英语书信及E-mail的写法.doc

英语书信及E-mail的写法一、基本常识：1、在收信人名称之前冠以尊称: Mr.（Mister）,用于无职衔的男子。Mrs. ( Mistress)。用于已婚女子。Miss，用于未婚女子。 Misses（Miss的复数），用于复数未婚女子。 Dr（Doctor），用于博士。 Pro.（Professor），用于大学教授。Ms. 用于女士通称。2、常用的收信人的称呼: Dear Madam： 亲爱的女士：Dear Sir： 亲爱的先生： Dear Sirs： 亲爱的先生们： My dear Madam： 亲爱的女士： My dear Sir： 亲爱的先生 二、常用语1、开首语Pardon me, though a stranger to you personally, for taking liberty to address you these few lines. As I have not heard of you for long, I feel anxious. I must apologize for not having written to you previously. Please pardon my long in writing to you. Pardon me for neglect when you honored me with a visit the other day. Having mislaid your address, I have not been able to reply sooner. Your letter of the 4th this month was duly received. I have the pleasure to tell you that. I have just received your kind letter. Your kind letter of Saturday arrived this morning. 2、结束语 Please notify me soon. Looking forward to a prompt reply. Please do not fail to write to me. I shall feel obliged by a reply at your earliest convenience. I look for your answer in a few days. Let me hear if you receive the parcel safely. As the season grows colder, I hope you will take good care of yourself. With kind regards to your family. Please give my compliments to your family. Pray give my best remembrances to Mr. Brown. My parents ask also to add their best thanks to mine. Thanking you for the past favour. I think you for the trouble you have taken. Hoping you will have a pleasant trip. Wishing you a pleasant journey. The help you sent is sincerely valued. 3、社交用语 I am very grateful for your kindness in permitting me to. I respectfully acknowledge your note and will wait upon you as proposed. Should an interview be desired, I shall be happy to call at any hour you may appoint. I have some important business matter to communicate to you. Anything further will be discussed when we meet. I regret that a prior engagement will prevent me from a tending. I think you for your kind entertainment last evening. I shall have great pleasure in accepting your invitation. Accept my thanks for our handsome present. 4、祝愿语 I wish you a happy New Year. Please accept my best and sincerest wishes for the New Year. Presenting the compliments of the season. With every good wish. Please allow me to congratulate your most heartily on your success in your examination. I am glad to hear that you were appointed., on which I congratulate you most heartily. I congratulate you upon your success. I wish you still further success.三、书信示例AOctober 24, 1994 Dear Professor Qian: I am pleased to inform you that the Culture Regeneration Research Society is organizing an academic exchange conference entitled The Conflicts of Cilvilization and Cultural China on 6-7 January 1995 in Cancouver, Canada. You are cordially invited to participate in this important academic event of North America as our guest. Your round trip air ticket, accommodation and meal expenses will be subsidized. Should you be interested, please let us know at your earliest convenience. Look forward to seeing you in this conference, and to having you as an important part of this event. Sincerely, (签名) David Raymond Chairman Organising Committee of the Conference Encl. Conference Announcement, Timetable, Member List BDear Mrs. Hudson: Will you and Mr. Hudson be able to join us and a couple of friends on Saturday evening, October 5 th, for dinner? Later we plan to go to the Citys Performance Hall to see a Huangmei opera. Dinner starts at sitx-thirty to allow plenty of time for the drive into town and arrival before curtain time. We do hope you can come. Sincerely yours, Ma Mingcheng (签名) CDear Xu Yongqun, Welcome to the CJ Wire, Commission Junctions monthly newsletter. We are continually looking for new ideas to make this publication a better tool for all Commission Junction members and to provide ontent, in this email and on our site, that best suits your needs. Please take a moment to fill out our brief survey at the end of this message so we can serve you better! Warm regards, Angie GibbonsIf there are any responses to my questions about water potentials，that you would rather send to me directly, sent them to: DDear sir; Would you please help me to compile mopac-7.01-4 on linuxppc? I have a problem with two files: matou1.f and sympro.f. The output error messages are listed bellow. Id appreciatte if you give me some advice on how to modify these files. I am using f77 to compile mopac on a G4,350 MHz, 64 MB RAM.Thank you!The Adverbial Clause含义： 由不同的连词连接，分别表达时间、地点、原因、方式、条件、比较、让步、目的、结果等意义的从句称为状语从句。状语从句既可置于句首，用逗号隔开；也可置于句末，不用逗号隔开。1.引导时间状语从句的常用连词有when, as, while, before, after, since, till(until), as soon as, once, whenever等。2.