非谓语动词(不定式和现在分词).doc

Grammar 动词的非谓语形式 （1）动词不定式动词的非谓语形式有三种：不定式、动名词和分词。不定式由“to + 动词原形”构成，其否定形式是“not to do”。不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语，没有人称和数的变化，但有时态和语态的变化。不定式可作主语、宾语、状语、表语和定语，但不能单独作谓语。不定式的逻辑主语有时用”for + 名词或代词宾格”构成。一、不定式的用法：1. 作主语：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend.不定式短语作主语时，可以直接放在句首，但在很多情况下，尤其是在疑问句和感叹句中，往往放在谓语之后，而用先行代词it作形式主语。Its my duty to take good care of these old men.It requires patience to be a good teacher.2. 作宾语： I need to sleep for eight hours every night.a) 可以直接用不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有：agree, afford, tend, ask, decide, determine, expect, fail, hope, learn, intend, manage, offer, plan, promise, refuse, want, wish等。当不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。常用动词有feel, think, find, believe, consider, make等。I find it interesting to study English.b) 不定式一般不作介词的宾语，只有少数介词如but, except等后面可以跟不定式作宾语。一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to，如果but或except所在句子里的谓语动词都是实义动词do, does, did时，通常省略to。We have no choice but to wait. We can do nothing but wait.3. 作宾语补足语 He asked me to do the work with him.a) 通常作宾语补语的不定式要带to，常用于以下动词之后：ask, tell, advise, allow, enable, expect, force, get, like, order, teach, want, invite, wish, beg等但在谓语动词believe, find, think, feel, consider, suppose, imagine, prove等后面跟to be 作宾补，不跟to do 。 They believe him to be honest.b) 在feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch等感官动词以及have, make, let等表示“致使”之意的动词后作宾补中，不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动结构，就必须带to。I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song.His father made him go to bed early. He was made to go to bed early by his father.4. 作定语 The farmers thought of ways to protect their crops.不定式可以在句子充当后置定语，修饰名词。1) 能带不定式作宾语的动词，以及与不定式搭配的形容词，其同源名词可以带不定式作定语。常见的有attempt, decision, promise, plan；ability, determination, anxiety, eagerness等。He hasnt kept his promise to write to his parents regularly.His eagerness to finish his homework was quite clear.2) 序数词形容词最高级或被only, last, next等修饰的名词可以用不定式作定语：She was the only person to survive after the earthquake.Hes always the first to come to school.注意：1) 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。Please give me a knife to cut with.He is looking for a room to live in.但是，不定式所修饰的名词如果是time, place或way, 不定式后面的介词习惯上可省去。He had no money and place to live (in).注意：2) 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可以用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。比较：A) Have you anything to send? 你有什么东西要寄吗？（to send的动作执行者是you）B) Have you anything to be sent? 你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？（不定式to be sent的动作执行者是已被省略的me或someone else）5. 作状语 不定式作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。I came here to see you. （目的）*目的状语还可以用in order to 或so as to (不能放在句首)来表示。We turned the lights off in order not to / so as not to waste electricity.All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas.A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receivingWe were very excited to hear the news. （原因）原因状语由形容词（happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等）+ to do 来表示。1)Im glad to meet you.2) The question is different to answer.He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果）在soas to , such.as to , enough to , only to , too to 结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to用于表示意想不到的结果。He hurried to the station only to find the train had gone.He arrived at the station too late to catch the early train.注意：1) 某些形容词在“too to ”结构中没有否定的含义，而是表示肯定，这类形容词有：anxious, delighted, eager, easy, glad, kind, pleased, ready, surprised, willing等。She was too surprised to see how angry her father was. 