SCIENCE GRADE 6.doc

EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE 121 SCIENCE LOOKEARTH & SPACE SCIENCEGRADE 6探索教育事業有限公司LEARNING IN PROBE GROUP B.C. CANADA VERSIONSCIENCE GRADE 6CURRICULUMUnit Three Earth & Space Science 1. Space Exploration 1-1 The history of piloted and unpiloted flight1-2 Identify the human and technological requirements for space exploration1-3 List the contributions that space exploration has made to everyday life1-4 Describe Canadas contributions to space exploration2. Solar System2-1 Describe the primary feature of our solar system2-2 Life in our solar system2-3 Relate the movement of the sun, moon, and Earth to seasons, tides, eclipse, and the phase of the moon 加拿大卑詩省版本GRADE 6自然科學1. 太空探索1-1有人駕駛與無人駕駛飛 行的歷史1-2 太空探索人類和科技上的必 需用品1-3 列舉太空探索對日常生活的 貢獻1-4 加拿大對太空探索的貢獻2. 太陽系2-1 太陽系的主要特徵2-2 太陽系上的生命2-3 說明太陽、月亮和地球運 行對四季、潮汐、日蝕和 月相的影響課程綱要 第三單元 地球及太空科學 導 讀 IntroductionEarth & Space ScienceSpace ExplorationHumans have always been curious about space. Knowledge of past and present space exploration is important in developing a greater understanding of our Earth and our future. Students research the history of flight, evaluate piloted and unpiloted space exploration, and describe Canadas space program. They discuss the contributions space exploration has made to everyday life and consider how future space technology may affect them.Solar SystemThrough observation and space exploration, people have collected data and made inferences about the characteristics of the planets in our solar system. By using models, pictures, and diagrams, students begin to explore the spatial relationships and primary features unique to each planet. They can then compare and contrast the conditions that support life on Earth with those conditions on other planets and our moon. They investigate relationships between the Earth, its moon, and the sun and relate them to the seasons, tides, eclipses, and phases of the moon, and discuss how they have affected humans throughout history.導 讀 導 論地 球 及 太 空 科 學太空探索人類對太空始終感覺到好奇，過去和現在太空探索的知識對我們的地球和我們未來更進一步的了解是很重要的。學生研究飛行的歷史，評估有人駕駛和無人駕駛的太空探索，及說明加拿大的太空計劃。學生們討論太空探索科技對日常生活的貢獻，和考慮未來太空科技可能對他們的影響。太陽系經由觀察和太空探索，人們蒐集資料及推理太陽系裏星體的特徵。藉由模型、圖畫和簡圖，學生們開始探索太空及每一星球間的關係和主要特性。然後比較地球與其它星球與月亮提供生物生存的條件。說明太陽、月亮和地球運行對四季、潮汐、日蝕與月相的影響，並且討論它們對人類的影響。 2. Solar System2-1 Describe the primary feature of our solar systemOur Solar SystemOur solar system consists of various bodies of different sizes which orbit the sun. The planets are the most important of these orbiting objects, and are arrayed in this order (first is closest to the sun): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto. The following view of the solar system shows the sun and the planets with their relative sizes. The sun, which is actually just an ordinary star, lies at the center of our solar system. What makes the sun so special to us is simply the fact that it is so close to the Earth, only 93 million (92,960,000) miles away. This distance may seem huge, but when you realize that the closest star to us besides the sun is 25.3 trillion (25,300,000,000,000) miles away, you can see how giant space really is. Besides the obvious effects the sun has on our lives, solar activity also contributes to weather patterns on Earth. For instance, between the years 1640 and 1710, there were almost no sunspots on the surface of the sun. This coincided with a period of very cold weather on Earth known as the Little Ice Age. 親子導讀STUDENTS GUIDE 2. 太陽系2-1 說明太陽系的主要面貌我們的太陽系我們的太陽系由許多大小不同環繞著太陽的星體所組成。這些運行的星體之中最重要的是行星，排列依序(第一個是以靠近太陽的行星算起)：水星、金星、地球、火星、木星、土星、天王星、海王星、冥王星。下列顯示出太陽和行星相關大小。太陽位於太陽系的中心，事實上它只不過是一般的恆星而已。為什麼太陽對我們是如此的特別，事實上是因為太陽距離地球很近的緣故，大概僅有九千三百萬公里(92,960,000)。此距離似乎覺得很遠，但是當你知道最近的恆星除了太陽之外，還有遠在25,300,000,000,000公里的恆星，就不足為奇了，所以你會明白宇宙真的很巨大。