引导原因状语从句的连词常用的有because, as, since, now that ,for 等。3.引导地点状语从句的连词常用的有where, wherever 等。4.引导方式状语从句的连词常用的有as, just as, as if(as though) 等。5.引导条件状语从句的连词常用的有if, unless, as(so) long as 等。6.引导让步状语从句的连词常用的有though(although), even if (even though), whatever, however, no matter when(where, how, what), as 等。7.引导目的状语从句的连词常用的有so that, in order that 等。8.引导结果状语从句的连词常用的有so that, sothat, suchthat 等。9.比较状语从句主要用于比较级中，即同级比较： asas; not so / asas; 比较级： than, the +比较级 , the +比较级。注意：比较状语从句中某些部分通常省略，从句一般不是完整的句子。1. Point out the adverbial clauses in the following sentences and tell what kind of adverbial clause each is:1) They beat it away or pat the fat until it becomes firm. until the adverbial clause of time （时间状语从句）2) They stood a little too long when she worked in the department store. when the adverbial clause of time （同上）3) They are rough, because they did washing for the family all the year round. because the adverbial clause of cause （原因状语从句）4) We should die if none of us grew crops. if the adverbial clause of condition （条件状语从句）5) Under this system, people, no matter whether you are rich or poor, have a chance to be educated at universities. no matter whether the adverbial clause of concession （让步状语从句）6) One shoulder is lower than the other. than the adverbial clause of comparison （比较状语从句）7) The work of a completely uneducated farmer is as important as that of a professor. as important as adverbial clause of comparison （比较状语从句）8) The teacher spoke rather slowly so that the students might understand her. so that the adverbial clause of purpose （目的状语从句）9) She was so tired that she could not walk any more. sothat the adverbial clause of result （结果状语从句）10) Where there is water, there is life. where the adverbial clause of place （地点状语从句）2. Join each pair of sentences A. She came over to me. She saw me. She came over to me when she saw me. （用时间状语从句连句）1) She had to do all the odd jobs. Her husband was at war. She had to do all the odd jobs when her husband was at war.2) The thin lines on her forehead appeared. The first child was born. The thin lines on her forehead appeared when the first child was born.3) Her eyes are direct and sharp and look at you. You speak. Her eyes are direct and sharp and look at you when you speak.B. I gave him the note. He came in. I gave him the note as soon as he came in. （用时间状语从句连句）1) She cried. She heard the bad news. She cried as soon as she heard the bad news.2) I should like to have my dinner. I have had a bath. I should like to have my dinner as soon as I have had a bath.C. Ill come and see you. I have time. Ill come and see you if I have time. （用条件状语从句连句）1) I will help you. You need it. I will help you if you need it.2) He will succeed. He works hard. He will succeed if he works hard.D. I did it. They asked me to do it. I did it because they asked me to do it. （用原因状语从句连句）1) I cant do it now. I am too busy. I cant do it now because I am too busy.2) Her hands were rough. They did washing all day long. Her hands were rough because they did washing all day long.E. She spoke loudly. All could hear her. She spoke so loudly that all could hear her.（用结果状语从句）1) It is small. You cannot see it. It is so small that you cannot see it.2) She was young. She was not able to understand it. She was so young that she was not able to understand it. The Modal Auxiliaries情态动词有can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语 1、 can, could 1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能）。 Can you lift this heavy box?（体力） Mary can speak three languages.（知识） Can you skate?（技能） 此时可用be able to代替。Can只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而be able to则有更多的时态。 Ill not be able to come this afternoon. 当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用be able to，不能用Can。如： He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain. 2) 表示请求和允许。 -Can I go now? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 此时可与may互换。在疑问句中还可用could, might代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。 - Could I come to see you tomorrow? - Yes, you can. ( No, Im afraid not. ) 3) 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力）。 Theyve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead. This hall can hold 500 people at least. 4) 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度），用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。 Can this be true? This cant be done by him. How can this be true? 2、 may, might 1) 表示请求和允许。might比 may语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用cant 或mustnt，表示“不可以，禁止”。 -Might/ May I smoke in this room? - No, you mustnt. - May/Might I take this book out of the room? - Yes, you can. (No, you cant / mustnt. ) 用May I.？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用Can I.？在口语中更常见。 