九年级英语语法专项七——动词及时态.doc

本资料来源于大家网中考英语论坛/forum-213-1.html语法专项七动词及时态一周强化1熟悉动词的种类，会在合适的语境下运用各类动词，特别注意及物动词和不及物动词，系动词和助动词之间的区别。2掌握初中阶段所学的八种时态。掌握并会运用一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时和现在完成时，理解过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时。一、动词的种类分类特点举例行为动词及物动词后面必须跟宾语We love our country.我们热爱我们的国家。He teaches us physics.他教我们物理。不及物动词后面不能直接跟宾语He is standing.他正站着。My father often comes back late.我父亲经常回家很晚。连系动词后面跟表语The flowers look very beautiful.这些花看起来很漂亮。She is a good student.她是一个好学生。情态动词与其后的动词原形共同做谓语I can swim.我会游泳。Must I be here tomorrow?我明天必须到这里吗?助动词无实义。在句中表时态、语态、疑问或否定I dont know what to do. (表否定)Jim has been to Beijing twice.（表时态）Toms mother was saved. (表语态)注意：有些动词既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词。如何区分它们，就看它们后面是否有宾语。如：He studies very hard. (studies后面没有宾语，是不及物动词。)He studies English very hard.(studies后面有宾语，是及物动词。)连系动词不能独立做谓语，要和表语一起构成谓语。在初中阶段出现的连系动词有：一“是”(is, am, are)，一“感觉”(feel)，一“保持”(keep)，三个“变了”(become, get, turn)，四个“起来”(taste, smell, look, sound)。这正是：一是一觉一保持，起来4个，变了3个。另外它们除了be和become等少数词可以接名词做表语外，一般都跟形容词做表语。He became a teacher two years ago. 他两年前当上了老师。They are very happy. 他们很高兴。Its getting darker and darker. 天变得越来越黑了。情态动词需要注意的地方在上一讲中已经提到，此处就不再重复。二、动词的形式动词有五种基本形式：动词原形、第三人称单数形式、现在分词、过去式和过去分词五种形式。（一）动词的第三人称单数形式词尾形式变化规则举例一般情况在词尾加-sswimswimsworkworksplayplaysleaveleaves以字母s, x, sh, ch, o结尾在词尾加-espasspassesfixfixesteachteacheswashwashes以辅音字母y结尾变y为i加-esstudystudiescarrycarriesflyfliescrycries不规则变化havehas读音规则一般情况都读/z/。e.g. gives /givz/, rains /reinz/；在清辅音/p/, /k/, /t/, /f/后读/s/。e.g. stops/s/, likes/s/；在/s/, /z/, /t/, /d/之后读/iz/。e.g. teaches/iz/, passes/iz/（二）动词的现在分词的构成词尾形式变化规则举例一般情况直接加-ingworkworking dodoingplayplaying readreading以不发音的e结尾去e加-inglivelivingwritewritingcomecominghavehaving以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ingputputtingsitsittingstopstoppingpreferpreferring以ie结尾改ie为y再加-ingdiedyinglielyingtietying（三）动词的过去式及过去分词的构成词尾形式规则举例一般情况加-edplantplantedplayplayed以e结尾加-dlivelivedchangechanged以辅音字母加-y结尾改y为i再加-edcarrycarriedstudystudied以重读闭音节或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写这个辅音字母，再加-edstopstoppedpreferpreferred巧记AAA型不规则动词(A代表动词原形，BB代表过去式过去分词相同)原形特征过去式过去分词例词-eep-ept-eptkeep sweep sleep-ell-old-oldsell tell-end-ent-entlend spend send-ay-aid-aidsay pay-n-nt-ntburn learn mean-ought-oughtbring buy fight think-each-aught-aughtcatch teach巧记ABC型不规则动词原形特征过去式过去分词例词-eak-oke-okenbreak speak-eal-ole-olensteal-car-ore-ornwear bear tear-ow-ew-owngrow blow know throw-I-a-usink swim drink ring sing begin-i-o-ndrive rise ride write巧记AAA型不规则动词击中(hit)、受伤(hurt)、让(1et)、吐痰(spit)、去掉(rid)、花费(cost)、读(read)、放(put)、砍 (cut)。三、动词的时态初中阶段我们共学习了动词的八种时态，可以按下面分组归类记忆。（一）一般现在时形式do /does例句用法表示经常的或习惯性的动作He often gets up at six every day.表示现在的状态My father is at work.表示主语具备的性格、能力、特征He speaks English very well.表示客观事实和普遍真理The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.表示计划安排好的将来动作The plane takes off at eleven oclock in the morning.