美国政治经济与外交复习资料.doc

美国政治经济与外交复习资料选择题、填空题部分Chapter 1 The Establishment of American Politics1.Until the 1500s, most of what is now the United States was thinly populated forests and prairies. 2.The ancestors of the Hawaiians were Polynesians who sailed to what is now Hawaii from other Pacific islands about 2,000 years ago.3.Some Spaniards settled in what is now the United States during the 1500s. European settlement increased sharply during the 1600s. 4.The history of the United States political system fashioned out of the wilderness within the past 400 years is packed with incident because America has had in that period to pass through those stages of political development that elsewhere have taken 1,000 or 2,000 years5.The first known inhabitants of modern-day United States territory are believed to have arrived over a period of several thousand years beginning sometime prior to 15,000 years ago 6.Columbus was the first European to set foot on what would one day become U.S. territory when he came to Bahamas in October 12th of 1492. 7.In the 15th century, Europeans brought horses, cattle, and hogs to the Americas and, in turn, took back to Europe corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and squash. 8.some evidence suggests that John Cabot might have reached what is presently New England in 1498.9.The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century10 In 1607, about 100 British colonists reached the coast near Chesapeake Bay where they founded Jamestown11.During the next 150 years, a steady stream of colonists came to America and settled near the coast. Most of the colonists were British, but they also included people from France, Germany, Holland, Ireland, and other countries. 12.The Plymouth Colony was established in 1620. 13.The area of New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans who created the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. 14.The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina, with Georgia Colony the last of the thirteen colonies established in 1733. 15.Several colonies were used as places of punishment from the 1620s until the American Revolution. 16.The House of Burgesses first met at Jamestown, then the capital of Virginia, on July 30, 1619. 17.In 1621, the House gained the authority to make all legislation, but the governor and his council had the right of veto. 18.When it was temporarily broken up in 1774, its members met in the first revolutionary convention of Virginia. 19.The Thirteen Colonies were British colonies in North America founded between 1607 (Virginia), and 1733 (Georgia). 20.United States of America, which became a nation in 1781 with the ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union. 21.The 1783 Treaty of Paris represented Great Britains formal acknowledgement of the United States as an independent nation. 22.The war began on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers and Americans clashed at Lexington, Massachusetts, and at nearby Concord. 23.On Sept. 3, 1783, Britain signed the Treaty of Paris, by which it recognized the independence of the United States. 24.Tension had been building between Great Britain and the American Colonies for more than 10 years before the Revolutionary War began. 25.By 1774, America no longer was a society in which the few ruled with the passive consent of the many. 26.In 1775, Britains Parliament declared Massachusettsthe site of much protestto be in rebellion. 27.On July 4, 1776, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence, in which the colonies declared their freedom from British rule. 28.In 1777, the Americans won an important victory at Saratoga, N.Y., which convinced France that the Americans could win the war. 29.In October 1781, a large British force surrendered to Washington at Yorktown, Virginia. 30.Finally, on Sept. 3, 1783, the Americans and the British signed the Treaty of Paris of 1783, officially ending the Revolutionary War31.When the Americans created their own nation in the violence of a revolution during the 1770s and 1780s, they took on a political identity 32.In 1781, the states set up a federal government under laws called the Articles of Confederation33.The Articles of Confederation served as the new nations basic charter of government until the first government under the Constitution of the United States was formed in 178934.Richard Henry Lee of Virginia first proposed the establishment of a confederation in the Congress on June 7, 1776. 35.Within a month, John Dickinson of Pennsylvania prepared a first draft. On Nov. 15, 1777, Congress adopted a final version. 36. By 1779, all the states except Maryland had approved it. 37.By 1786, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and others were convinced that a general convention was needed to make changes in the Articles. 38.In September 1786, delegates from five states met at Annapolis, Maryland, and proposed that such a convention meet in Philadelphia in May 1787. 39.The delegates finally reached agreement on a new Constitution on Sept. 17, 1787. 40.The delegates also drew on political theories set forth by philosophers of the 1600s and 1700s. 41.The doctrine of the separation of powers was adopted by the Constitutional Convention of 1787, not to promote efficiency, but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary power. 42.In 1789, the Electoral College chose George Washington to serve as the first president, who was reelected in 1792. 43.The government went into operation in 1789, with its temporary capital in New York City, and then the capital was moved to Philadelphia in 1790, and to Washington, D.C., in 1800.Chapter 2 The Government of the United States1.The United States Constitution, adopted in 1788, contained few personal guarantees. 2.There have been twenty-seven amendments to the Constitution. 