很明顯地，太陽除了影響我們的生活之外，太陽的活動也是產生地球上氣候的類型的部分原因，例如，在1640年至1710年之間即與地球很冷的冰河時期恰巧相同時間，太陽表面幾乎沒有太陽黑子。 WORD BANKsunspot太陽黑子: one of the relatively cool dark patches that appear in cycles on the Suns surface and possess a powerful magnetic field. 探索小學生自然科學Solar eclipses are particularly fascinating to watch. During a solar eclipse, the moon, the Earth, and the sun line up so that the moon lies between the sun and Earth. From our point of view on Earth, the sun is blocked completely by the moon for a few minutes. Another beautiful sight visible from Earth are the aurorae, or northern lights. These brightly colored bands usually appear in the sky in locations near the north and south poles. The bright colors occur when high-energy particles from the sun are swept into our atmosphere and make the atoms there glow. The sun gets its energy from nuclear fusion, which is a nuclear process where four hydrogen atoms are converted into one helium atom. Since the total atomic mass of four hydrogen atoms is 0.7 percent more than the atomic mass of the helium atom, there is a little bit of extra mass left over at the end of this conversion process. In his famous E = mc2 equation, Einstein proved that mass and energy are transferable. The extra mass created in the nuclear process described above is converted into energy. This nuclear fusion occurs in the central core of the sun, where the temperature is about 15 million degrees Fahrenheit and the pressure is 250 billion times the pressure of the Earths atmosphere. Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, and so it is also the fastest moving, orbiting the sun at 107,136 mph. This fast speed led the Romans to name it after Mercury, who was the speedy messenger of the Roman gods. Since Mercury is so close to the sun, it is difficult to see from Earth. It is visible only right after sunset or right before sunrise. Mercury has no moons. 親子導讀STUDENTS GUIDE 日蝕特別值得吸引人觀看，在日蝕期間，月球、地球和太陽排成一直線，造成月球位於太陽和地球之間。從我們觀看的角度立場而言，太陽完全被月亮所阻隔了幾分鐘，另外一種地球可看見的美麗景緻是北極光，這些燦爛的顏色光帶通常發生位於靠近北極和南極。彩色光是當太陽的高能量物質掃過大氣層時，會使原子發光。太陽從核熔合獲取能量，在核子的熔合過程中，四個氫原子轉換成一氦原子。因為四個氫原子的原子量是0.7%比氦原子的原子量還大，在轉化的過程結束後有一些多餘的原子量殘留下來。在著名的公式E = mc2，愛因斯坦證明了質量和能量是可以轉換的，這轉化的過程多出來的原子量會轉變成能量，此種核熔合會發生在太陽核心中，在那裡溫度約達一億五千萬度華氏度，壓力比地球的大氣壓力大2500億倍。水星是最靠近太陽的行星，運行的速度也很快，以107,136 mph的速度繞著太陽運行，此快速的運行使羅馬人將它命名為Mercury，牠是羅馬神的快速信差。因為水星很靠近太陽，所以從地球很難看見水星，在太陽落下之時或升起之前，可看見水星，水星沒有衛星(月球)。 WORD BANKeclipse日、月蝕: a loss or blocking of light.helium氦: inert gas; a nonflammable inert gas that is colorless and odorless. Symbol He.fusion熔合: the molten state of a substance, or the change it undergoes to become molten. 探索小學生自然科學Nearly 4,000 of the best photographs of Mercury were taken by the Mariner 10 space mission in 1974. Those pictures show that Mercury is a small rock that resembles the moon. However, it has long cliffs and shallow craters instead of the deep craters found on the moon. At the center of the planet is a large iron core. One year on Mercury is only 88 Earth days long, while one day on Mercury is equal to 59 days on Earth! This means that since Mercury has no atmosphere, and the sun shines continuously on the surface for 59 Earth days in a row, the daytime temperatures on Mercury can reach as high as 800 degrees Fahrenheit, under which conditions even metals such as lead would be melted! When it is nighttime on the surface, the temperature is -250 degrees Fahrenheit! Venus is the closest planet to Earth, and is the third brightest object in our sky after the sun and moon. Although it is similar to our planet in size, mass, and density, its surface environment is quite different. The atmosphere is made up of 96% carbon dioxide and small amounts of acids. One feature of the atmosphere is the greenhouse effect, in which heat (infrared radiation) is trapped near the surface because it gets reflected back down by the clouds. Venus is therefore very hot, approximately 900 degrees Fahrenheit. The surface has been studied by the Pioneer Venus 1 and Magellan spacecrafts, which used radar to peer through the clouds and make maps. They found that most of the surface is covered by craters and hills. There are also indications that Venus had a lot of volcanic activity in the past. The atmospheric pressure at the surface is 90 times Earths pressure! Venus does not have any moons. 