在时间、条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well go to the park. He is always helping other. 时间状语always, usually, often, sometimes, every day, twice a week, today, in the morning, on Sunday（二）现在进行时形式am /is /are现在分词例句用法表示说话时正在进行或发生的动作Look, Im watching TV at home.表示当前一直或反复在进行的动作The population of the world is growing faster and faster.与always, forever等词连用表示赞扬、厌恶或不满等情感You are always thinking of your work.时间状语now, today, these days等注意：表示位置移动的动词，如：come, go, arrive, leave等，它们的现在进行时可表示将来。Be careful, the train is coming. 请小心，火车就要来了。My brother is leaving for Hong Kong next week. 我弟弟下周将要去香港。下列动词通常不用进行时：1表示感觉的动词。e.g. see, hear, smell, taste feel, notice, look, seem, appear等。2表示情感的动词。e.g. hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, refuse等。3表示从属或占有的动词。e.g. have, own, belong等。4表示理解或记忆方面的动词。e.g. understand, know, believe, forget, remember等。若一个句子以look, listen等祈使语气的动词开头，常用进行时。由while引导的状语从句，动词通常也要用进行时。e.g.Listen! The boys are reading English.听!那些男孩在读英语。While he was eating, I asked him to lend me $2.当他正在吃饭时,我请他借给我二英镑。(三)一般过去时形式did例句用法过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态What did you have for breakfast this morning?I had two eggs and a bowl of noodles.说话时已不复存在的情况I didnt know I lost my pen.描述过去发生的一连串动作Just now Bob turned off the light, closed the door and left.时间状语yesterday, the day before yesterday, last night, then, at that time, several days ago等，以及由after, before, when引导的表示过去的时间状语从句。注意：在时间状语和条件状语从句中，如果主句是过去将来时，从句用一般过去时表示将来。e.g. John said he would leave if the rain stopped. 约翰说如果雨停了，他就离开。(四)过去进行时形式现在分词举例用法过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作What were you doing at nine last night?I was watching TV at that time.铺叙故事情节引出下文，使事实变得生动精彩The children were leaving school on Tuesday when they saw a truck.时间状语at the time, this time yesterday, at ten yesterday, just then, yesterday morning, when引导的时间状语从句等。注意：表示位移的动词的过去进行时可表示过去将要发生的动作。这样的动词有come, start, stay, leave, fly, go等。e.g.I was coming yesterday, but Mother was ill.昨天我刚要来，不巧母亲病了。She asked when I was starting. 她问我何时动身。动词的过去进行时也和现在进行时一样，可以和always, never, forever等副词连用，强调过去经常性或习惯性的动作，表示说话人的赞美、厌烦等情绪。e.g.He was forever complaining about something.他老是怨这怨那。He was always thinking about others.他总是替别人着想。在含有时间状语从句的复合句中，延续时间较长的动作用过去进行时，另一个动作用一般过去时。e.g. What was Jim doing when the teacher came in?(doing时间长，came时间短)。若表示两个延续动作在过去某一时刻同时发生，则主句和从句谓语动词都用过去进行时。如：The students were reading while the teacher was grading their homework.学生们在看书，而老师在批改他们的家庭作业。一般过去时与过去进行时的用法比较：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态；而过去进行时则表示在过去某个特定时间正在进行的动作。e.g.Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了一封信。(信已写完)Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night.昨晚玛丽在给她朋友写信。(信不一定写完，只说明了动作的延续)He caught up with his classmates.他赶上了他的同学。(已经赶上)He was catching up with his classmates.他正在追赶他的同学。(可能还没有赶上)（五）一般将来时形式will /shall /(am is are) going to /do例句用法将来某个时间将要发生的动作或存在的状态We will not be free until a quarter to eight this evening.