3.The Pilgrims, who settled in Massachusetts in 1620, joined in signing the Mayflower Compact to obey “just and equal laws.” 4.The American Revolution began more than a hundred and fifty years later, in 1775. 5.The Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress in 1776, is a classic document of democracy 6.The Senate has 100 members, 2 from each state, who serve six-year terms. About a third of the seats come up for election every two years. 7.The House of Representatives, usually called simply the House, has 435 members. 8.House members, or representatives, serve two-year terms. 9.According to the Constitution, each member of the House must represent at least 30,000 persons, but every state must have at least one representative. 10.The Constitution also requires a census of the nation every 10 years to determine how many representatives each state should have. 11.The Constitution requires a representative to be at least 25 years old and to have been a United States citizen for at least seven years. 12.Representatives serve two-year terms and are elected in the even-numbered years, and there is no limit on the number of times a representative may be re-elected. 13.In January after a congressional election, House members meet to choose their party leaders for the next two years. 14.If the president fails to act on a bill for 10 daysnot including Sundayswhile Congress is in session, it becomes law. 15.A bill that reaches the president fewer than 10 daysnot including Sundaysbefore Congress adjourns must be signed to become law. 16.Fourteen executive departments and about 80 agencies handle the daily work of administering federal laws and programs. 17.The 22nd Amendment to the Constitution, approved in 1951, provides that no one can be elected to the presidency more than twice. 18.The 23rd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1961, gave the District of Columbia three electoral votes. 19.The manner of electing the President was a major problem at the Constitutional Convention of 1787. 20.From 1789 to 1801, each elector voted for two persons on the same ballot. 21.In 1789, all 69 electors voted for George Washington, and 34 voted for John Adams. 22.After 1800, more and more states began choosing electors in popular elections. 23.The Peace Corps was established in 1961. In 1971, it became part of ACTION, a new government agency that combined several volunteer programs. 24. In 1981, the Peace Corps became an independent agency.25. Since then, the court has overturned all or parts of more than 125 federal laws and over 1,000 state laws. 26. In 1789, Congress passed the Judiciary Act, which established the federal court system. 27.There are ninety-four district courts in the United States and its possessions. Each state has at least one. 28. The United States is divided into 12 judicial areas called circuits, each of which has one court of appeals. 29. A 13th court, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, has nationwide jurisdiction. 30. At least six justices hear the cases chosen and decide each case by a majority vote. 31. For example, the court ruled in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that public school segregation was unconstitutional. 32. Therefore, segregated schools violated the 14th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which requires that all citizens be treated equally.33. However, the lawmaking role of legislatures in the country has increased greatly since 1900. 34. Relations between Congress and the president shifted wildly throughout the 1800s. 35. During the early and middle 1800s, however, several strong presidents sought to deal with Congress as an equal. 36. The speaker became so strong that House members revolted in 1910 to limit the offices power. 37. During the early to middle 1900s, voters elected several strong-willed individuals who established the president as a leader in the legislative process. 38. Relations between Congress and the presidency changed markedly in the late 1960s and early 1970s. 39. In 1973, a Senate select committee began hearings on the Watergate scandal which involved illegal campaign activities during the 1972 presidential race. 40. In July 1974, the House Judiciary Committee voted to recommend three articles of impeachment against Nixon41. In 1996, Congress took the unusual step of trying to increase presidential power. 42. In 1998, however, the Supreme Court ruled the line-item veto unconstitutional. Chapter 3 The Political Culture1. Since the 1790s the United States has been run by one of the two major parties. 2. From 1828 through 1996, Democrats won twenty-one of the forty-four presidential elections. 3. But the Democratic candidate won ten of the seventeen presidential elections held from 1932 through 1996. 4. Origin of the Democratic Party is uncertain. Some historians trace its beginnings to the Democratic-Republican Party created by Thomas Jefferson during the 1790s. 5.Most historians, however, regard Andrew Jacksons presidential campaign organization, formed in 1828, as the beginning of the Democratic Party as it is known today. 6.Jefferson served as president from 1801 to 1809, and other Democratic-Republicans held the presidency from 1809 to 1825. 7. After 1816, the Democratic-Republican Party split into several groups and fell apart as a national organization. 8. By about 1830, Jackson and his followers were called Democrats. 9. By the late 1830s, top Jacksonian Democrats had turned Jacksons loose organization into an effective national political partythe Democratic Party. 10. The Republican Party is often called the G.O.P., which stands for Grand Old Party, a nickname Republicans gave their party in the 1880s. 11. By the late 1800s, the Republican Party represented a firm alliance of the agricultural West and the industrial East. 12. Origin of the Republican Party dates back to the strong anti-slavery opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska Bill of 1854 13. Whig is a short form of the word whiggamore, a Scotch word once used to describe people from western Scotland who opposed King Charles I of England in 1648.14. In the late 1600s, Scottish and English opponents of the growing power of royalty were called Whigs. 