2）用于祈使句，表示祝愿。 May you succeed! 3) 表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句）。 might不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比may小。 aHe may /might be very busy now. bYour mother may /might not know the truth. 3、 must, have to 1) 表示必须、必要。 You must come in time. 在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用mustnt（禁止，不准），而用neednt, dont have to（不必）. - Must we hand in our exercise books today? - Yes, you must. - No, you dont have to / you neednt. 2) must是说话人的主观看法， 而have to则强调客观需要。Must只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。 a he play isnt interesting, I really must go now. b I had to work when I was your age. 3) 表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句） a Youre Toms good friend, so you must know what he likes best. b Your mother must be waiting for you now. 4、 dare, need 1) dare作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中, 过去式形式为dared。 a How dare you say Im unfair? b He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he? c If we dared not go there that day， we couldnt get the beautiful flowers. 2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to, should代替。 aYou neednt come so early. b. - Need I finish the work today? - Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. 3) dare和 need作实义动词用时， 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare后面常接带to的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。而need后面只能接带to的不定式。 a. I dare to swim across this river. b. He doesnt dare (to) answer. c. He needs to finish his homework today. 5、 shall, should 1) shall 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。 What shall we do this evening? 2) shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。 a. You shall fail if you dont work hard.(警告) b. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺) c. He shall be punished.(威胁) 6、 will, would 1) 表示请求、建议等，would更委婉。 Will / Would you pass me the ball, please? 2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。 a. I will never do that again. b. They asked him if he would go abroad. 3) would表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would表示过去习惯时比used to正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。 a. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day. b. The wound would not heal. 4) 表示估计和猜想。 It would be about ten oclock when she left home. 7、 should, ought to 1) should, ought to表示“应该”，ought to表示义务或责任，比should语气重。 a. I should help her because she is in trouble. b. You ought to take care of the baby. 2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。should, ought to可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。 a. You should / ought to go to class right away. b. Should I open the window? 3) 表示推测 should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。 a. He must be home by now. (断定他已到家) b. He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定) c. This is where the oil must be.(直爽) d. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)情态动词与完成时的用法1. may和might+ 动词完成式 此结构用于推测过去的行为。例如：She said that he might have missed the plane.她说他可能误了航班。2. can和could+ 动词完成式A. 表示过去能做而没做的事，有一种对过去未付诸实施的事情的惋惜。例如：In those circumstances we could have done better.在那样的情况下，我们本来可以做得更好的。（但没有做得更好）B. 推测过去的某种行动。Where can /could she have gone? 她可能到哪里去了呢？The boy cant have finished reading the book so soon because it is difficult even to an adult.这孩子不可能那么快就把这本书读完的，因为即使对一个成人来说，这本书也是相当难的。cant和couldnt 动词原形可以用来表示否定推断。例如：He cant be over fifty.他不可能超过50岁。3.must +动词完成式表示对过去行为的推断，具有较大的可能性，意为“一定，想必”。例如：She must have gone through a lot.她一定吃过很多苦。must动词原形对现在的推测，must be现在分词对未来或现在正在进行的推测。例如：She looks happy; she must be having a good time.4. neednt动词完成式和didnt need to doA. neednt动词完成式表示一种已经做过的但并无必要的行为。例如：You neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain. 你本来不必浇花的，因为天要下雨了。（但却浇了）We neednt have told him the news because he knew it already.B. didnt need (have) to do结构表示没有必要做某事，实际上也没有做。例如：I didnt need to clean the windows. My sister did it.我不必擦窗，我妹妹擦了。（我没有擦）5. should +动词完成式 A.此结构的肯定式表示应该做的事而没有做，否定式表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。例如：You should have given her more help.你应该多给她一些帮助的。（但没有给）B. 表示推测，意为“可能”，但可能性较小。例如：He should have finished the work by now.他现在该把工作完成了。（推测）C. should / would have thought意为“本以为，本认为”。例如：A: Can you type?B: Certainly.A: Well, I should have thought you wouldnt.I should have thought she wouldnt agree.我本来认为她不会同意的。D. should have thought有时意为“认为，以为”，相当于should think，但表示更为委婉、谦逊或不肯定的语气。例如：I should have thought it fairly good.我以为它是很不错的。E. should have 过去分词用于虚拟语气：Had you written him, you should have known the details.6. ought to + 动词完成式此结构表示某种过去应该做而没有做的事，或被忽略未做的某种明智行为。例如：You ought to have returned the book earlier.（还晚了）You ought to have refused her at the beginning, b