表示将来经常或反复发生的动作I will come to see you every weekend.有迹象表示某事将要发生多用am /is /are going toI am afraid its going to rain.表示计划、打算要做的事，多用am /is /are going toIm going to see my uncle next Sunday.时间状语today, tomorrow, next month, in a few days, one day, when和after等引导的时间状语从句等。注意：be going to和will在一般情况下可以互换。e.g. They will (are going to) meet at the school gate at six tomorrow. 他们明天6点在学校门口集合。但下列几种将来时要用will而不用be going to。1带有意愿色彩的将来时。e.g.Im sure they will come and help us.我肯定他们会来帮助我们的。2问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。e.g.Will you please close the window? 请你把窗户关上好吗?3在有时间状语从句或条件状语从句复合句中，如果主句是将来时，常用will。e.g.I will come if it doesnt rain. 如果不下雨的话，我就来。The shop wont be open until nine oclock.这家商店9点才开门。4一些表示位置转移的动词，如：go, come, leave, arrive, fly等，常用现在进行时表示即将发生的动作。e.g.We are going to the park this Sunday.这个星期天我们要去公园。Uncle Wang is coming to supper. 王叔叔要来吃饭。5在时间状语和条件状语从句中，如果主句是将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。e.g.Hell write to his parents as soon as he gets to Shanghai.他一到上海，就会给他父母写信。If it doesnt rain tomorrow, well go to the park.如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。(六)现在完成时形式have /has过去分词例句用法表示过去已开始，持续到现在乃至将来的动作I have worked at this school for 20 years.表示过去发生或完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果She has lost her pen.have been in地点，表示在某地呆过多久They have been in Beijing for 10 years.have been to地点，表示曾经到过某地They have been to Beijing twice.have gone to地点，表示到某地去了They have gone to Beijing.时间状语already, yet, today, just, ever, before, so far, since then, since点时间，for段时间等注意：英语中有些动词，如：come, go, begin, start, finish, find, die, buy, borrow, sell, leave, put on, get up, arrive, receive, become等，只能表示极其短暂的动作，而没有持续的长度，即动作发生后立即结束，这些动词称为瞬间动词，也称终止性动词或短暂性动词。在现在完成时中，它们的用法如下：1瞬间动词用于现在完成时，不能和表示一段时间的for短语或since短语连用，也不能用于how long引导的疑问句中。我们可以说：She has come back.但不可以说She has come back for a month.2瞬间动词与表示一段时间的状语相矛盾时，通常借用以下几种表示方式。（1）瞬间动词改为“beadj.或adv.”结构。e.g.His father has been dead for ten years.我们常见的短暂性动词及其连用时间段的转换语还有：becomebe, borrowkeep, begin(start)be on, buyhave, come (go, arrive, get)be here(there, in), diebe dead, fall asleep (ill)be asleep (ill), finishbe over, get to knowknow, get up be up, go outbe out, joinbe in(be a /an名词), leavebe away (from), openbe open等。（2）用“瞬间动词的一般过去时时间ago”表示。e.g.His father died ten years ago.（3）用“It is时间since主语瞬间动词的过去时”表示。e.g.It is ten years since his father died.（4）用“时间has passed since主语瞬间动词的过去时”表示。e.g.Ten years has passed since his father died.3瞬间动词的否定式可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。e.g.I havent received his letter for two months.4现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响，它和现在有密切的联系。一般过去时强调的是过去动作发生的时间、地点，不涉及对现在的影响。所以，凡是含有表示过去的时间状语的句子，都必须用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。e.g.Did you get up early? 你起来得早吗?(指动作本身)Has he got up? 他起来了吗?(指现在情况，即：还在不在床上)She has been ill for three days. 她已经病了三天了。(现在还病着)She was ill for three days. 她病了三天。(她现在病好了)(七)过去完成时形式had过去分词例句用法表示在