第8讲 动词语态.doc

第8讲 动词语态语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的发出者。例如：Many people speak Chinese.被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：The story was written by Tom last year.v 初高中衔接相关知识被动语态在中学英语学习中占有重要地位，无论是中考还是高考都是必考内容，其涉及的题型包括选择题、词形变化、缺词填空以及完形填空等，考查方式非常灵活。一、被动语态的构成：被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词+(by)” 构成。be 本身无词义，但有时态、人称和数的变化。by通常紧跟在被动句谓语动词之后，有时也可省。现以speak为例说明被动语态在各种时态中的构成。一般现在时：amisarespoken一般过去时：waswerespoken一般将来时：willshall bespoken过去将来时 should/would be/was(were) going to + spoken现在进行时：amisare beingspoken过去进行时：was/were beingspoken现在完成时：havehas beenspoken过去完成时：had been + spoken带情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+ be+ spoken二、被动语态的用法：1、 为了强调或突出动作的承受者eg. Her bike is stolen. Five people were hurt in the explosion.2、 淡化动作的执行者（没有说明、没必要指出、不知道）Eg. This coat is made of cotton. 这件大衣是棉制的。 The trees were blown down in the storm. 在暴风雨中树被刮倒了。 The glass was broken last night.3、 动作的承受者是谈话的中心 eg. The picture was drawn by a boy under eight.4、结构的需要。例如：It is said that；It is believed that等结构中用被动语态It is(was)agreed(believed/decided/hoped/thought.）that.大家同意（相信、决定、希望、认为）.It is(was)well known that.众所周知It is(was)taken for granted that.被视为当然It must be remembered that.务必记住.It mustnt be forgotten that.千万别忘记.It is(was)said(reported，heard，told，suggested)that.据说(报道、听说、告知、建议.) Eg. It was said that several people had seen the strange object at the same time. Its believed that mobile phones are harmful to our brains. Its thought that McDonalds is one of the best fast-food restaurants in the world.三、主动与被动的转换：时态不变A. 主动中的宾语 被动语态的主语 宾格主格B. 谓语变成被动结构（be过去分词）C. 主动中的主语 被动语态的宾语（介词by之后），主格宾格Eg.We Visited that factory last summer 主动语态主语 谓语 宾语 状语That factory was visited by us last summer 被动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语四、 如何正确使用被动语态1. 有些动词带有两个宾语，即直接宾语和间接宾语，变被动语态时，可把其中一个宾语变成主语，另一个留在被动结构谓语后面。需要注意的是：若把直接宾语变成被动语态的主语，需要在间接宾语之间加上介词“to”。eg. He often tells us interesting stories. （主动语态） （被动语态）常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类）：A：动词后加to:give 给 show给看 send寄，打电报 bring带 read读pass递给 lend借给 leave留给 hand交给 tell告诉return把还给 write给写信B: 动词后加for:buy给/为某人买 draw 替/给某人画 make 为某人制作【秘诀】 “七给”“一带”to不少，“买”“画”“制作”for来了2. 在主动语态中，某些动词之后带有省to不定式做宾补，但在被动语态中，这个to还要还原。eg. I often hear her sing this popular song . （主动语态） She is often heard to sing this popular song .（被动语态）有这种用法的常用动词有：make , let , see , hear , watch , feel , notice等。【秘诀】不定式，作宾补，下列词后省去to：一“感”二“听”四“看见”外加三个“小使役”，保你永远会记住。带有名词做宾补的句子变被动语态：只把宾语变为被动语态的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。如：Eg. I call my dog Sam. = My dog is called Sam by me.3. 有些“be +过去分词”的结构并不是被动语态，它们有可能是“系表结构（即系动词之后由过去分词来充当表语）。”比较：（1）（2）4. 短语动词变为被动语态：不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词Eg. We should take care of the homeless animals. = The homeless animals should be taken care of. Has the doctor been sent for? 医生叫来了吗？ The waste water has been taken away. 废水被取走了。 The problem must be paid attention to. 必须注意这个问题。 Women were looked down upon in the past. 过去妇女是被看不起的。5、 （1）主动句为带no的否定句，被动句常用no，neither，never等Eg. No one has ever beaten her at tennis. She has never been beaten at tennis.（2） 、主动句为带any构成不定代词的否定句，被动句常用noEg. We didnt notice anything special in his work. Nothing special was noticed in his work.6、 宾语从句一般不可作为被动句的主语Eg. She told me when the film started. I was told when the film started.五、主动结构表被动意义：（1）表示感官意义的连系动词，如smell, look, sound, taste, feel等一般用主动结构表被动意义Eg. Cotton feels soft. The food smells nice.（2）want/need/require/deserve + doing动名词的主动形式相当于want/need/require/deserve + to be done表示不定式的被动结构，动名词同主语有动宾关系。Eg. The chair needs repairing. = The chair needs to be repaired. The point deserves mentioning.（3）在be worth doing中，doing表示被动意义。如：Eg. This book is worth reading.（4）表示主语特征、状态的动词，特别是后面加上副词well, easily等词修饰时。常见的这类动词有open, lock, write, read, sell, clean, wash, cut, burn, drive等。如：Eg. This king of car sells well. The fuel burns easily.（5）某些动词不定式的主动形式表被动含义。如：Eg. The question is easy to answer.I have a lot of homework to do.（6）有些动词，如：keep, look, move, open, shut, start等与cant, wont, doesnt等连用时，也表示被动意义。例如：Eg. The door wont shut. The library doesnt open on Sunday.六、不能用于或没有被动语态的动词：（1）不及物动词和不及物动词短语无被动语态 例如：Eg. The price has been risen. The price has risen. 价格上升了。 The boy was slept well. The boy slept well. 男孩睡得很熟。The accident was happened last week. The accident happened last week. 事故是上星期发生的。 常见的不及物动词：appear出现，die死亡，disappear消失，end(vi.)结束，fail失败，happen发生，last持续，remain仍然是，sit坐，break out爆发，come true实现，fall asleep睡着，take place发生，lie躺/说谎（2）不能用于被动语态的及物动词和及物动词短语 fit适合，have有/举行，marry结婚，wish希望，agree with和一致，arrive at/in到达，shake hands with握手，succeed in成功，take part in参加，belong to属于Eg. The bike is belonged to me. The bike belongs to me. The sports meet will be had tomorrow. The sports meet will be held tomorrow.