看到父亲那么生气，她非常吃惊。注意：2) 在not, never, only, all, but等后的“too to ”结构中，“too”的含义为very, 不定式没有否定含义。Its never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。Im only too glad to stay at home. 我太想留在家里了。6. 作表语 My job is to help the patient.当句子的主语是aim, idea, policy, question, suggestion, wish, task, duty, job, purpose等或者主语是what引导的名词性从句时，后面可以用不定式做表语，用以说明主语所包含内容。Our most important task now is to make a plan.注：作表语的不定式都带to，但当主语部分有实义动词do时，to可以省略。The only thing we can do now is wait and see.7. 作独立成分（插入语）To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.用来说明说话人的态度、看法、对整个句子进行解释，常用的这类短语有：to be frank（坦白地说），to be exact (确切地说), to begin with (首先), to make a long story short (长话短说)等。二、不定式与疑问词who, which, when, where, how, what等连用，在句中起名词作用，通常跟在诸如tell, know, show, decide, learn, wonder, explain等动词后作宾语、主语或表语等。My question is when to start. (表语)How to solve the problem is very important. （主语）He didnt know what to say. （宾语）注意：在与why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。Why not have a rest?三、不定式的时态1) 不定式的一般形式所表示的动作通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。I plan to attend the meeting to be held tomorrow. (句中不定式短语to be held也表示将来)比较：Did you attend the meeting held yesterday?2) 不定式的进行式由to be + V-ing构成，用来表示谓语动词动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。Some students pretended to be reading English when the teacher came in.He is believed to be coming. = It is believed that he is coming. (不定式的进行时也表示将来)3) 不定式完成式由to have + V-ed构成，用来表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。Im sorry to have kept you waiting.- Is Bob still performing?- Im afraid not. He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official.A. to have left B. to leave C. to have been D. to be left4) 在intended, expected, hoped, promised, wanted, wished, thought等后用不定式完成时，表示过去没有完成的愿望、期待或计划等，也表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作或状态。I intended to have come to see you. I hoped to have finished the work earlier.5) 在seem, appear, think, consider, believe等表示看法或想法的动词后用不定式完成时，表示该动作先于另一动作。此结构也常以it作形式主语的结构代替。He seems to have bought the new book. = It seems that he has bought the new book.四、不定式的语态不定式的被动式分为一般式被动to be V-ed和完成式被动to have been V-ed。当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，不定式要用被动语态。It is an honour for me to be invited to the party.The book is said to have been translated into many languages.All these gifts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas.A. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式，多数情况下市容易判别的，但有时却比较复杂。A) 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door? (A key unlocks the door)B) 不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。He needs a room to live in. ( He lives in a room)I have got a letter to write. (I write a letter)I know what to do. (I do what)I know what is to be done. (句中的“what is to be done”是宾语从句，从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象）C) 不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式。这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for one或for people。The book is difficult to understand. (for someone to understand the book)He is hard to talk to. (for one to talk to him)但若强调句中的受事者，亦可用不定式被动式。The box is too heavy to be lifted.The handwriting is very difficult to be read.D) 在there + be的结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式，如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to be done. (The work has to be done.)There is a lot of work to do. (Somebody has to do the work.)请注意下面两个句子的含义的区别：There is nothing to do. （无事可做，感到十分无聊。）There is nothing to be done. （某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。）