親子導讀STUDENTS GUIDE 在1974年水手號太空船任務中拍回將近4,000張最好的水星照片，這些照片顯示水星是與月球類似的小岩石，然而，比起月球上發現的深的窪坑，它具有長的峭壁和淺的窪坑。於Mercury的中心是大的鐵核心。在水星一年僅有88天(以地球的天數計算)長，水星一天等於地球的59天！這意思是指水星沒有大氣層，太陽不停的照射在水星的表面上59個地球日，在白天水星溫度高達華氏800度。在此狀況之下連鉛都會熔解！而晚上地表溫度達華氏250度。金星最靠近地球，是我們天空中太陽和月球之外，第三亮的星體。雖然它與地球的大小、質量和密度相似，但它的表面環境是十分不同。大氣是由96%的二氧化碳和少量的酸所組成。大氣層的一種現象是溫室效應影響，因為紅外線會經由雲反射回來，(紅外線)聚集在地表上，因此金星很熱，大約攝氏900度。由先鋒Venus 1和Magellan太空船研究金星的表面，使用雷達製成地圖。他們發現金星的表面覆蓋著窪坑和小山丘。在過去金星有許多火山活動的蹤跡，大氣壓力比地球氣壓高90倍！金星沒有衛星。 WORD BANKmariner水手: somebody who sails or navigates vessels at sea.crater窪坑: a circular funnel-shaped depression produced by volcanic eruption. 探索小學生自然科學Our planet, Earth, is very unique. The environment is rich enough to support life, and many life forms thrive. Unlike any of the other planets, Earth is covered by vast quantities of water. In fact, more than 70% of the surface is under the ocean. Temperatures on Earth are very moderate compared to the other planets. Humans can live relatively comfortably at almost any location on the surface. Our only moon is a quarter the size of Earth. It rotates on its axis at exactly the same rate that it orbits the Earth, and so we always see the same side of the moon. There is no air or water on the surface of the moon, and there is also no geological activity. The moon is the only other place in the universe that people have traveled to. Mars is a rocky red planet about half the size of Earth. It orbits the sun every 1.88 Earth years, and a day on Mars lasts about as long as one on Earth does. The planets axis of rotation is also similar to the Earths, which means that Mars experiences seasons as well. One unique feature is the polar ice caps, which are a combination of water ice and frozen carbon dioxide. The ice caps melt and rebuild according to the seasons, just as they do on Earth. 親子導讀STUDENTS GUIDE 我們的星球，地球是很獨特的，環境豐富得足以供應生存，許多生物在這裡茁壯生長。不像其他的星球，地球由廣大的水所覆蓋，事實上，海洋占地表的百分之七十，地球上的溫度比起其他的行星溫和。人類在地表任何地方生活都會覺得很舒適。我們唯一的月球，大小是地球的四分之一，它以繞著地球運轉的速度，等速自轉，所以我們始終看見同一邊的月球。在月球的表面沒有空氣或水，且沒有地理的活動，在宇宙中，月球是人類唯一到過的地方。火星是紅色的岩石行星，大小約地球的二分之一，它繞行太陽一周須時1.88地球年，火星上的一天大約和地球相同。行星的旋轉軸角度和地球相仿，代表著火星也有四季。一獨特的面貌是極地冰帽，它是由冰和冷卻的二氧化碳，依據四季，冰帽會溶解且累積，就像地球一樣。 WORD BANKmoderate溫和: not large, great, or severe. 探索小學生自然科學The surface features on Mars are huge: the Valles Marinaris is a valley longer than the whole United States, and Olympus Mons is a volcano larger than Arizona and three times higher than the Hawaiian Island volcanoes. Three spacecraft have landed on Mars, and they have sent back pictures of a relatively flat surface covered with red rocks. Mars has two moons, Phobos and Deimos, which are probably asteroids captured by Mars orbit long ago. The Asteroid Belt lies between Mars and Jupiter. The first asteroids, or minor planets, were discovered in the very early 1800s. Eventually over 4,000 of them were found. Astronomers had calculated that another planet should lie between Mars and Jupiter, and the asteroid belt seemed to solve this problem. Asteroids are composed of raw material from the creation of our solar system. For some reason, this material did not come together to form one planet. Asteroids are the source of most meteors that have hit the Earth. Jupiter is named after the k