Theshiftingfoeusremindsusfl.equentlythatbeyondtheCohereneeinDisorderJoadsPartieularstorythereseemstobemuehmorewereexPectedtoassociatewith，andthatbeyondtheindividualtragediesthere15alargermeaningwerewishedtoget.河北大学硕士学位论文Part1NarrativeChaPtersInattemPtingtowritethestoryofahumantlagedyonanationalseale，Steinbeekwasfaeedwithadilemma.Doeumentaries，agenrewithwhiehSteinbeckwasthoroughlyfamiliar，tendtogivethobigPicture，thesufferingofinformedofmultitudes，withtheeffeetthattheviewerorreader15someasPeetsofagrouPofPeoPle.Yetatthesametimeviewerorreader15distaneedfromtheintimatesu挽ringandPainthCofthoseeaughtuPinthedisasterunderserutiny.Althoughnowhereinthenovel(orinhislaterPublishedjournalofitswriting)doesSteinbeekidentifythemethodhe15usingin黝eGraPesof附alh，hedoesearefullyexPlainaeonseiousintentionbehindhisProeedureinthePrefaeeto1115seriPtforthedoeumentaryfilm，劲eFOlgotten川/age(1941).CommentingontheProblemhefacedinereatillgthisaecountoftheintzoduetionofseienti月emedieineintoaremote，suPerstition一riddenMexieanvillage，SteinbeekexPlained:Agreatmallydoeul，一erltaryfilxizshasusedt/7ege，Zeral心d胡elhod，tllat15，tlle51飞owingofaconditionoraneventasitaffectsagrouPofPeoPle.TlleaudienceeantllenhaveaPersonalizedreaetionfromimaginixlgo一lememberoftliatgrouP.1havefcltthatthiswasthemoredifficultobservationfromtl飞eaudienee5viewPoint111TheFOrgotten竹llagewereversedtheusualProcess.Ourstorycelite:edo;10;飞efan:ilyinonesmallvillage.w亡wislzedouraudiellcetoknowtl，15familyverywellaxldixlcidentallytolikeit，aswedid.Then，fromassoeiatlo一iw一tl飞thislittlePersonalizedgrouP，thelargerconclusioneoneerningtl飞eraeialgroL一PcouldbedrawnwithsonZethjngljkePartieiPatio，;.(8)InTheGraPesof游azhofeourse，Steinbeekhadnottakenachanceononemethodorother;hehadusedbothtohelPhisPointsaeross.Whilethe“generalizedmethod”15usedintheinterehaPters，thenarrativechaPters，likeTheFO心otfon巧/叮召，focusononeParticularfamil苏theJoads.“SomethinglikePartieiPation，15alsowhatSteinbeekdesiredforCohere一ICeinDisorder助eG尹aPesof环?ath.ThereadermustnotonlybeshowntheenormityofthewidesPreadsuffering，hemustalsoidentifywiththemigrantsandfeelonaPersonalleveltheir1055，theirhoPe，theirfrustrationandfutility，theirenduringstrength.It15thisPartieiPationinthelivesofthejoadsthatwilleaPturethereaderandearryhimtllroughtheexPerieneeofalongnovel，andit15throughthisParticiPationthatthefullemotionalimPactSteinbeckdesiredeanbeaehieved.Inordertoinvolvethereaderonthiskindofimmediate，intimatelevel，SteinbeckinventedinthenarrativeehaPtersasinglefamilyuPonwhiehthestoryeouldfoeus.TheeharaetersmustbeindividualizedtobeeledibleanduniversalizedtoearrytheirrePresentativefunetions.SteinbeckmeetstheseProblemsbymakingeaehoftheJoadsasPecifieindividualandbysPeeifyingthatwhathaPPenstotheJoads15tyPicalofthetimes.EventheleastimPoltantJoadsaregivenhighlysPeeifietags一Grandma5religion，GrandPa，5vigor，UneleJohn5melax飞choly，andAI5loveofcarsandgirls.Thetagsazeinvolvedinevents;theyatenotinertlabels.Grandma5burialviolatesherreligion;GrandPa5vigorendswhenheleavestheland;UncleJohn5melancholybalaneesthefamilysexPerience.Ma15thePsyehologicalandmoralcenterofthefamily;Paearriesitsburdens:RoseofShalonmeanstoensureitsPhysicaleontinuity;andTOmbeeomesitsmox，aleonseienee.Onalargelseale，allsocialProblemsareeffeetivelydramatizedinindividualsituationsande飞araetersaey，eolorful，Pitiful，disorderly，anxious，obstinatemortals.InsPiteofhisdesireforengagement，hisintensesymPathyforthesu挽ringofthePlightoftheselittlecroPPers，Steinbeck15PainstakinglyealefulatthesametimenottosentimentalizehisehalaetersinthenorrativechaPters，afactofutlnootimPortancetotheundelstandingof河北大学硕士学位论文ThoGraPesof邢个ath(9).CounteringthedeePlyaceusatoryandmorallyoutragedvoiceofsomeoftheinterehaPters15thenaturalistie，objeetivevoieeofthenarrativeehaPters.ThestoryoftheJoads15movingandPassionate，butthenaltt.ation15coolanddistaneed.InthesenarrativechaPters，theJoadsandthosecharaetersinvolvedintheJoadslivesaredeseribedfromtheobjeetivestandPointoftheinterested，attimesevenamused，butPrimarilynon一udgmentalobserver.OrtheyaresimPlyallowedtosPeakforthemselvesintheirownvoiees.TheshortcomingsoftheseeharactersbeeomeobviousatOnce.TOm，forexamPle，15alonerwhobeginsthenovellookingoutonlyfornumberone，ashissolitalyinitialaPPearaneeandhisaggressiVemaniPulationofthewitlesstruekdriverindieate.Onlygradually，throughthetutoringofCasy，doestheunsymPatheticTOmgrowintohisroleofProletal.iansavior.GramPa15notonlyvieious，butalsoimPatientlikeafrantieehild.Granma15“asmeanasherhusband，with“ashrillferoeiousreligiositythatwasasleeherousandassavageasanythingGramPaeouldoffer，(P.85).UneleJohnwallowsintheself-Pitybroughtonbythedeathofhiswife.TOm5brother，AI15coneernedehieflywithownconeuPiseenee，eagerevenneartheendofthenoveltoabandonownwithwife一to一be.PaJoad15inefl七etualtoassumetheroleofmakeselearwhenhetellsCasylate50汀。LIO互h勺氏familyandstrikeOutOnS八岛hhself-eenteredandweak一willed，leadexshiPdemandedofhim，asinthenovel，“ThinkPa，5gonnagiveuPhismeatonaccountaOtherfe1las?，(p.4O6)RoseofSharon5husband，Connie，proveshimselftobeaselfishman，adeseztezofhisPregnantwife.Roseofsharon，inturn，fozeesthereadertosufferthroughhundredsofPagesofwhiningSel乒Pitybeforehermiraeulouseonversionnearthenovelend.EvenMa，thelargerthan11化embodimentoffemalevirtueinthenovel，demonstratesColzerellceinDisorderherlimitationsassheramblesonPointlesslyabout“PurtyBoyFloyed，rePeatingherselftediouslythewayrealPeoPlereallydoassheintonesoneofthefolkmythsofOklahomaandtheDustBowlregion.Steinbeektakesearetoundereutthenobilityandgoodnessofthesemigrants.AlthoughCasy，insacrificinghimselfforthePeoPle，andTOm，indedieatinghislifetothesamecause，moveclosetoheroism，nooneinthenovel15seenthroughasentimentallens.ThoughwehaveneverlivedamongtheseOkiesnorheardthemtalk，weareeonvineedthatthis15theirlanguage，andthisthewaythingsare，thewayrealpeoPleare.AsthenarrativeehaPterslayout，asweknowmoreaboutthefamily，webegil飞totaketheJoadstoheal.t，andtoidentifywit!1thisstrugglingfamily，inalltheirwarm一blooded，quixotic，flawedhumanity.TOensurethatthereaderwillbePlungeddeePlyintotheJOadSstory，thenarrativechaPtersarealwayslongwhiletheinterehaPtersareshortandbrief.ThefourteennarrativeehaPterstakeuPmorethaneightyPereentofthenovel5Pages，andtheiraverageIength15aPProximatelytwenty一eightPageswhilethesixteeninterchaPters15fivePages.Onetheotherhand，asthestorydeveloPs，SteinbeeksteadilyincreasestheProPortionofthenarrativeehaPtersdevotedtotheJoads.Whereasthe几xstnazz，ativeehaPtex飞ChaPterl、vo，15ninePages