五、不带to的不定式1) 在feel, hear, listen to, make, let, have, see, look at, watch, notice, observe等动词后，动词不定式做宾语补足语时不用to。（见“不定式作宾语补足语”条）2) 在would rather ( would sooner, had rather, had sooner) than, rather than等结构的than之后用不带to的动词不定式。I would ratherstay here than go out. 3) 在以why引导的疑问句中不带to。Why worry about it? / Why not do it right now?4) 在cannot but, cannot choose but, cannot help but之后的不定式不带to。I cannot but admire his courage.5) 不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时，如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。I have no choice but to accept the fact.What do you like to do besides swim?She could do nothing but cry.6) 为了避免重复，不定式可省去to。Im really puzzled what to think or say.六、不定式的复合结构以it为形式主语或形式宾语引导的复合结构，如果其前的形容词是指行为的性质就用：It is + adj. for sb. to do sth. 常见的形容词有：easy, hard, heavy, necessary, possible, important, difficult等。这种复合结构在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。It is possible for you to catch up with them in a short time.It is hard for him to get rid of his bad babits.如果该形容词是指行为的性质，同时又指行为的人，则用It is + adj. of sb. to do sth.。这种句式中的常用形容词有：right, wrong, brave, careful, careless, clever, wise, stupid, cruel, foolish, good, honest, kind, nice, silly等。It was very kind of you to come to help me. = You were very kind to come to help me.Grammar 动词的非谓语形式 （2）动名词 一、动名词的用法：动名词由V + ing构成，与现在分词的形式相同。动名词主要起名词作用，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语和定语。1. 作主语：可以直接放在句首，也可以用先行代词it作为形式主语，而把动名词后置。Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)Saying is easier than doing.Collecting stamps is a good hobby. (单个动名词短语作主语时，动词用单数)动名词作主语还有以下两个习惯表答法：It is no use / good + doing sth. 做某事没有用Its no use crying over spilt milk. (覆水难收)There is no + V-ing (= It is impossible to do sth.)There is no knowing what may happen.（未来的事无法知道）注意：动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。To play with fire will will be dangerous. (指一具体动作)Playing with fire is dangerous. （泛指玩火）但在It is no use / good, not any use / good, useless等后一般用动名词。2. 作表语：通常是说明主语的内容，注意它与谓语动词进行时的区别His hobby is collecting stamps. 可改为：Collecting stamps is his hobby.He is collecting stamps. (is collecting是谓语动词进行时) 不能改为：Collecting stamps is he.3. 作宾语A. 作及物动词的宾语注1) admit, appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep(on), mention, mind, miss, pratise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, cant help, cant stand (无法忍受)等动词后面必须用动名词作宾语，不能用不定式。He got well-prepared for the job interview, for he couldnt risk _ the good opportunity. (B)A. to lose B. losing C. to be lost D. being lost注2) 有些动词（attempt, begin, start, continue, hate, like, love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter.动词prefer后面接不定式作宾语时，句子结构与按动名词作宾语是不一样。I prefer to drive rather than to be driven.I prefer driving to riding.有些动词，如forget, remember, stop等，后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。Stop talking. 不要讲话。He stopped to talk. 他停下来讲话。I remember reading the book. 我记得读过这本书。I must remember to read the book. 我必须记得去读这本书。When asked by police, he said that he remembered _ at he party, but not _. （D） A. to arrive, leaving B. to arrive, to leave C. arriving, leaving D. arriving, to leave有些动词如：try, mean, regret意义区别较大。Ill try to improve my spoken English. 我要设法提高我的英语口语。Try knocking at the back door if nonody hears you at the front door.如果敲前门没人应门，试着敲后门。I mean to come early today. 我打算今天早些来。Missing the train means waiting for another hour. 误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。注3) 在allow, advise, forbid, permit等动词后直接跟动词作宾语，要用动名词形式；如果后面有名词或代词作宾语，然后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to的不定式。allow / advise / forbid / permit doing allow / advise / forbid / permit sb to do sthWe dont allow workers to smoke here.We dont allow smoking here.