（3）系动词无被动语态 appear出现，be是，become变成/成为，fall变成，feel感觉，get变成，grow变成，keep保持，look看上去，remain仍然是，seem似乎，smell闻上去，sound听上去，stay保持，taste尝上去，turn变成Eg. The news is sounded good. The news sounds good. Her face is turned red. Her face turns red.(4)、There be结构或have作谓语的句子一般不能变被动语态。 There are 46 students in my class.Once a week I have violin lessons.【随堂训练】一、把下列句子改写成被动语态 1. They make machines in that factory. _ 2. Every body likes this song. _ 3. He doesnt show the stamps to me. _ 4. He often helps Tom when Tom is in trouble. _ 5. Do the workers build many buildings? _ 6. What does the teacher often tell the boys to do? _ 7. How many desks do they buy every term? _ 8. Granny told us a story last night. _ 9. He didnt buy anything there before he left. _ 10. We must tie the young tree to the stick. _ 二、典型例题 （ ）1The Olympic Games _every four years. A are held B were held Care holding Dwill ho1d（ ）2. In the art show，a lot of enjoyment _ _to foreign friends by the Chinese paintings A is giving B is given C will give D has given（ ）3. Today Chinese is becoming more and more popular. It _in. many schools around the world. A. teaches B. is teaching C. has taught D. is taught（ ）4. Ba Jin, one of the greatest writers in China, _as Peoples Writer. A. is regarded B. has regarded C. is regarding D. regards（ ）5. Usually computers _to search the Internet. A. use B. are using C. are used D. used（ ）6. -Do you often clean your classroom? -Yes. Our classroom _every day. A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned（ ）7.一Did you hear that water in Tai Lake smelt terrible? 一YesIn fact，it _.Thats all because of the people and the factories around A polluted B was polluted C has polluted Dwas po11ute（ ）8. -Our environment is getting worse than before. -Youre right. But thanks to Earth Day_, people have done more and more useful things to protect(保护)the earth since Earth Day.A. is started B. was started C. has started（ ）9. -I feel very happy that I _to be the host. -Congratulations!A. choose B. am chosen C. was chosen D. haven chosen（ ）10. Many trees and flowers _ in our school last year，and they made our school a beautiful garden Aplant Bplanted Chave planted Dwere planted（ ）11.Some famous paintings _in the hall next week. A. will show B. were shown C. is shown D. will be shown（ ）12. A talk on developments in science and technology in the school hall next week . A. given B. will be given C. has been given D. gives（ ）13.-Great changes have taken place in this city. -Right. Many modern tall buildings have been _ these days. A. turned upB. put up C. shown up D. fixed up（ ）14.Twelve-year-olds should not to drive in China. A. allow B. be allow C. allowed D. be allowed（ ）15.Do you often clean your classroom? Yes, our classroom _ every day.A. clean B. cleans C. is cleaned D. Cleaned三、课后练习（ ）1Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start. Im sorry, but I _ when to meet. A. dont tell B. didnt tell C. havent told D. wasnt told（ ）2Many old houses around our school _ next year and a large green area will appear. A. pull downB. will be pulled downC. will pull downD. are pulled down（ ）3- My watch _. - Dont worry. Lets go to the Lost & Found. A. is lost B. is broken C. has found D. has stopped（ ）4-Did you go to Sams weekend party? -No, I_. A. am not invitedB. wasnt invitedC. havent invitedD. didnt invite（ ）5- How often _ your school sports meeting _? - Once a year.A. does; hold B. was; hold C. is; held D. did; hold（ ）6On May 30th, , one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝) _ at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars. A. sell B. sold C. is sold D. was sold （ ）7The Thousand- hand Guanyin _ by many people as the best performance at CCTVs Spring Festival Evening. A. has been regarded B. are regarded C. has regarded D. regards（ ）8Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful. Yes, they _ in Hangzhou. A. paintedB. were painting C. were painted D. had painted（ ）9-Dont litter the ground, boy ,Look at the sign: “Rubbish into the dustbin.” -Sorry. A, has throw B, was throw C, must throw D , must be thrown（ ）10The 29th 0lympic Games _in Beijing in 2008Awill hold B will be held Chold（ ）11. The girl was often heard happily in her room.A. sing B. to sing C. singing D. sings（ ）12. It is reported that more new teaching buildings _ in our school in the next term. A. will be built B. was built C. has built D. will build（ ）13. It is reported that more new teaching buildings _ in our school in the next term. A. will be built B. was built C. has bui