高中英语语法总结.doc

高中英语语法总结一、主动形式表被动 英语中,有些动词的主动形式表被动意义,这类词虽然不多,却很容易给学习者造成翻译和理解上的错误.现将这些动词归纳如下: 1. 连系动词look,feel,smell,sound, taste等用主动形式可表被动意义.例如:Her mother looks very young . 她妈妈看上去很年轻. The soup smells sweet . 这汤闻起来很香. The music sounds beautiful . 这音乐听起来很美. The apple tastes good . 这苹果很好吃. 2. 当动词不定式作定语,且与被修饰的名词或代词构成动宾关系时,其主动形式表被动意义.例如: I have a letter to write . 我有一封信要写. He has much homework to do . 他有许多作业要做. 3. 在做表语用的形容词easy ,difficult ,hard 等后面作状语的不定式,其主动形式表被动意义. The math problem isnt easy to work out . 这道数学题不容易解出. This book is difficult to understand . 这本书很难看懂. 4. 有些动词作不及物动词用时,用来表示主语的内在品质或性能时,其主动形式表被动意义.这 类动词常见的有:sell ,write ,wash ,read ,lock ,wear , cook ,clean ,ride 等.例如: The book sells well . 这书很畅销. The pen writes poorly . 这钢笔不好使. The bike rides easily . 这自行车容易骑. 5. 在want,need ,require等后接动词的-ing形式,其主动形式表被动意义. The baby wants looking after . 这小儿需要照看. My shoes need mending . 我的鞋需要修补. 6. too.to.结构中的不定式的主动形式表被动意义. The box is too heavy to carry . 这箱子太重,搬不动. The room is too small to live in . 这房间太小,不能住. 7. be worth doing 句型,动词短语go up,run out (of ),主动形式表被动意义.例如:The report is well worth listening to . 这个报告非常值得听. The building went up last year . 这座楼是去年建的. My money ran out . 我的钱用完了. 8. 在疑问词what / which / whom +不定式结构中,不定式的主动形式表被动意义.例如: I really dont know what to do next我真的不知道下一步该干什么. I havent decided whom to invite . 我还没有该邀请谁.二、倒装一.概念: 英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。二.相关知识点精讲按“主语+ 谓语” 这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。如果排列顺序变为“谓语（ 或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。倒装句分为：完全倒装：整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。部分倒装：只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Our teacher came in. In came our teacher.这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。Here it is. Away he went.这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。Here comes the bus. Out rushed the boys.2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。Then came 8 years of the Anti Japanese War.3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does或do.Under a big tree _, half asleep.A. did sat a fat man B. a fat man sat C. did a fat man sat D. sat a fat man4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动词。如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。There came shouts for help from the river.There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house.In front of the tower flews a stream.5. so + 动词+主语neither/ nor + 动词+主语表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一致。否则要用so it is withYou can ride a bike. So can I . He has been to Beijing. So have I .The first one isnt good, neither is the second.His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.So easy was the work that they finished it in a few days.7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。We seldom get up at four in the morning. = Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.9. hardlywhen; scarcelywhen; no soonerthan 可以用正常语序 had hardly done when did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when did 句式。hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。The bell hardly had rung when the class began.= Hardly had the bell rung when the class began.No sooner had he arrived in Beijing than he began to work.10. not only but also 如连接两个成分时，不用倒装；连接句子时， 前面的句子要用倒装。Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.Not only is he busy, but also I have a lot of work to do.Not only does he speak English very well, but also he speaks French well.11. only 及所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时，要用：only+ 状语+ be /助动词/情态