注4) 动词need, require, want作“需要”解，其后跟动词作它的宾语时，必须用动名词，或不定式的被动式。这时，动名词的主动式表示被动意义。need / require / want doing need / require / want to be doneThe window needs / requires / wants cleaning. The window needs / requires / wants to be done.B. 作介词的宾语Everybody in the village likes Jack because he is good at telling and _ jokes. (C) A. turning up B. putting up C. making up D. showing up常见短语有：spent time (in) doing 花时间做；be fond of doing 喜爱做；be good at doing 擅长做；be proud of doing 为做而自豪；be tired of doing 对做感到厌倦；feel like doing 欲想做； go on doing 继续做（原来的事）；keep on doing 不停地做；what about doing 做怎么样；think of doing 考虑做；be interested in doing 对做感兴趣；have some difficulty/trouble (in) doing 做某事有困难；be busy (in) doing 忙于做；instead of doing 做而不做注意下列短语中的“to”是介词，而不是不定式符号，因此后面须接名词或动名词形式。turn to 求助于 say yes / no to 同意 / 不同意 be used to 习惯于 stick to 坚持be sentence to 被判刑 see to 注意处理，照料 pay attention to 注意 point to 指向 object to 反对 be opposed to 反对 lead to 导致 look forward to 盼望look up to 尊敬 keep to 坚持 get down to 着手做 give way to 对让步find ones way to 设法到达 devote oneself to 献身于 be equal to 能胜任in addition to 除之外 admit to 承认Surely she will be equal to performing her duty. C. 在下列句型中动名词作真正宾语：动词+it（形式宾语）+宾补+动名词（真正宾语）I think it no use telling them.We think it no good inviting him.4. 作定语动名词可作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；而现在分词作定语时，可用定语从句改写。swimming pool waiting room walking sticka sleeping car=a car for sleeping a sleeping child= a child who is sleepingHe has a reading room.二、动名词的逻辑主语1) 逻辑主语是由生命的名词：作主语时，必须用名词或代词所有格，作宾语时（尤其在口语中），也可用名词普通格或人称代词宾格。They insisited on Toms (his) staying longer. （有生命，作宾语，用名词 / 代词所有格）They insisited on Tom (him) staying longer. （有生命，作宾语，用名词 / 代词宾格）Toms (His) coming is what we have expected. （有生命，作主语，用名词 / 代词所有格）2) 逻辑主语是无生命名词时，只用名词普通格。There is no hope of our team winning the match.3) 逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词this, that, someone, nobody, none, anybody, anyone时，只用普通格。He was awakened by someone knocking the door.Theres no need for that being done.4) 在口语中，动名词如果不在句首，可以用名词普通格或人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。I really cant understand _ her like that. （D） A. you treat B. you to treat C. why treat D. you treating三、动名词的时态和语态1. 动名词的时态动名词的时态分为一般式doing和完成式having done两种。1) 动名词一般式表示的动作没有明确地表示时间是与谓语动作同时发生或在谓语动作之前发生。His coming will be of great help to us.We are interested in playing basketball.2) 动名词完成式表示动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。但是在某些动词或词组后，常用动名词的一般形式，尽管其动作是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。After having finished his work, he went home.Im sorry for not having kept my promise.I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time.On hearing the bad news, she couldnt help crying.2. 动名词的语态动名词的被动语态也有一般式与完成式两种。当主语是这个动名词所表示的动作对象时，动名词用被动语态。被动语态由“being + 过去分词”或“having been + 分词”构成。He attended the meeting without being asked.The house showed no sign of having been damaged.She never told me about her having been interviewed by the police.有些动名词在句中是主动形式，但有被动的含义。The house requires / need / wants repairing.注：在to be worth doing句型中，动名词doing表示的是被动意义。The book is worth reading.Grammar and usageGrammar 动词的非谓语形式 （3） 分 词分词形式：现在分词和过去分词。1. 分词的时态和语态1) 分词分为现在分词和过去分词。现在分词有一般式和完成式。一般式(doing)表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生的动作；完成式(having done)表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。Having studied in the university for 3 years, he knows the place very well.Being a student, he was interested in books.2) 现在分词有一般式和完成式，且有主动语态和被动语态。当句子的主语是分词动作的承受者时，分词用被动语态(being done)。如果要强调分词的动作先于谓语动作，就用分词完成式的被动语态(having been done)。