15. The Whigs maintained a strong position in English politics until the 1850s, when the Whig progressives adopted the term Liberal.16.On July 6, 1854, at a party meeting in Jackson, Michigan, the delegates formally adopted the name Republican. 17. By the 1790s, different views of the new countrys proper course had already developed, and those who held these opposing views tried to win support for their cause by banding together. 18. By 1828, the Federalists had disappeared as an organization, replaced by the Whigs19.In the 1850s, the issue of slavery took center stage, with disagreement in particular over the question of whether or not slavery should be permitted in the countrys new territories in the West. 20.By the 1920s, however, this strong folksiness had diminished. 21. From the 1860s to the 1950s the Republican Party was considered to be the more classically liberal of the two major parties and the Democratic Partythe more classically conservative/populist of the two.22. During the 1950s and the early 1960s both parties essentially expressed a more centrist approach to politics on the national level and had their liberal, moderate, and conservative wings equally influential within both parties.23. From the early 1960s, the conservative wing became more dominant in the Republican Party, 24. The 1964 presidential election heralded the rise of the conservative wing among Republicans. 25. The liberal and conservative wings within the Democratic Party were competitive until 1972. 26. By the 1980 election, each major party had largely become identified by its dominant political orientation. 27. In 1931, the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Near v. Minnesota used the 14th Amendment to apply the freedom of the press to the States. 28.The United States has about 1,800 daily and 9,700 weekly and semiweekly newspapers. 29. The total circulation of daily papers in the United States is about 60 million copies.31. In 1980, The Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch became the first electronic newspaper in the United States. 32. The first television interview program, “Meet the Press,” began in 1947. 33. In the 1950s, TV began to increase its coverage of public affairs. 34. In 1954, television reporters covered the Army-McCarthy hearings, in which Senator Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin accused the U.S. Army of “coddling Communists.” 35. Television played a major role in the 1960 presidential campaign between John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon. A nationwide audience watched as the men faced each other in the first televised debates between presidential candidates. 36. In 1965, the launching of Early Bird, the first commercial communications satellite, made possible live broadcasts of news events between North America and Europe. Chapter 4 The Development of American Economy1. The American colonies developed from slightly successful colonial economies to a small, independent farming economy, which became the United States of America in 1776. 2. By 1770, the North American colonies were ready, both economically and politically, to become part of the emerging self-government movement.3. In 1791, Congress chartered a national bank for 20 years. 4. Cotton boomed following Eli Whitneys invention in 1793 of the cotton gin, a machine that separated raw cotton from seeds and other waste. 5. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain during the 1700s and started spreading to other parts of Europe and to North America in the early 1800s. 6. By 1860, when Abraham Lincoln was elected president, sixteen percent of the U.S. population lived in urban areas, and a third of the nations income came from manufacturing. 7.In the late 1840s and early 1850s, between 200,000 and 400,000 immigrants landed in the city every year。8. By 1855, when the census recorded only 11,840 African Americans in New York, fifty-one percent of the citys population of 630,000 was foreign-born. Most were poor and remained in eastern cities, often at ports of arrival.9.The Republican Party, organized in 1856, represented the industrialized North. 10.In 1860, Republicans and their presidential candidate, Abraham Lincoln, were speaking hesitantly on slavery, but they were much clearer on economic policy. 11. In 1861, they successfully pushed adoption of a protective tariff. 12. In 1862, the first Pacific railroad was chartered. 13. In 1863 a national banking system was established to finance the American Civil War, and in every city a “First National Bank” was established. 14. In 1859, a retired railroad conductor named Edwin L. Drake drilled a well near Titusville, Pa. Drake used an old steam engine to power the drill. 15. By the early 1860s, the oil boom had transformed western Pennsylvania, which made thousands of people crowd into the new boom towns. 16. In 1865, the first successful oil pipeline was built from an oil field near Titusville to a railroad station eight kilometers away. 17. During the 1700s and 1800s, many inventors in Europe and the United States tried to develop a practical typewriter which had to be accurate, easy to use, fast, and inexpensive. 18. In 1867, Christopher Latham Sholes, an inventor from Milwaukee, designed the first one with the help of Carlos Glidden and Samuel W. Soule. 19.The restless era of the 1920s brought the United States spectacular economic growth, which helped the nation with prosperity, and far-reaching social change. 20. From 1922 to 1929, the national income increased more than forty per cent, from $60.7 billion annually to $87.2 billion. 21. Even many low-income families could no