Having been criticized by the teacher, Li Ming gave up smoking.The question being discussed in important.过去分词表示在谓语动词之前方式的动作，本身有被动的含义，所以只有一般式(done)，没有完成式。2. 分词的用法：在句中作定语、表语、宾补、状语。1) 作定语分词短语作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后，单个分词作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之前。Polluted air and water are harmful to peoples health. （被污染了的空气和水）The man standing at the window is our teacher. (站在床旁的那个人)注意：现在分词作定语时，表示动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作几乎同时发生。如果两个动作有先有后，一般不能用现在分词作定语，而用定语从句。The teacher criticized the student who had broken the window. (那个打坏玻璃的学生)2) 作状语分词或分词短语作状语时，可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。The teacher stood there surrounded by the students (被学生所包围). （方式）While reading the book (在读书的时候), he nodded from time to time. (时间)Being a student(作为一名学生), I must study hard. (原因)注意1. 分词短语作定语，其逻辑主语须与句子的主语一致； 2. 表示时间关系的分词短语有时可由连接词while或when引导； 3. 有时，“with / without + 名词 / 代词宾格”的结构表示伴随状况； 4. 当分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语不同时，分词必须有自己的主语。Time permitting (如果时间允许), I will finish another lesson.3) 作表语You shouldnt try to stand up if you are badly hurt (受伤严重的话).The news is inspiring (激励人的).4) 作宾语补足语We saw the teacher making the experiment (做实验).注意：在see, hear, watch, feel, observe, have, listen to, notice等动词后，既可以用现在分词构成复合宾语，也可以用不定式构成复合宾语，但两者的含义是由差别的。用现在分词表示动作正在发生（即处于发生的过程中，还没有结束），用不定式表示动作发生了（即动作全过程结束了）。We had the fire burning all day. (我们使火燃烧了一整天。)He had his clothes washed. (他叫别人洗了衣服。)He had his foot injured in the fall.I saw the girl get on the tractor and drive off.I saw the girl getting on the tractor.注意：“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”表示主体使客体处于某种状态或干什么事；“have + 宾语 + 过去分词”表示动作时别人做的活与主体意志无关。3. 过去分词、现在分词一般被动式及完成被动式做状语时的比较：1）过去分词与现在分词一般被动式作状语表示伴随动作或行为方式时，两者无多大区别，习惯上常用过去分词。He came in, followed by a group of students (后面跟着一群学生).(Being) seized (seize) with a sudden fear, she gave a scream.在某些情况下，二者则是有区别的。Being written in haste3. 现在分词和过去分词的区别：(1) 语态不同：现在分词表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。例如：the moving film动人的电影 the moved girl 受感动的姑娘 a running machine 一台转动的机器 a stolen car一辆被盗的汽车(2) 时间关系上不同：现在分词表正在进行的动作，过去分词往往表已经完成的动作。例如：a developing country, a developed country falling leaves, fallen leaves boiling water, boiled water4. 现在分词的基本用法：(1)一般主动式用法：A. 作定语： The sleeping child is only five years old.(=The child who is sleeping is )B. 作表语： The story sounds very interesting.C. 作宾补：常用于see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep等动词之后。例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes.注意：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing不可改为sing)Have sb do sth 与have sb doing sth的区别：前者have=let，后者有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇佣）”意。如：Ill have him go with me. 我将让他和我一块去。Dont have the machine working all day. 不要让机器整天工作。D. 作状语：a. 时间状语：Reading the letter, I couldnt help thinking of my school life.b. 原因状语：Being ill, I didnt go to school yesterday.c. 方式或伴随状语：Mary stood at the school gate waiting for Betty.(2) 完成主动式用法：这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如：Having finished her homework, she went to bed.(3)一般被动式用法：表示正在发生的被动动作，在句中作定语或状语。例如：The car being repaired is mine.(=The car which is being repaired is mine.)(4)完成被动式用法：表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。例如：Having been praised a second time, I decided to make still greater progress.5.过去分词的基本用法：(1) 作定语：The stolen car was found by the police last week.(2) 做表语：The glass is broken.(3) 作宾补：You must have / get your hair cut.(4) 作状语：Given more time, we can do the work much better.6.独立主格结构：当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：The bell ringing